低纬环流系统对江淮梅雨暴雨影响的数值模拟

利用有限区域细网格模式与Ｔ４２Ｌ９谱模式进行三维嵌套，对１９９１年７月１０－１１日０８时江淮梅雨暴雨过程作了数值模拟，探讨了低纬环流系统和由其形成的水汽输送通道对江淮梅雨的影响。结果表明：孟加拉湾水汽源地及其西南季风水汽输送通道的贡献大于南海水汽源地及其东南季风水汽输送通道；两个水汽源同时存在，对江淮梅雨暴雨引起非线性叠加增强；台风环流和季风低压环流强度的变化对江淮梅雨暴雨有重要作用。     

青藏高原地面热力异常对夏季江淮流域持续暴雨形成作用的数值试验

本文采用OSU-AGCM大气环流模式，对青藏高原下垫面热力异常与夏季江淮流域暴雨形成的关系进行了数值试验。模拟结果表明，青藏高原下垫面热力状况的异常对东亚环流形势及云量分布异常的影响是形成1991年夏季江淮流域持续性降水的重要原因之一。青藏高原异常热力强迫还可以引起大范围云量的异常分布和云量异常区类似于二维Rossby波列没大圆路径传播的特征。     

中期数值天气预报的集合预报试验

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的Ｔ４２Ｌ９ 谱模式, 在中期数值预报领域中引入集合预报的概念和方法, 初始扰动场取为Ｔ４２Ｌ９ 谱模式２４ 小时预报误差的平均均方差乘随机数, 再综合利用蒙特卡洛预报（ ＭＣＦ） 和落后平均预报（ＬＡＦ） 两种方法作集合预报试验, 试验结果表明： 各成员预报的等权平均或不等权平均的集合预报明显优于单一的控制预报; 不等权平均与等权平均的集合预报结果相比较, 不等权平均的集合预报优势较明显; 在不等权平均的集合预报中, 区域性不等权平均又比全球性不等权平均的预报稍好。     

双重套网格数值模式对一次暴雨系统模拟的比较试验

本文以自嵌套方式，将一个有限区域暴雨数值模式编制成单向和双向的套网格模式，同时又将这两个套网格模式分别与Ｔ４２Ｌ９模式进行了单向嵌套。形成了单向，双向两个双重套网格模式。运用这两个模式对１９９１年７月江淮流域的一次特大暴雨过程进行了数值试验。     

地形作用对月际长期数值预报效果的影响

利用改进的Ｔ４２Ｌ１０月长期数值预报谱模式，以１９９２年８月３１日国家气象中心日常客观分析资料为初始场，在模式中分别就考虑和不考虑地形两种情形对当所９月北半球环流形势进行了模拟预报，并对比分析研究了地形作用对月际长期数值预报效果的影响。改进的Ｔ４２Ｌ１０谱模式考虑了较完整的物理过程，同时具有以下特点：（１）非线性平衡方程初值化和σ面上模式初值精度的提高；（２）改进了模诊断云和模式水汽场方法；（３）     

中尺度业务模式系统侧边界嵌套方法的研究

为提高预报准确率，在对多种嵌套方案试验对比的基础上，选用了一种计算效果较好，方法也不甚复杂的Ｄａｖｉｅｓ物理量松弛方案，对中尺度业务模式系统进行了预报试验。其网格边界值采用Ｔ４２Ｌ９谱模式的预报值。嵌套模式与原模式用同一个例进行了预报对比试验。结果表明，嵌套方案考虑了大尺度环流背景场在边界附近对中尺度系统的强迫作用，提高了有限区域模式的实际预报能力。     

北半球冬季风暴轴维持的一种可能机制

利用对欧洲中期天气预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）每日客观分析资料所作的观测分析及Ｔ４２Ｌ９大气环流模式（ＧＣＭ）所作的数值试验结果,提出了外热源强迫是北半球冬季风暴轴维持的一种可能机制,并试图给了影响过程的物理图象。     

1995年夏季T63L16中期预报效果检验

为了考证Ｔ６３模式的性能与产品的质量，对１９９５年夏季造成我国暴雨的环流形势和主要影响系统Ｔ６３的预报结果进行天气学检验和评估，其结果表明，Ｔ６３较Ｔ４２有了显著改进。     

准静止波强迫对1998年和1991年江淮洪涝影响的数值模拟

为了进一步检验青藏高原、北方冷空气及西太副高对1998年和1991年江南北部和江淮洪涝的影响,利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析格点资料和MM5中尺度模式分别对该两年夏季的两段强暴雨个例作了对照和滤波试验。模拟结果表明:在两次强暴雨个例中,考虑了中高纬度环流、青藏高原热力作用和低纬西太副高影响的对照试验,能相当好地再现中高纬度环流的平均场特征及形势演变的情景;而不包括上述准静止波异常影响的滤波试验的模拟结果与对照试验的结果相差较大,更接近多年平均的7月气候场。这证实北方冷空气活动、高原热力作用和西太副高位置对该两个个例中雨带的重要影响。同时,本文模拟也显示中尺度模式MM5有相当强的模拟中高纬度形势演变的能力,这种保留或滤除准静止波异常的模拟方法不失为一种讨论大尺度准静止波异常对区域气候影响的有效方法。     

冬季赤道西太平洋海温异常对太平洋风暴轴影响的数值试验

采用Ｔ４２Ｌ９大气环流模式,研究了冬季赤道西太平洋海表温度异常对太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明：冬季赤道西太洋正ＳＳＴＡ能显著增强风暴轴区域在气尺度扰动的强度,与风暴轴发展有关的涡动热量通量和动量通量也在风暴轴的入口区得的增强。     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响II.数值试验

利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验 ,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响。控制试验结果表明 ,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化 ,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统 ,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力。在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下 ,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布。南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常 ,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响 ,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播 ,即能量的传播 ,不仅影响我国长江流域降水 ,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构。这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整 ,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化。     

海温对月平均环流影响的数值试验

利用 T42L9全球谱模式,在相同初始场的条件下,将不同的 SST 作为外强迫源输入模式,其一个月延伸预报的结果表明,SST 的变化对第三旬的环流预报影响比较大,但对于不同的初值其影响是不同的,对于比较稳定的初值,不同的海温场对月平均环流的影响较小;而对于不稳定的初始场,则影响较大.同时指出了500hPa 高度预报场的均方根误差的增长在中纬度主要与大气中的斜压不稳定有关,如果斜压不稳定度大,则误差随时间增长快;斜压不稳定度小,情况则相反.     

月动力延伸预报产品在三峡工程建设服务中的应用

用3种客观评分方法对国家气候中心为三峡库区提供的月动力延伸预报产品（500hPa位势高度场）进行了全面评估，结果表明，延伸预报月平均环流场预报准确率明显高于持续性预报和气候预报，有一定的预报技巧，对三峡工程气象服务有参考价值，从动力统计相结合的角度出发，利用推导的月降水距平与月环流场的关系，建立了三峡库区代表站点月降水距平预报议程，利用月动力延伸预报的500hPa高度场和实际降水场资料反演出月降水距平预报方程的系数，经过1999年降水预报试验，证明效果较好。     

Forecast skill of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation in the NCEP GFS dynamical extended range forecasts

This study examines the forecast performance of tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in recent dynamical extended range forecast (DERF) experiments conducted with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecasting System (GFS) model. The present study extends earlier work by comparing prediction skill of the northern winter ISO (Madden-Julian Oscillation) between the current and earlier experiments. Prediction skill for the northern summer ISO is also investigated. Since the boreal summer ISO exhibits northward propagation as well as eastward propagation along the equator, forecast skill for both components is computed. For the 5-year period from 1 January, 1998 through 31 December, 2002, 30-day forecasts were made once a day. Compared to the previous DERF experiment, the current model has shown some improvements in forecasting the ISO during winter season so that the skillful forecasts (anomaly correlation>0.6) for upper-level zonal wind anomaly extend from the previous shorter-than 5 days out to 7 days lead-time. A similar level of skill is seen for both northward and eastward propagation components during the summer season as in the winter case. Results also show that forecasts from extreme initial states are more skillful than those from null phases for both seasons, extending the skillful range by 3–6 days. For strong ISO convection phases, the GFS model performs better during the summer season than during the winter season. In summer forecasts, large-scale circulation and convection anomalies exhibit northward propagation during the peak phase. In contrast, the GFS model still has difficulties in sustaining ISO variability during the northern winter as in the previous DERF run. That is, the forecast does not maintain the observed eastward propagating signals associated with large-scale circulation; rather the forecast anomalies appear to be stationary at their initial location and decay with time. The NCEP Coupled Forecast System produces daily operational forecasts and its predication skill of the MJO will be reported in the future.     

动力延伸预报产品释用方法的研究

目前以数值形势预报为基础的动力产品释用方法主要有模式输出统计法（ＭＯＳ）和完全预报方法（ＰＰＭ）。由这两种方法建立的预报方程缺乏明确的物理意义,所以文中提出了一种动力与统计相结合的方法。该方法从大尺度大气动力学方程组出发,推导出月降水距平百分率与月环流场的关系,从而建立了月降水距平百分率预报方程,随后利用月动力延伸预报的５００ｈＰａ高度场和实际降水场资料反演出月降水距平百分率预报方程的系数。该方程经过独立样本检验,表明这种方法对利用动力延伸集合预报的环流形势作月降水距平预报具有一定的能力。     

青藏高原冬春积雪异常与中国东部地区夏季降水关系的进一步分析

为了进一步分析青藏高原(下称高原)冬春积雪异常与中国东部地区夏季降水的关系,利用1957～1994年高原地区的实测雪深、1951～1994年6～8月中国东部地区226个均匀分布测站的实测月降水量,以及美国国家环境监测中心/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)1958～1994年1～12月的再分析格点值资料,对比分析了高原冬、春季多、少雪年后期中国东部地区夏季(6～8月)降水分布和环流的平均特征,也分析了高原积雪影响的机理.分析结果表明:1) 平均来说,多雪年夏季长江及江南北部降水可偏多1～2成,华北和华南的降水则偏少1～3成;少雪年夏季江淮流域及湘、黔地区少雨,华北和华南多雨.2)高原冬、春积雪不仅影响了后期高原的热状况,而且影响了后期东亚大气环流的季节变化和南亚与东亚的夏季风环流.     

中国区域月平均温度和降水的模式可预报性分析

基于中国台站降水和温度观测资料、中国气象局国家气候中心月动力延伸预报的回算和预测结果讨论了中国区域月平均温度和降水模式可预报性的时空变化特征。文中以持续性预报来表征中国区域月平均温度和降水受外强迫影响下的可预报性,持续性预报技巧存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;春末夏初和秋季预报评分相对偏低;在中国区域气候变暖和平均降水强度极值增加的背景下,温度的持续性预报评分有明显提高,降水的持续性预报略有下降。月动力延伸预报对月降水和温度的预报能力也存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;与持续性预报相比,月动力延伸温度预报总体优于持续性预报,降水预报在初春略差,温度预报在8月相对最低。近20余年,月动力延伸预报相对于持续性预报的温度和降水的均方根误差技巧均大于零,其年际变化表现为模式对降水的预测略有提高。两种预报评估结果的空间分布分析表明月动力延伸预报达到显著性水平的正相关区域总体上比持续性预报的范围大,并基本涵盖了持续性预报的高相关区。原因是可预测信息部分来源于外强迫异常的影响,部分来源于对大气内部动力过程的模拟。     

Influence of the Mascarene High and Australian High on the Summer Monsoon in East Asia： Ensemble Simulation

By using a nine-level atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP 9L AGCM), two sets of numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the influence of the Mascarene high (MH) and Australian high (AH) over the southern subtropics upon the East Asian summer monsoon circulation and summer precipitation in East Asia. The use of ensemble statistics is adopted to reduce the simulation errors. The result shows that with the intensification of MH, the Somali low-level jet is significantly enhanced together with the summer monsoon circulation in the tropical Asia and western Pacific region. Furthermore, the anticyclonic anomaly in the tropical western Pacific to the east of the Philippines may induce a weak East-Asia-Pacific teleconnection pattern. In the meantime,geopotential height in the Tropics is enhanced while it is reduced over most regions of mid-high latitudes,thus the northwestern Pacific subtropical high at 500 hPa extends southwestward, resulting in more rainfall in southern China and less rainfall in northern China. A similar anomaly pattern of the atmospheric circulation systems is found in the experiment of the intensification of AH. On the other hand, because the cross-equatorial currents associated with AH are much weaker than the Somali jet, the anomaly magnitude caused by the intensification of AH is generally weak, and the influence of AH on summer rainfall in China seems to be localized in southern China. Comparison between the two sets of experiments indicates that MH plays a crucial role in the interactions of general atmospheric circulation between the two hemispheres.     

Influence of Eurasian snow on Indian summer monsoon in NCEP CFSv2 freerun

The latest version of the state-of-the-art global land–atmosphere–ocean coupled climate forecast system of NCEP has shown considerable improvement in various aspects of the Indian summer monsoon. However, climatological mean dry bias over the Indian sub-continent is further increased as compared to the previous version. Here we have attempted to link this dry bias with climatological mean bias in the Eurasian winter/spring snow, which is one of the important predictors of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). Simulation of interannual variability of the Eurasian snow and its teleconnection with the ISMR are quite reasonable in the model. Using composite analysis it is shown that a positive snow anomaly, which is comparable to the systematic bias in the model, results into significant decrease in the summer monsoon rainfall over the central India and part of the Equatorial Indian Ocean. Decrease in the summer monsoon rainfall is also found to be linked with weaker northward propagation of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). A barotropic stationary wave triggered by positive snow anomaly over west Eurasia weakens the upper level monsoon circulation, which in turn reduces the zonal wind shear and hence, weakens the northward propagation of summer monsoon ISOs. A sensitivity experiment by reducing snow fall over Eurasian region causes decrease in winter and spring snow depth, which in turn leads to decrease in Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Results from the sensitivity experiment corroborate with those of composite analysis based on long free run. This study suggests that further improvements in the snow parametrization schemes as well as Arctic sea ice are needed to reduce the Eurasian snow bias during winter/spring, which may reduce the dry bias over Indian sub-continent and hence predictability aspect of the model.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT VEGETATION COVER ON SUMMER MONSOON

In the present paper,a global two-dimensional climate model developed by Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) with inclusion of a simple parameterization of land surface processes developed recently by Zhang and Li is used to investigate the effect of vegetation cover of the Indian subcontinent on summer monsoon circulation and its rainfall.First of all,we carried out a control experiment in which the distribution of vegetation species was based on obser-vations.Then,with removal of the vegetation cover on the subcontinent,a sensitivity experiment was performed.For both of the experiments,the integrations were made from the beginning of April to the end of July.The results show that,after the vegetation was removed from the subcontinent,the monthly mean updraft and the monsoon circulation to the south of the Plateau was weakened in June and July.Especially,the change was more manifest in June.Also,in the south side of the Plateau,the easterly component was strengthened in the lower troposphere,the monsoon rainfall was reduced over the central India.Moreover,the rainfall was obviously reduced over the southern India from the end of June to the beginning of July.