通过地震编目分析陕西省地震分布

简要介绍陕西省地震编目工作的发展历史,并通过地震编目分析1970年以来陕西省地震的分布情况.结果显示,省内地震主要分布在陕西关中及陕南地区;随着煤矿的开采,近几年陕北地区矿震数量呈现增加陕西态势.     

矿震识别及成因研究进展

矿震主要受开采活动、矿山所处构造环境及区域构造应力场的影响。本文首先回顾了矿震的识别研究进展,然后从矿震震源机制、矿震与构造关系、矿震与瓦斯溢出、矿震与开采进程关系、矿震成因力学机制理论与实验研究等角度对矿震的成因研究进行了阐述,最后给出矿震识别及成因研究的进一步建议。矿震成因研究深化了对天然地震的认识。在研究矿震发生机理时,必须针对具体条件进行深入讨论与分析,应更多采用有关数学和力学手段,结合具体的生产地质条件和科学实验研究,有针对性地开展研究工作。可利用层析成像技术详细了解矿震演变过程,深化对地壳介质在应力作用下发生破裂或位错过程的认识,进而对矿震发震成因进行深入研究。     

矿山地震研究述评

就采矿引起的诱发地震活动,即矿山地震的国际研究动态进行评述.重点介绍矿山地震的命名、早期观测与研究、几个主要矿震国家的情况、矿震的分类、矿震的震源机制、矿震震源参数与定标率等问题.还就利用矿山作为天然地震的预报实验场和作为地震技术的推广市场问题进行探讨.     

矿山地震能量极值分布的研究及其应用

将冈贝尔I型极值分布应用于矿山地震能量分布规律的研究，结合前人的研究成果，推导了能量极值分布函数的表达式，给出了其参数确定方法。在简要介绍老虎台矿矿山地震活动的构造及物理背景后，结合老虎台矿矿震实际，介绍了如何将能量极值分布用于强矿山地震事件的预测。结果表明，用这种方法预测的月最大矿震能量的概率分布与实际记录的矿震月最大能量分布一致。最后应用该法预测了老虎台矿未来几年内强矿震事件发生的概率。     

澧水流域矿山开采与诱发地震

从澧水流域矿山开采现状入手,通过对几个矿震的剖析,总结了该区矿震的几个特点。结合地震地质条件,对澧水流域未来矿山诱发地震形势作了分析,对矿山诱发地震的监测与防治工作提出了建议。     

矿山地震监测技术的进展及最新成果

回顾了矿山地震监测的简史,介绍了近期矿震监测技术改造情况．抚顺小孔径矿山地震台网的监测取得了比较完整的观测资料．矿震定位结果表明了矿震与开采进程的相关性．用岩石断裂力学和损伤理论的研究成果对于两类不同矿震的成因给出了最新解释．观测资料证实了矿震与瓦斯溢出的相关性．这些结果表明．在一定条件下．矿震可能成为瓦斯溢出的预警信号．由此证明,实现矿震与瓦斯浓度的联合监测是重要的,也是可行的．矿山地质灾害的综合地球物理监测对于地震成因的研究具有重要的中尺度实验意义,同时对于煤矿安全生产也将带来重要效益．     

矿震及其前兆初探

本文通过对山东霜矿的矿震（冲击地压）发生条件、时空分布与某些征兆的调查研究，提出了利用矿震及其前兆观测探索天然地震前兆与预报方法的初步设想。     

关于抚顺矿震活动趋势分析

依据1988年以来抚顺矿震资料，用李治平等人建立的矿山地震能量冈贝尔Ⅰ型极值分布模型，并结合其它地震活动性分析方法，对抚顺矿震活动危险性进行了研究。结果认为：近几年矿震活动水平急剧增强与矿区断裂构造活动无关，主要是由于煤矿采掘所致；今后一定时期内，如果采矿条件不变，矿震活动频次和强度可能仍分别按约33.3次/年和0.08级/年自然增长速度增长；未来几年内矿震的最大强度为Ml4.0左右（概率为0.58-0.72）。     

北票矿震的探讨与研究

本文对1971年以来发生在北票台吉矿区及其附近地区的矿震,在时、空、强上的分布特点和规律做了分析研究.认为矿震除与矿山的地质构造、煤矿的开采等诱发因素有关外,还与区域构造应力场的作用有着十分密切的联系.     

鹤岗地区地震活动与矿山瓦斯异常涌出的相关性研究

以大尺度的地震监测台网数据结合鹤岗小区域的矿山地震监测台网监测数据为证据,通过数据统计的规律来找出天然地震和矿震活动之间的关系,找出地震活动与煤矿瓦斯异常涌出的相关性研究。经过分析可知天然地震与矿震、煤矿瓦斯爆炸之间存在某些关联,即地震波的传播会导致煤矿瓦斯的异常涌出,这是矿山安全生产的最大威胁之一。探讨了天然地震、矿震及煤矿瓦斯异常涌出的相关性,为矿山的安全开采提供预警的可能。     

Analysis of spatial distribution of mining tremors occurring in Rudna copper mine (Poland)

The distribution of mining tremors is strictly related to the exploitation progress of mining works and, consequently, to the local stress field. In case the distribution is known, it is possible to determine future area of intensive seismicity in exploited mining panel. In the paper, an analysis of working face-to-tremor distance for Rudna copper mine in Poland is presented. In order to develop a spatial model of tremors’ occurrence in the exploited mine, the seismicity of four mining sections in the five-month period was investigated and the tremors’ distribution was obtained. It was compared with the spatial distribution of tremors in coal mines found in the literature. The results show that the places where tremors mostly occur — the vicinity of the face, in front of it — coincide with the high-stress area predicted by literature models. The obtained results help to predict the future seismic zone connected with planned mining section, which can be used in seismic hazard analysis.     

预测较强矿震的地震学方法探讨

用地震学和数理统计方法分析了抚顺老虎台矿28a完整连续的矿震资料，证实了存在两种不同机制的矿震，探讨了可用于较强矿震事件预测的地震学判别方法。     

Computation of response spectra from mining tremors using neural networks

Underground coal and copper ore exploitation in two Polish mining regions causes mining tremors and a series of other negative phenomena in the environment. Although these tremors are strictly connected with human activity, they differ considerably from other paraseismic vibrations. The moment of their occurrence is not to be foreseen likewise for earthquakes. The main problem discussed in the paper was formulated as the neural network evaluation of a relation between mining tremor energies, epicentral distances and acceleration response spectra. Back-propagation neural networks with Resilient back-propagation learning method were used. Each input vector included information about the mining tremor energy and the epicentral distance. Values of acceleration response spectrum were expected as the outputs of neural networks. Neurally evaluated spectra were compared with spectra computed on the basis of experimental data. After the network is trained and tested, it can be used for mapping of new data of mining tremor energies and epicentral distances into the spectra. Then, what is the substantial advantage of neural approach, the prediction of acceleration response spectra can be performed without recording of surface vibrations. In the light of the results, it is visible that the presented way of computation of acceleration response spectra can be peculiarly applied to prognosis of mining tremors influences on structures.     

The Influence of a Local Fault Zone on High Energy Tremor Occurrence During Longwall Mining of a Coal Seam

Underground mining of coal seams in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland is accompanied by seismic activity of varying magnitude. The investigations which have been performed for several years distinguished high energy mine tremors connected directly with mining or coupled with geological structures, such as large faults. In mined seams, local fault zones occur. Faults in these zones are usually small, with throws comparable with coal seams thicknesses. Local fault zone may be responsible for the occurrence of high energy tremors as well as large faults, as presented in this article. An analysis of source mechanism of high energy tremors generated during longwall mining of the coal seam No. 510, with presence of a local fault zone, in one of the Polish hard coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin was performed. For this purpose, the seismic moment tensor inversion method was used. In most of foci, the process of shear predominated. Determined nodal plane parameters were correlated with parameters of faults forming the local fault zone. High energy tremors were generated mostly by dislocations on faults of the local fault zone. Weakening of roof rocks in the neighborhood of local fault zone takes an important role too, and was responsible for share of implosion in the focal mechanism.     

Variation of certain parameters of regional stress tensor under condition of rockburst hazard

The feasibility of gaining valuable geomechanical information derived from seismological data and its specialist interpretation for utilisation in the area of assessing hazards due to mining tremors and rockbursts has become a development of signal importance in mining seismology. Undoubtedly of particular interest is a certain knowledge of the directions of the principal stresses ₁, ₂, ₃ of the regional stress tensor. For their determination, use is made of a set of parameters from the mining tremors' regional focal mechanism solutions (angular parameters of nodal planes and axes of principal stresses in the tremor focus —P andT). Results of research conducted at the Szombierki and Wujek mines and analysis of calculated results for parameters of regional stress tensor show that there exist appreciable differences between values of these parameters and also a clear correlation with local extraction conditions that is of significance from the point of view of seismic hazard.     

Seismic activation of tectonic stresses by mining

Hard coal mining in the area of the Bytom Syncline (Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland) has been associated with the occurrence of high-energy seismic events (up to 10⁹ J; local magnitude up to 4.0), which have been recorded by the local mining seismological network and regional seismological network. It has been noticed that the strongest seismic events occur when the mine longwall alignments coincide with the syncline axis. Data recorded by the improved local seismic network in the Bobrek Mine allow the estimation of the depths of the events’ hypocentres during excavation of longwall panel 3 as it approached the syncline axis. The recorded data were also used to estimate the location of the rupture surface and stress distribution in the seismic focus region. It was concluded that tectonic stresses, particularly horizontal stress components, are essential in the distribution of seismic tremors resulting from reverse faulting. The stresses induced by mining activity are only triggering tectonic deformations. The hypocentres of the strongest seismic events during mining of longwall panel 3/503 were located 300–800 m deeper than the level of coal seam 503.     

Seismological Research on the Mining Tremors

A sophisticated seismological method has been introduced to the study of mining tremors by the Institute of Geophysics,SSB in cooperation with the Beijing Mining Bureau of NCC.Achievements have been obtained in the following areas:modification of the seismic monitoring system,compilation of a software package for analysis of mining tremors,research on the mechanical model for mining tremors,classification of mining tremors and development of an expert system of tremor prediction.     

Induced gravity anomalies and seismic energy as a basis for prediction of mining tremors

The results of prediction of occurrence of mining tremors and bursts in the course of the exploitation of the remaining part of the hard coal in seam 510 of the mine Pstrowski, Upper Silesia, have been presented in the paper. The exploitation has taken place under extremely difficult conditions hazardous for the mining crew.To predict the occurrence of mining tremors, bursts and direction of migration of increased elastic strain in the rock mass, the microgravity method has been applied.The microgravity observations were carried out in the measurement points located at mutual distances equal 20 m in three profiles of the lengths 700 m, 760 m and 260 m respectively. The profiles were located in mining workings in the vicinity of the exploited part of the bed. In the course of exploitation, lasting 25 months, 29 series of measurements including 3600 individual microgravity observations were carried out. Microgravity observations were made with a Worden-Master gravimeter.The observed time changes of gravity microanomalies were essential for prediction. Local negative changes of gravity microanomalies signalled the approaching mining tremor. The tremor would cover an area of the radius 60 m to 100 m. The regional time changes of the gravity microanomalies appearing as linear trends of these anomalies signalled the development of the fields of elastic strain in the whole investigated area and the approaching violent release of elastic strain energy from the rock mass.The values of the amplitudes AMP of the above-mentioned trend were the measure of this hazard. In the course of the investigations each shock was preceded by considerably increased values of AMP.     

鹤岗煤矿矿震与区域天然地震活动相关性分析

应用地震学方法，详细讨论了鹤岗矿震活动与区域天然地震的联系和区别。认为在东北地区第五个地震活跃期的影响下，在区域应力场和矿区构造应力场的作用下，鹤岗矿震活动明显增强。