太平洋大型横波低速带东部边界地幔 最下部各向异性研究

针对太平洋大型横波低速带(Large Low Shear Velocity Province, 简写为LLSVP)东部边界的D″各向异性强度的问题, 利用中美洲和南美洲部分台站的地震记录, 通过对SKS和SKKS震相进行横波分裂分析, 得到22个SKS-SKKS震相对的横波分裂结果, 其中有6个震相对存在显著差异. 对比分析震相对的横波分裂结果差异, 可以保守地估计D″各向异性. 横波分裂结果显示, 地幔最下部存在各向异性; 对D″各向异性成因的分析结果认为, 如果LLSVP边界上的地幔最下部物质存在变形以及内部存在小尺度的非均匀体, 则有助于解释这些观测, 但是本文在LLSVP边界上并没有看到大量的有差异震相对聚集. 结合前人的观测研究推测, 该研究区域下方的LLSVP及其周围地幔的边界可能不是很陡峭, 边界附近没有积累强烈的变形, 并在此基础上讨论了地幔最下部各向异性结构的研究意义.      

中国东北地区北部上地幔各向异性及其动力学意义

中国东北地区广泛发育新生代板内火山,晚中生代以来岩石圈遭受过多期拉张作用.作为中国唯一的深震孕育区,中国东北地区受到太平洋板块的西向俯冲,使得其成为研究岩石圈变形、板块俯冲和板内火山成因及其相互作用关系的天然实验室.通过分析架设在中国东北地区北部的147个流动和固定台站的SKS波形数据,共计得到了377对各向异性参数和251个无效分裂结果.结果表明,中国东北地区东西两侧具有不同的各向异性分布:西部地区各向异性方向变化范围为N143-199°E,平均N169°E,与晚中生代岩石圈伸展方向一致;其各向异性延迟时间平均值约为0.8s,说明来自地幔的各向异性比较微弱,主要由残留在岩石圈中的古老变形所引起.同时,在松辽盆地和佳木斯地块部分区域,观测到延迟时间较小的各向异性(~0.4s),可能是由于岩石圈的拆沉和热地幔物质的上涌侵蚀了保留在岩石圈的古老形变所致.在研究区东部,NNW-SSE朝向的各向异性被观测到,并伴随较大的延迟时间(大于1.0s),可能与太平洋板块撕裂回撤而产生的地幔流动有关.此外,近W-E方向的各向异性只在佳木斯地块被观测到,而太平洋板块在地幔过渡带中的俯冲可能是其产生的主要成因.     

西太平洋下D"区的剪切波各向异性

利用来自汤加—斐济及周边地区发生的47次地震并由中国地震台网中心和IRIS台站记录到的数据,与来自东亚北部及北太平洋地区发生的26次地震并由IRIS台站记录到的数据, 使用ScS-S相对走时分析方法研究了西太平洋下D区的剪切波各向异性, 得到了核幔边界反射点上ScS波径向分量和横向分量的分裂时间, 并计算了D区的地震波各向异性强度. 发现ScS波通过西太平洋下D区时普遍呈现出径向分量走时大于横向分量走时的模式. ScS波的分裂时间值为-0.91~3.21s, 平均值为1.1 s; 各向异性强度值为-0.45%~1.56%, 平均值为0.52%. 观测和分析结果表明, 西太平洋下D区水平流应占支配地位,各向异性结构主要是具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性介质. 形成这种结构的可能原因是地幔底部水平流导致的核幔边界反应产物或部分熔融物质的形状优选方向, 或下地幔物质的晶格优选方向.      

地球内核顶部300km速度和衰减各向异性的区域变化

衰减结构是地球内核的重要性质,它可以与地球内核的速度结构结合,对内核的形成和演化机制提供更全面的信息.本文系统收集了1991年到2014年全球、区域和临时地震台网的PKPDF和PKPBC数据,研究了澳大利亚、非洲和太平洋中部下方内核顶部300km的速度和衰减各向异性结构.速度结果表明,澳大利亚下方内核的速度没有明显的各向异性,但是非洲和太平洋中部下方的内核具有明显的各向异性,且非洲的速度各向异性强于太平洋中部.同时,相对于AK135模型,澳大利亚的平均速度快0.5%,而非洲和太平洋中部的平均速度与参考模型没有明显差异.对于内核的衰减结构,我们得到以下结果:1)在东西方向,内核顶部200km左右的区域,澳大利亚的衰减最强(Q值在400左右),非洲和太平洋中部的Q值分别在600和500左右.2)澳大利亚下方的内核衰减没有明显的各向异性,非洲和太平洋中部下方的内核衰减存在明显的各向异性.此外,内核在非洲地区的衰减各向异性强于太平洋中部的各向异性.3)最后,内核中三个区域的速度和衰减具有良好的相关性,即高/低速对应于高/低衰减.考虑到以上结果以及三个区域的位置,我们认为内核顶部的速度和衰减结构都存在区域变化,而不是简单的半球变化.这种区域变化很可能是由于核幔边界热结构的不均一性和内核耦合,使得内核顶部的不同区域在形成过程中受不同的变形影响,从而形成铁晶体不同的生长和排列,引发了不同的各向异性特征.     

接收函数揭示的兴蒙造山带西南部的地壳结构特征

针对构造演化历史甚为复杂的兴蒙造山带的地壳结构探测较为有限的问题,本研究利用2016-2018年布设在兴蒙造山带西南部的第3期NECsaids地震台阵和固定地震台及NECESSArray的流动台数据,采用时间域最大熵谱反褶积方法提取到研究区的24027条高质量P波接收函数,进而采用H-κ和共转换点(CCP)叠加方法以及分层剥离转换震相分析地壳各向异性的方法来辨识研究区的地壳结构特征.分析表明:研究区地壳各向异性整体呈近NW向和近EW向,与区域速度场和板块绝对运动方向一致,表明现今地壳结构主要受控于太平洋板块构造域;大兴安岭-太行山重力梯级带是明显的地壳结构差异过渡区,其西侧地壳厚度明显高于东侧且呈降低趋势,而平均波速比则呈现东西两侧盆地较高的分布特征;局部地区的高波速比和不同的各向异性特征则显示受到新生代火山和断裂活动的改造作用,二连盆地的厚地壳和复杂的各向异性特征则展现出古亚洲洋闭合及蒙古-鄂霍茨克和古太平洋等多期构造作用的可能影响.     

利用地震各向异性方法研究地幔底部的形变特征

地震波在穿过地幔底部(即D"层)时表现出很明显的各向异性特征(地震波速度随着方位角变化而变化)[1-5].D"层各向异性的形成机制一般认为是由D"层的主要相变矿物MgSiO3-post-perovskite (ppv),由于形变导致晶体的晶格定向排列引起的.如果这种解释机制正确的话,那么先前从单个方向测量D"层的各向异性来推断ppv晶体的滑动机制就是不充分的,因为ppv晶体是正交晶系.我们根据美洲北部和中部地区在核-幔边界处仍残留着俯冲海洋板块的残片[6]的构造特点,挑选了穿过D"层的浅震和深震,来增加射线在D"层的方位覆盖,处理得到美洲北部和中部D"层的各向异性.我们分别处理了穿过3个研究区的D"层的700多个剪切波波形数据,每一次同时处理来自两个不同方位的震相,研究发现,先前假设的垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(波速不随方位的变化而变化)[2-3,7]机制是不可能的,需要引入更复杂的机制.我们将MgSiO3-ppv多种形变机制和观测结果进行对比,发现在(001)面上的剪切与观测到的数据和俯冲带的核-幔边界处剪切形变的预期结果相吻合.利用新的地幔流动模型及改善后的ppv滑移系的实验观测确定方法,我们可以对核-幔边界的形变特征进行成像,将D"层中的动力过程(比如,地幔柱的形成)与地幔的其他部位联系起来.     

东南亚下方核幔边界D″层地震各向异性

本文利用中国国家数字地震台网(CDSN)和国际数字地震台网(FDSN)的宽频带远震资料,采用S和ScS震相剪切波差异分裂方法对东南亚下方核幔边界D″层地震各向异性进行研究.共获得了来自7个深震(400km)的24对高质量的S和ScS剪切波分裂参数,其中S震相的分裂参数与前人上地幔各向异性研究结果十分吻合,表明S震相观测结果反映了观测台站下方的上地幔各向异性.通过对上地幔各向异性校正后的波形数据进行进一步的分裂参数分析,最后得到了24个可靠的ScS剩余各向异性分裂参数.结果显示,在经度107°~112°范围内分裂参数均为空值(Null);而在该经度范围东西两侧区域,主要表现为明显分裂特征.这种分裂参数的分布指示了核幔边界D″层的各向异性特征的区域变化,我们推测这种变化可能与停滞在核幔边界的古特提斯和/或古太平洋俯冲板块相关.     

华北中西部和青藏高原东北缘上地幔各向异性变形特征

基于华北中西部和青藏高原东北缘3个流动台阵共480个台站新得到的远震XKS(SKS、SKKS和PKS)波分裂结果,并结合研究区已得到的987个台站的分裂结果,获得了高分辨率的上地幔各向异性图像.分析表明,鄂尔多斯块体的时间延迟较小,反映了其稳定性和弱的各向异性变形特征,可能保留了古老克拉通根的"化石"各向异性,但其靠近边缘的局部区域表现出与相邻边缘相一致的各向异性特征,反映了其局部区域受到了与其相邻边缘的构造活动影响.青藏高原东北缘、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体西缘快波方向主要为NW-SE方向,鄂尔多斯块体北缘主要为NNW-SSE方向,反映了青藏高原沿NE方向推挤过程中岩石圈沿NW-SE方向和NNW-SSE方向发生了伸展变形;位于四川盆地和鄂尔多斯块体两个刚性块体间的秦岭造山带的快波方向为近E-W方向或NWW-SEE方向,时间延迟较大,推测岩石圈东向挤出和软流圈东流共同促进了观测的各向异性;在鄂尔多斯块体南部边缘,快波方向自西向东逆时针沿西南缘六盘山的NW-SE方向转到南缘渭河地堑的近E-W方向再到东南缘太行山的NEE-SWW方向,推断该区域可能存在一个绕刚性块体的逆时针软流圈绕流,与上覆岩石圈左旋简单剪切变形产生了观测的各向异性,并一起驱动了鄂尔多斯块体的逆时针旋转.作为华北克拉通东西部的过渡带,华北中部的各向异性相对复杂,其东部快波方向为近E-W方向或NWW-SEE方向,时间延迟较大,其各向异性主要反映了太平洋板块西向俯冲作用引起的地幔流;其西北部吕梁山的各向异性主要由岩石圈沿NNW-SSE到NW-SE的拉张变形导致,而西南部太行山的各向异性还反映了软流圈绕流作用.鄂尔多斯块体东北缘大同火山区存在一个快波方向顺时针快速旋转且时间延迟较小的区域,可能与火山群下地幔岩浆上涌形成的局部地幔对流相关.紧邻华北北部的中亚造山带中南部快波方向为近E-W方向,其各向异性不仅受到与构造走向一致的岩石圈变形作用,而且也受到太平洋板块西向俯冲引起的地幔流影响.     

中国大陆及邻区上地幔P波各向异性结构

利用分布在中国大陆及邻近地区的213个地震台站记录到的远震P波走时数据和弱各向异性条件下P波速度扰动调和分析方法,研究了中国大陆上地幔P波各向异性结构.研究结果表明中国大陆西部上地幔变形主要受印度大陆俯冲的影响.印度大陆的P波快波方向总体为NNE方向,与绝对板块运动方向一致,这表明印度大陆上地幔流动方向与板块运动方向一致.青藏高原内部、东天山的P波快波方向与主压应力方向接近,而在青藏高原南缘、北缘及东北缘等块体边界地区P波快波方向与主压应力方向垂直.中国大陆东部上地幔变形主要受菲律宾板块和太平洋板块俯冲的影响.在扬子板块内部P波快波方向为SE方向,这与绝对板块的运动方向一致.华北地区的各向异性结构较为复杂,可能与华北克拉通裂解有关.中国大陆东北的东部平均方向为SE,而在兴安岭一侧为SSW方向,即平行于构造线方向.根据各向异性的倾角,中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性结构大体可分为三块:1)青藏新疆地区的各向异性倾角接近水平,推测该区形变力源主要为上地幔物质水平流动.2)南北带地区的各向异性倾角较大,特别是在青藏东缘地区的倾角约为40°,这可能是由于青藏向东挤出过程中受华南地块和鄂尔多斯地块的阻挡,在板块边界地区产生了垂直变形.3)中国东部地区各向异性结构较为复杂,在中国大陆东北部各向异性倾角接近水平,这可能是该区上地幔变形主要受太平洋板块俯冲的影响,而在太行山、大别-苏鲁地区各向异性倾角较大,这表明该区上地幔以垂直变形为主.     

大别—苏鲁及邻区上地幔的各向异性

大别—苏鲁是扬子与华北的碰撞造山带,对该地区上地幔各向异性的研究有助于了解该区的地幔动力学机制.本文选用了中国数字化地震台网和区域数字地震台网(山东、安徽、江苏、河南、湖北)三分量宽频带的远震地震波形数据,分别采用最小能量法和旋转相关法,对大别—苏鲁及邻区进行剪切波偏振分析,计算了研究区台站下方介质的各向异性分裂参数:快波偏振方向(Φ)和快慢波延迟时间(δt).本文研究结果发现,研究区内快、慢波延迟时间0.5~1.63 s,推测各向异性层深度为57.5~187.6 km,由软流圈和岩石圈地幔的各向异性共同作用引起.快波偏振方向在4个不同构造区表现出不同的特点:华北板块快波偏振方向为近E-W向,根据地质资料,我们分析认为华北板块的各向异性受地幔软流圈流动的影响明显;大别造山带各向异性平行于大别主构造,反映造山过程中岩石圈物质沿大别造山轴部NW-SE向迁移的特点; 在大别南侧和东侧的扬子板块快波偏振方向分别表现为近垂直于造山带走向和NEE-SWW,苏鲁造山带各向异性结果为NEE-SWW,与地表构造有一定的夹角,同时与板块运动方向相差较大,分析认为扬子板块和苏鲁造山带各向异性是由地幔软流圈流动和印支—燕山期构造运动残留在岩石圈地幔的"化石各向异性"共同作用的结果.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...