中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所发明一种大气降尘快速取样方法

<正>2015年5月11日,由中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所李生宇副研究员等科研人员发明的一种大气降尘快速取样方法"获国家发明专利授权。(专利号:ZL201210059705.1)本发明提供一种降尘快速取样方法,该方法中涉及装置为集尘缸、固定蓝、管箍、支撑杆、固定桩、预制底座、固定环、拉线、拉线固定物、提手、装卸杆、挂钩、样品收集袋、固定环或绳子和玻璃珠组成,采用该方法无须攀爬就能够方便装卸集尘缸,集尘缸内降尘样品可以直接收集装袋,样品采     

沙尘暴降尘在甘肃的沉降状况研究

对１９８６～１９９６年以来,发生在我国西北地区的１２次较大沙尘暴个例,首次结合大气自然降尘背景值的监测结果,研究了沙尘暴降尘在甘肃境内的沉降范围和分布状况,给出了沙尘暴降尘在这一区域内的沉降量。同时还讨论了沙尘暴降尘在甘肃的分布和黄土堆积问题。沙尘暴降尘在甘肃的分布是以河西走廊东部为中心,并向大气环流下游地域扩散,形成一个自西北向东南迅速递减的梯度分布状态。１１年间发生的较大沙尘暴,在甘肃境内共降尘３７５８．３７×１０４ｔ。     

中国北方不同区域典型站点降尘特性的对比

2001年4月—2002年3月,选择位于中国北方沙尘源区的沙坡头和奈曼及位于黄土高原的古县进行了一年的大气降尘监测,并对不同季节降尘量、降尘粒度分布和元素组成进行了系统分析。不同站点大气降尘的这些特性的相同点可能反映了中国北方大气降尘的共性,不同点则反映了沙尘源区与沉降区大气降尘的差异。相同点主要表现为:降尘均主要源于地表沙尘释放,且以地方性颗粒物为主;季节分布均为春季最大、夏季次之、秋季最小;冬半年降尘中远源粉尘含量均大于夏半年,且降尘均主要表现为常态存在的非尘暴降尘。差异性主要表现为:奈曼和古县降尘中人为影响较大;古县降尘受远源影响最大,奈曼次之,沙坡头最小;降尘中粗颗粒物含量以沙坡头最高,古县略低于奈曼;粒度特征的季节变化受风力、源区距离、搬运方式和源区物质组成等因素的共同影响,且具有明显的区域差异。此外,降尘粒度大小与风力并不一定呈正相关,因此,利用黄土粒度来指示冬季风强度时必须结合其他代用指标才能做出较正确的判断。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征

为了揭示不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中沙漠植物园内10种阔叶植物的叶面滞尘和同一环境中集尘缸降尘进行取样,利用沉积物的粒度分析方法,研究了不同种植物叶面滞尘的粒度特征。结果表明：（1）植物叶面滞尘平均粒径为16～61 μm,以粉沙和极细沙为主,粉沙（65.85%）和黏土（7.77%）含量大于集尘缸降尘中的相应含量（32.01%,3.19%）;植物叶面滞尘分选性较差,分选系数为1.42～1.74;偏度属于近对称、正偏或极正偏;峰态中等偏窄,峰度值集中在1.019～1.375。与集尘缸降尘相比,植物叶面滞尘颗粒偏细,分选性偏差,整体正偏程度偏小,峰态偏宽。（2）10种植物叶面滞尘粒度也存在差异,平均粒径排序为灰杨<银沙槐<沙枣<小叶白蜡<沙冬青<枸杞<沙打旺<铃铛刺<胀果甘草<白刺,表明植物叶面对大气降尘的滞留和吸附具有很强的选择性,而这种选择性是植物叶面特性（是否有绒毛或褶皱等）、植物生活型（乔木、灌木、草本）以及与之相应的风沙流颗粒分布、近地表小气候特征等因素综合作用的表现。（3）粒度参数相关散点图表明10种植物叶面滞尘、集尘缸降尘沉积环境不同,而平均粒径与分选性对沉积环境变化响应最为敏感。     

柴达木盆地北部风速对尘暴事件降尘的影响

通过系统监测柴达木盆地北部冷湖地区的月降尘通量以及尘暴事件降尘量,发现该地区月降尘通量变化在0.57×103～18.12×103 μg·cm–2·month–1之间,并且与月极大风速（Vextr）具有较好的正相关性（r2=0.60, n=23）;该区年内主要粉尘堆积时段为春季和初夏;尘暴事件发生期间的降尘量不仅与尘暴持续期间10 min平均风速具有良好的正相关关系（r2=0.60, n=16）,而且降尘量与10 min风速变化幅度有关:强劲稳定的风力条件在监测地点产生较少的降尘量,强劲且变率较大的风力条件产生较多的降尘量。监测结果显示,风速的变化对粉尘的释放、输送和沉降有重要的影响,有助于理解地质记录所揭示的冰期-间冰期不同的大气粉尘沉降速率。     

包兰铁路沙坡头段防护体系内的风沙沉降规律

对沙坡头铁路防护体系内的风沙沉降进行了断面观测,据此分析了沉降速率、粒度组成和物源的时空变化规律。结果显示：防护体系前沿流沙区、防护距离50～300 m的植被区和300 m以外的植被区风沙沉降速率分别为108.6、17.1 kg·m^-2·a^-1和1.5 kg·m^-2·a^-1。随防护距离增大,沉降颗粒逐渐变细,分选变差,跃移组分含量逐渐减少而悬移组分含量逐渐增大,沉降来源逐渐由前沿流沙区近地面风沙运动颗粒转变为以大气降尘为主的悬移颗粒。年内风沙沉降的高峰期为3-5月,6-8月沉降减弱,9月至次年2月风沙沉降最弱,3个阶段内防护体系植被区月均沉降量分别为0.59、0.10 kg·m^-2和0.04 kg·m^-2。3-5月风沙沉降以上风向邻近区域的风蚀起沙为主,6-8月较远源的大气降尘相对增加而上风向邻近区域的风蚀起沙相对减少,9月至次年2月风沙沉降物源以大气降尘为主。     

柴达木盆地表土与大气降尘粒度Weibull组成及其环境意义

柴达木盆地北部现代地表不同沉积环境沉积物粒度分析结果显示,多数盆地地表沉积物质呈Weibull三峰分布,具有超细粒、细粒、粗粒3个组分,个别样品包含沙粒组分,绝大多数的样品匮乏细粒-超细粒组分,以高含量分选性较好的粗粒组分和低含量分选性差的细粒-超细粒组分为总体特征。现代沙尘暴天气降尘粒度分布模式较为单一,以高含量窄峰态的粗粒组分为显著特征。依据含量最高主峰所在Weibull粒度组分,本研究将全部粒度分布分为3种类型:以高含量细粒组分主导的F型、以高含量粗粒组分主导的C型和以高含量沙粒组分主导的S型。比较沙尘暴降尘、季节降尘和年降尘粒度分布模式的结果表明,研究区全年和季节大气降尘主要由沙尘暴天气降尘贡献,在细粒和超细粒组分上,同时混合有尘暴释放和正常天气条件下大气本底粉尘沉降两种来源的风尘成分。分析冬季研究区湖泊（苏干湖）冰层粉尘粒度分布模式发现,细粒组分含量显著偏高,可达70.6%,明显有别于其他沉积环境粒度组成,对比年降尘细粒-超细粒组分成因我们初步认为,细粒组分可用于指示冬季风盛行季节近地面大范围风场搬运风尘物质的状况。     

防护林疏透度对近地层大气降尘的影响——以新疆策勒为例

防护林在削弱风速、减少风蚀的同时又可以影响近地层的大气降尘。为探讨防护林疏透度（β）对大气降尘的影响,对新疆杨防护林庇护区0.5 m和3 m高度降尘进行野外观测,并分析了两个高度降尘量空间分布。结果表明：β大于0.47时,防护林对降尘空间分布没有明显影响,0.5 m高度降尘量大于3 m高度,且林后3 m高度降尘量比较平稳,而林后0.5 m高度降尘量出现较大波动;β从0.47下降到0.2时,防护林可以明显影响林后降尘,两个高度降尘量变化趋势相似且平均降尘量差距减小;此段时间,林后两个高度均出现高降尘区,且0.5 m高度的高降尘区滞后于3 m高度。防护林在中等疏透度时（0.2～0.47）可以明显影响林后水平和垂直方向大气降尘,导致林后出现高降尘区,并促进3 m高度降尘,减小两个高度降尘量的差距。因此,应避免将易受降尘危害的作物种植在林后高降尘区。     

北京市大兴区大气降尘环境磁学特征及其环境意义

应用环境磁学方法对北京市大兴区大气降尘环境磁学特征进行了系统研究,并通过与北京市朝阳区、兰州市大气降尘环境磁学特征的对比,对环境磁学在污染物来源解析及扩散条件研究中的应用机理进行了探讨。结果表明,大兴区大气降尘磁性矿物含量明显高于本区表土,人为源影响显著;降尘样品磁学特征主要受磁铁矿控制,并含有一定数量的磁赤铁矿,磁性矿物为准单畴和多畴颗粒;大兴区降尘样品的磁性矿物含量明显低于朝阳区,且样品颗粒相对较细,表明人口密度、车流量、城市发达度对大气污染程度存在显著影响;大兴区与兰州市大气降尘磁性矿物含量的季节变化差异表明,燃煤取暖对北京大气质量的影响显著减弱,燃煤锅炉改造是大气污染防治的重要措施之一。气象因素对大气颗粒物浓度变化有重要影响,降水、低气压和高风速利于大气颗粒物的清除和扩散,低气温对大气颗粒物污染的负面影响显著。     

塔里木盆地大气降尘变化特征及影响因素分析

利用哈密、塔中与和田沙尘暴观测站2005—2008年大气降尘观测资料,结合铁干里克、民丰等18个大气降尘监测点2007年4月以来的大气降尘、沙尘天气等观测资料,分析了塔里木盆地大气降尘变化特征,同时分析了影响大气降尘浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明：①2005—2008年3站中哈密大气降尘量最少,其次为和田,塔中的大气降尘量最多; 2006年是4 a中降尘量最多年份,其次为2005年,2008年相对较少。②春夏季是大气降尘集中季节,秋季略大于冬季。塔里木盆地中部最高,南部及西南部的站点降尘明显高于盆地的东部和西部。③在沙尘暴季节,无论是5月还是6月,2007年大气降尘量基本上都高于2008年。④2007年5月和6月,除盆地东面的哈密、铁干里克以及西缘的阿拉尔3站外,其他18个站沙尘天气较多。沙尘天气是塔里木盆地大气降尘量高的主要因素,沙尘天气越多,大气降尘量越高。     

Calibration of the MDCO dust collector and of four versions of the inverted frisbee dust deposition sampler

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of sediment samplers designed to measure the deposition of aeolian dust. Efficiency was ascertained relative to a water surface, which was considered the best alternative for simulating a perfectly absorbent surface. Two types of samplers were studied: the Marble Dust Collector (MDCO) and the inverted frisbee sampler. Four versions of the latter catcher were tested: an empty frisbee, an empty frisbee surrounded by an aerodynamic flow deflector ring, a frisbee filled with glass marbles, and a frisbee filled with glass marbles and surrounded by a flow deflector ring. Efficiency was ascertained for five wind velocities (range: 1–5 m s^− 1) and eight grain size classes (range: 10–89 μm). The efficiency of dust deposition catchers diminishes rapidly as the wind speed increases. It also diminishes as the particles caught become coarser. Adding a flow deflector ring to a catcher substantially improves the catcher's efficiency, by up to 100% in some cases. The addition of glass marbles to a catcher, on the other hand, does not seem to increase the efficiency, at least not at wind velocities inferior to the deflation threshold. For higher velocities the marbles protect the settled particles from resuspension, keeping them in the catcher. The following five parameters determine the accumulation of aeolian dust in a catcher: the horizontal dust flux, the weight of the particles, atmospheric turbulence, resuspension, and the dust shadow effect created by the catcher. The final accumulation flux depends on the combination of these parameters. The catchers tested in this study belong to the best catchers currently in use in earth science and have been the subject of various aerodynamic studies to improve their efficiency. Nevertheless the catching efficiency remains low, in the order of 20–40% for wind speeds above 2 m s^− 1. Other catchers suffer from the same low efficiencies. There is, thus, evidence to believe that dust deposition rates published in the aeolian literature and obtained by collecting the sediment in a catcher largely underestimate the true deposition. The errors are considerable, of the order of 100% and more. A reconsideration of the literature data on aeolian dust deposition measured by catchers is, therefore, required.     

Sampling efficiency of vertical array aeolian sand traps

Previous investigations have indicated that the sampling efficiency of aeolian sand traps is low and varies greatly in the near-bed region. Outside this region, the efficiency tends to be consistently higher for all types of trap. An evaluation was carried out to compare the sampling efficiency of different types of aeolian sand trap based on the comparison of the “actual” and the measured sand mass flux profiles, with emphasis on the single-tube vertical array trap, conventional array trap, and step-like array trap. A simple formula is proposed to express the actual vertical profile of sand mass flux, which has been validated with the unique data obtained with an isokinetic trap by [Sedimentology 45 (1998) 789]. Using the experimental data collected by the present authors and those by other investigators, sampling efficiencies of three types of trap are examined in terms of the frequency distribution of all the samples. For the single-tube traps, the sampling efficiency varies from 65% to 95%, with a mode at 75%. For both the conventional array and step-like array traps, sampling efficiencies range from 15% to 85%, with the modal frequencies at 35% and 75%, respectively. This review seems to suggest that the peak frequency with higher sampling efficiency coincides with the maximum sand-grain Reynolds number.     

沙尘模式中湿沉降过程的参数化及模拟试验

在调研国内外固体气溶胶湿清除理论研究成果的基础上,从反映物理机制和实际可应用性两方面出发,设计了可考虑不同性质降水(降雨与降雪)拖曳作用的沙尘湿沉降参数化方案,并引入到沙尘模式中。选取2003年4月16~18日我国西北地区一次伴有降水的沙尘天气过程,进行了有无湿沉降方案的数值模拟对比试验,并针对两种降雨清除系数的简化方案做了敏感性试验。对试验的分析结果显示:降水拖曳作用引起的湿沉降对沙尘浓度的分布有比较明显的影响,这种影响从地面到对流层低层都有表现;在降水区,沙尘湿沉降速度与干沉降速度量级基本相当;在本例降水量较小的条件下,湿沉降对降雨清除系数简化方案的选取不很敏感。     

粉尘干沉降研究

 粉尘在地球系统中的循环是一个受到广泛关注的研究领域,而粉尘干沉降是该循环中的关键一环。从粉尘干沉降的基本特征入手,分析粉尘在大气边界层中的运动规律和地表收集粉尘的物理过程;结合颗粒性质,地表特征以及流场条件等因素,对粉尘干沉降的研究工作进行了简要的回顾;分析并比较了现有的粉尘干沉降方案和实验结果,对影响粉尘干沉降过程的主要因素进行了讨论。通过对已有工作的总结和分析,指出了粉尘干沉降研究中存在的主要问题及其发展趋势。     

大样本降水空间插值研究--以2009年中国年降水为例

以2009年全国2203个气象台站累积降水数据为例,采取逐步抽稀方法,定量分析大样本的数据样本量、样本空间分布、以及不同空间插值方法对插值结果的影响。研究表明：①在随机抽样中,总体而言,平均绝对误差（MAE）、均方根误差（RMSE）随着插值样本量的减小而增加、相关系数递减,特别当抽样比〈20%时,MAE、RMSE显著增加,R2显著减少;②以Thiessen多边形剖分的方式检验随机抽样、等间隔抽样、分区单站点控制面积约束抽样分布的均匀性,经交叉验证后知,样本空间分布对降水空间插值的结果影响比较复杂,并非越均匀越好;③对随机组中抽样比4%的数据和等间隔组,采用Kriging方法插值,插值结果优于IDW方法。以等间隔分布的（50%,50%）（、20%,80%）数据为例,采用IDW、Kriging方法,得到2009年全国降水空间分布图,降水空间分布规律与中国2009年实际降水量分布吻合。     

Sonoran Desert productivity and the effect of trap size on litterfall estimates in dryland vegetation

We describe the temporal and spatial litterfall and test the accuracy of different litter collection devices in a Sonoran Desert community. Two low-lying PVC litter trap designs were tested and compared against a standard IBP trap. The test traps collected significantly more plant litter than the IBP traps, which failed to capture most of the litter of ephemerals and low shrubs. The largest differences between the traps appeared after the pulses of growth of ephemeral plants. Data collection for a period of almost 2 years showed an annual total litterfall of 3·43 Mg ha⁻¹for the test traps and 2·77 Mg ha⁻¹for the IBP traps. These values are well above the average for deserts and fit better into the lower range of tropical dry forests. The test PVC traps are inexpensive, economical in collecting and sorting effort, and less prone to vandalism. Also, they can be laid in higher numbers than IBP traps, thus providing a better representation of the highly heterogeneous desert environment.     

黄河三角洲滨海地区植物生长季大气氮沉降动态

利用SCJ-302型降水降尘自动采样器在植物生长季对黄河三角洲滨海湿地的大气氮沉降进行监测,对沉降物中水溶性离子、干、湿沉降氮输入量、铵态氮和硝态氮在总沉降量中的贡献率及月变化动态等分析表明：黄河三角洲植物生长季,大气干、湿沉降中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-占阴离子总量的92%以上,和Na⁺和Ca²⁺占阳离子总量的80%以上,总N沉降量约为2 264.24 mg/m²,且69%集中在降雨量较丰沛的6-8月。其中干沉降氮贡献率约为32.02%,主要集中在春季。N的湿沉降量与降雨量呈显著正线性相关（R²=0.82）,在降雨量丰沛的8月,达到最大值675.64 mg/m²。该地区大气干沉降的氮素形态以硝态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的57.21%,湿沉降中以铵态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的56.51%。植物生长季中,大气沉降中的硝态氮与铵态氮含量对表层10 cm土壤的月平均贡献率分别为约31.38%和20.50%,可见大气氮沉降是黄河三角洲滨海区域土壤主要氮素来源之一。     

Wind tunnel evaluation of a wedge-shaped aeolian sediment trap

A detailed set of tests in a wind tunnel investigated the characteristics of flow and sampling efficiency of a low cost sediment trap that can be used in wind tunnels and field applications. The trap is constructed of thin sheet aluminum and has a wedge shape (32° internal inlet angle with a 20 × 500 mm rectangular inlet orifice that extends 40 mm beyond the wedge form. Relatively unimpeded airflow through the trap is achieved by the large exit area (130 × 500 mm) which is covered with fine, stainless steel mesh (62.5 μm openings, 60% porosity), and collected all but the finer (silt) sediment sizes. Despite its angular shape, the trap has good characteristics of flow and a very high sampling efficiency (> 90%) over a wide range of wind velocities because of its near isokinetic characteristics of flow. Results also indicate that this trap, and others that have wide side profiles, are very sensitive to incident wind angle. Incident angles > 5° significantly reduce the sampling efficiency and promote scour around the trap inlet.     

Eolian transport of salts—A case study in the area of Lake Ebinur (Xinjiang, Northwest China)

In the Ebinur region of Western Dzungaria, strong wind flows from Dzungarian Gate predetermine the widespread development of deflation processes. As a result of human-induced desiccation of Lake Ebinur, a new source of the loose material—the dry lakebed—has formed, which has intensified dust storms in this region. Annual dynamics of the frequency and intensity of dust storms and the amount and chemical composition of salts in the eolian material deposited in the area have been studied. The frequency of dust storms and the intensity of dust and salt deposition regularly decrease with an increase in the distance from the dry lake bottom (playa). The amount of dust deposition ranges from 600 (near the lake) to 70 (100–200 km from the lake) g/m²/a. The amount of salts precipitating with dust is mainly from 14 to 27 g/m²/a; the maximum registered amount of salt deposition is 77 g/m²/a. As shown in our study, the farther from the lake, the higher the portion of sulfate and calcium and the smaller the portion of chloride and sodium ions in the composition of salts.