云南腾冲热海高温地热水中汞的地球化学异常及其指示意义

汞是环境中典型有害组分,深部地热系统可能是环境中汞的重要来源之一,但当前地热成因汞的研究程度很低。本文以腾冲火山带热海水热区为研究区,开展了热泉中汞的水文地球化学研究。热海水热区内排泄的中性热泉含有异常高浓度的汞,但酸性热泉则绝大多数未检出汞。热海热泉中的汞与典型的岩浆来源组分氯相同,均主要来源于岩浆流体的混合。在中性热泉中,Hg(II)是汞的占优势地位的价态,Hg²⁺与不同形态硫化物的配合则是决定Hg(II)的形态分布的直接因素,但pH可通过控制水中硫化物的形态分布来影响Hg(II)的形态分布。Hg(II)不易挥发,故中性热泉中汞含量普遍较高;但酸性热泉中的汞受泉口氧化还原电位较高的影响,以Hg(0)为主要价态,且因Hg(0)易挥发而导致总汞含量极低。就中性热泉而言,其汞含量对水热区断裂分布有重要指示作用,原因为沿不同断裂上升的中性地热水经历的冷却方式不同,最终导致热泉汞含量也表现出显著差异。热泉汞含量对水热系统结构研究有借鉴意义。     

高温热田深部母地热流体的温度计算及其升流后经历的冷却过程: 以腾冲热海热田为例

高温地热系统中赋存着大量的地热能资源.为了进一步了解高温地热系统, 以腾冲热海热田为典型研究区, 利用热泉地球化学组成, 基于多种地球化学模型确定了热田深部母地热流体的温度, 并分析了其升流后经历的不同冷却过程.热海热田的硫磺塘水热区和热水塘水热区所排泄的热泉源自共同的深部热储, 该热储中母地热流体的Cl-质量浓度为265 mg/L, 温度为336 ℃.在热海热田, 母地热流体在经历绝热冷却过程后直接形成了泉口温度最高的大滚锅泉, 而其他中性泉均由母地热流体先与浅部地下冷水混合再经历绝热冷却形成.母地热流体的深部热储之上存在多个温度在200 ℃以上的热储, 这些热储的形成受控于热海地区发育的多组方向不同的断裂.      

腾冲热海地热田高温热泉中的硫代砷化物及其地球化学成因

以我国大陆范围内典型的岩浆热源型水热系统——云南腾冲热海为研究区,在国内首次对热泉中硫代砷化物含量及其地球化学成因进行了分析.研究采用的在野外对富硫化物水样进行快速冷冻处理、而后在实验室进行砷的形态分离和测试的方法明显优于当前通用的水样砷含量及其形态分析的预处理和测试方法.主要原因为后者在采样现场对水样的酸化处理可使样品中三硫代砷酸盐以非定形态硫砷化合物的形式沉淀,且用常规阴离子交换柱在野外无法实现硫代砷酸盐的完全回收及其与砷酸盐的分离.受岩浆流体输入和热储内高温条件下强烈流体-岩石相互作用的控制,热海水热系统排泄的中性-偏碱性热泉中富集硫化物和砷,为热泉中硫代砷化物的形成提供了必要条件.热海热泉中检出的硫代砷化物包括一硫代砷酸盐、二硫代砷酸盐和三硫代砷酸盐,在总砷中所占比例最高分别可达26.7%、43.3%和33.7%.热海地热田的2个子区(硫磺塘和澡塘河) 的热泉沿不同断裂带出露,地热水升流过程中经历的冷却方式也不同,使硫磺塘热泉具有相对较高的总硫化物含量和总砷含量,并导致其中各类硫代砷酸盐具有更高的含量范围.      

腾冲热海地热田的概念模型

云南省腾冲县热海地热田是中国大陆上最大的一个地热田，根据１９７３年以来所获得的地质，地球化学和地球物理资料，有可能建立热海地热田的概念模型，热海地热田的盖岩层为厚约３００ｍ的中新统，热储层为前寒武系高黎贡山群内的低速层，埋深约１５００ｍ，热储流体为ＮａＣｌ型饱和水，温度为２３０～２７５℃热田的热源为地下６～７ｋｍ深的一个岩浆囊，它侵位于花岗岩之中，厚约２０ｋｍ，其顶部的温度约为６６７℃。     

Geochemical constraint on origin and evolution of solutes in geothermal springs in western Yunnan,China

Geothermal resources are very rich in Yunnan, China. However, source of dissolved solutes in geothermal water and chemical evolution processes remain unclear. Geochemical and isotopic studies on geothermal springs and river waters were conducted in different petrological-tectonic units of western Yunnan, China. Geothermal waters contain Ca–HCO₃, Na–HCO₃, and Na (Ca)–SO₄ type, and demonstrate strong rock-related trace elemental distributions. Enhanced water–rock interaction increases the concentration of major and trace elements of geothermal waters. The chemical compositions of geothermal waters in the Rehai geothermal field are very complicated and different because of the magma chamber developed at the shallow depth in this area. In this geothermal field, neutral-alkaline geothermal waters with high Cl, B, Li, Rb Cs, As, Sb, and Tl contents and acid–sulfate waters with high Al, Mn, Fe, and Pb contents are both controlled by magma degassing and water–rock interaction. Geothermal waters from metamorphic, granite, and sedimentary regions (except in the Rehai area) exhibit varying B contents ranging from 3.31 mg/L to 4.49 mg/L, 0.23 mg/L to 1.24 mg/L, and <0.07 mg/L, respectively, and their corresponding δ¹¹B values range from −4.95‰ to −9.45‰, −2.57‰ to −8.85‰, and −4.02‰ to +0.06‰. The B contents of these geothermal waters are mainly controlled by leaching host rocks in the reservoir, and their δ¹¹B values usually decrease and achieve further equilibrium with its surrounding rocks, which can also be proven by the positive δ¹⁸O-shift. In addition to fluid–rock reactions, the geothermal waters from Rehai hot springs exhibit higher δ¹¹B values (−3.43‰ to +1.54‰) than those yielded from other areas because mixing with the magmatic fluids from the shallow magma. The highest δ¹¹B of steam–heated waters (pH 3.25) from the Zhenzhu spring in Rehai is caused by the fractionation induced by pH and the phase separation of coexisting steam and fluids. Given the strong water–rock interaction, some geothermal springs in western Yunnan show reservoir temperatures higher than 180 °C, which demonstrate potential for electricity generation and direct-use applications. The most potential geothermal field in western Yunnan is located in the Rehai area because of the heat transfer from the shallow magma chamber.     

腾冲热海火山地热区近期水热爆炸的阶段性演化特征

水热爆炸是活动性地热田的典型显示。腾冲热海火山地热区历史上曾发生过强烈的水热爆炸活动，但前期一度沉寂。1993年以来水热爆炸活动再度活跃。在过去十年间，研究区内发生过较大的爆炸喷发事件20余次，且规模越来越大。本文根据对爆炸形成泉点的选出气体化学和氦同位素组成的测试结果，研究了区内近期水热爆炸活动的演化特征。逸出气体化学和氦同位素组成特征指示，区内近期引发水热爆炸活动的气体源区有从浅层、中层向深层发展的趋势；作者认为，区内未来可能发生更大规模的爆炸活动，其危险性应引起高度关注。     

高温富硫化物热泉中硫代砷化物存在形态的地球化学模拟:以云南腾冲热海水热区为例

天然水环境中地质成因砷的存在是世界范围内对人类威胁极大的环境问题之一.在高温富硫化物地热水中,硫代砷化物是砷的主要存在形态之一.在国内尚无硫代砷化物定量检测方法的背景下,以云南腾冲地热带的热海水热区为典型研究区,基于不同类型硫代砷化物的最新化学热力学数据wateq4f.dat,利用水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC开展了不同类型热泉中砷的存在形态的地球化学模拟.结果表明,热海热泉中砷的主要形态是硫代砷酸盐,砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐次之,硫代亚砷酸盐则含量极低;在各类硫代砷酸盐中,按平均百分含量降序依次为:一硫代砷酸盐→三硫代砷酸盐→四硫代砷酸盐→二硫代砷酸盐.pH、Eh和总硫化物含量是热泉中砷的形态分布的控制性因素.在酸性条件下,砷以硫代砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐为主要存在形式;而在中性/偏碱性条件下,砷的形态则以硫代砷酸盐为主,砷酸盐次之.偏还原环境和高硫化物含量是硫代砷化物、特别是三硫代砷酸盐和四硫代砷酸盐稳定存在的有利条件.      

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000023

Ice melt water from a 22.27 m ice core which was drilled from the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt.Everest was incubation in two incubation ways:plate melt water directly and enrichment melt water prior plate,respectively.The abundance of cultivable bacteria ranged from 0-295 CFU mL^-1 to 0-1720 CFU mL^-1 in two incubations with a total of 1385 isolates obtained.Comparing to direct cultivation, enrichment cultivation recovered more bacteria.Pigment-producing bacteria accounted for an average of 84.9%of total isolates.Such high percentage suggested that pigment production may be an adaptive physiological feature for the bacteria in ice core to cope with strong ultraviolet radiation on the glacier.The abundances of cultivable bacteria and pigment-producing isolates varied synchronously along deplh:higher abundance in the middle and lower at the top and bottom.It indicated that the middle part of the ice core was hospitable for the microbial survival.Based on the physiological properties of the colonies,eighty-nine isolates were selected for phylogenetic analysis.Obtained 16S rRNA gene sequences fell into four groups:Firmicutes,Alpha-Proteobacteria,Gamma-Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria,with the Firmicutes being dominant.Microbial compositions derived from direct and enrichment cultivations were not overlapped.We suggest that it is a better way to explore the cultiiiable microbial diversity in ice core by combining the approaches of both direct and enrichment cultivation.     

Hydrogeochemistry of high-temperature geothermal systems in China: A review

As an important part of the Mediterranean-Himalayas geothermal belt, southern Tibet and western Yunnan are the regions of China where high-temperature hydrothermal systems are intensively distributed, of which Rehai, Yangbajing and Yangyi have been investigated systematically during the past several decades. Although much work has been undertaken at Rehai, Yangbajing and Yangyi to study the regional geology, hydrogeology, geothermal geology and geophysics, the emphasis of this review is on hydrogeochemical studies carried out in these geothermal fields. Understanding the geochemistry of geothermal fluids and their environmental impact is critical for sustainable exploitation of high-temperature hydrothermal resources in China. For comparison, the hydrogeochemistry of several similar high-temperature hydrothermal systems in other parts of the world are also included in this review.     

漠河盆地科学钻探井MK-1地下冷环境中嗜热微生物的多样性分析

在漠河盆地科学钻探井MK-1地下110m冷环境样品中发现大量嗜热微生物存在的证据,针对这些冷环境中的嗜热菌进行了克隆文库分析和分离培养,分别用细菌和古菌16SrDNA引物PCR扩增.结果表明:未发现古菌16SrDNA存在,而嗜热细菌与栖热菌属(Thermus),地芽孢杆菌属(Geoba-cillus)和厌氧芽孢杆菌属(Anoxybacillus)有较近的亲缘关系,通过分离培养分离出3种地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)的细菌,其相似度均为100%.嗜热微生物多存在于地下温暖有机质丰富的生态系统中,了解它们的来源、分布机制及其多样性对于能源和资源的寻找在一定程度上具有指示意义.     

沉积型和火山型地热流体的同位素水文地球化学对比研究

地热资源按地质构造及成因的不同可划分为火山型及沉积盆地型两种类型。国内外许多学者对沉积型地热系统的同位素水文地球化学研究较多,而火山型地热系统研究不足,且沉积型和火山型地热流体的同位素水文地球化学对比研究还有待进一步深入。文章以关中盆地腹部沉积型地热系统及腾冲火山地热系统为代表,应用同位素水文地球化学方法对不同类型地热流体的地质构造、地热流体起源及成因、热储开放程度等进行系统对比研究,进而揭示其异同之处,为我国不同类型地热资源的可持续开发利用提供科学依据。关中盆地与腾冲热海地热系统在热储空间、构造条件、热源方面均存在较大差异,前者热储更为封闭,热储层更厚,后者热储通道更为畅通,热源更为丰富;腾冲热海地热系统热储温度高,埋藏更浅,热水循环更快,更易于开发利用。关中盆地与腾冲热海地热系统均存在比较明显的δ18O富集现象,关中盆地地热流体滞留时间更长是δ18O富集的主控因素,腾冲较高的热储温度是δ18O富集的主控因素;关中盆地腹部为沉积-半封闭型、封闭型,腾冲热海地热系统为火山-半封闭型;在漫长的地质历史时期,水岩反应的程度是决定热储流体水化学类型的主控因素。     

腾冲新生代火山区温泉CO2气体排放通量研究

近期研究表明,不仅火山喷发期会向当时的大气圈输送大量的温室气体,火山间歇期同样会释放大量的温室气体。在火山活动间歇期,火山区主要以喷气孔、温(热)泉以及土壤微渗漏等形式向大气圈释放温室气体。腾冲是我国重要的新生代火山区,同时也是重要的水热活动区,那里出露大量的温泉,然而目前未见腾冲火山区温泉气体排放通量的研究报道。本文利用数字皂膜通量仪测量了腾冲新生代火山区温泉中CO₂的排放通量。研究结果表明,腾冲新生代火山区温泉向当今大气圈输送的CO₂通量达3.58×10³ t·a^-1,相当于意大利锡耶纳Bassoleto地热区温泉中CO₂的排放规模。腾冲火山区温泉的CO₂释放通量主要受深部岩浆囊、断裂分布、地下水循环、围岩成分等多方面因素的影响。本文根据温泉中CO₂的排放特征,将腾冲温泉分为南北两区,南区温泉CO₂通量远高于北区的温泉,热海地热区的通量为腾冲CO₂通量的最大值。在北温泉区,CO₂通量主要受控于断裂的分布;而在南温泉区,除受到断裂控制外,热海地热区底部的岩浆囊及其与围岩的相互作用成为CO₂气体的重要物质来源,同时高温的岩浆囊为温泉及CO₂的形成提供了重要热源。     

热泉热液系统金的成矿地球化学研究

通过腾冲热海、硝塘和藏中羊八井、羊应乡等高温热田内金矿化体地质、地球化学、水化学、微生物和有机质的调查及生物功能实验研究,阐述了热泉热液的金矿化作用和成矿效应。金矿化发生在沸腾面以上非平衡条件和溶解金不饱和且不稳定的水热流体中,金主要富集在非晶质到结晶质的硫化物相中。沸泉、汽泉和热泉流体在升流带和地表泉塘中有不同的成矿效应和特征矿化体,反映了多种成矿作用。证实微生物尤其是嗜热硫酸盐还原菌是热液流体氧化还原作用和金硫化物析沉的内在的动力学因素。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001319

The microbial diversity in Wuli Area,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was investigated using 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses.A total of 117 bacterial and 66 archaeal 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained from the Wuli cold springs.The bacterial clones could be classified into Pwteobacteria,Acidobacteria, Deinococci,Sphingobacteria,Flavobacteria.Nitrospirae,Actinobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes, and unclassified-bacteria;and the archaeal clones could be classified into Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota.Among the major groups,Pwteobacteria and Crenarchaeota were dominant in the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries,respectively.The clone sequences obtained in Wuli cold springs were closely related to those from cold habitats,such as snow/ice/soils on high mountains or at high latitude.Especially,the microbial community composition of Wuli Area was more similar to that in Tibetan glaciers than cold environments of other locations.The data presented in this study have implications for a better understanding of microbial diversity in cold springs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Mantle-derived CO_2 in Hot Springs of the Rehai Geothermal Field,Tengchong,China

Gas concentrations and isotopic compositions of He and CO2 were determined on free gas samples from ten hot springs of the Rehai geothermal field, Tengchong, China. The results showed that hot-spring CO2 gas, together with He,was derived mainly from the mantle, indicating the accumulation of mantle-derived volatiles beneath the survey area. The δ^13C values of CO2, higher than those of the typical mantle-derived carbon and the isotopic composition of hot-spring-free CO2 in unequilibrium with dissolved CO2, are recognized only in the Rehai geothermal field, suggesting that there seems to be a still-degassing magmatic intrusion at depths, which provides mantle-derived volatiles to the hydrothermal system above. The accumulation of those volatiles has probably played an important role in triggering earthquakes in this region.In addition, the isotopic characteristics of He and C also indicate that the magmatic intrusion seems to have been derived from the MORB source, and could be contaminated by crustal materials during its upwelling through the continental crust.     

Dynamics of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in relation to nitrification along simulated dissolved oxygen gradient in sediment–water interface of the Jiulong river estuarine wetland,China

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a very important factor controlling the nitrogen cycle in wetlands. However, it is still unclear to what extent the presence of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), and related nitrification, are influenced by DO in estuarine wetlands. The aims of this study were to determine changes of nitrification at the sediment–water interface, to examine the abundance and diversity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers in estuarine sediments, and to identify the correlation between nitrification and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms along a simulated dissolved oxygen gradient in a Chinese estuarine wetland. The results showed that the nitrification rate was positively correlated with the diversity and abundance of AOA but not AOB, and the abundance and diversity of AOA can explain 87 % of the total variance of the first axes in the redundancy analysis. This indicates that AOA were primarily involved in ammonia oxidation in this study. Additionally, AOB were much more influenced by DO than AOA inferred from the assessment of dominant species and principal coordinates analysis of AOA and AOB. Higher diversity and abundance of AOA occurred in the mangrove sediments, which explain the higher nitrification rates in the mangrove sediments compared to the bare mudflat sediments. Notably, the trend of nitrification rate in the bare mudflat sediments was different from that in the mangrove sediments, suggesting that the extent of nitrification as impacted by DO depends largely on the sediment biotic and nutrient properties, and its environmental conditions including DO levels.     

Characteristics of the Reservoir of the Rehai Geother-mal Field in Tengchong,Yunnan Province,China1

Abstract The Rehai geothermal field in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province is a significant high- temperature hydrothermal convective system. The geothermal reservoir is composed of granite. Various geothermometers are used to evaluate the reservoir temperature. The most likely temperature of the reservoir as represented by T_Na-K-Ca is about 230 °C. The chemical and isotopic compositions of fluids before boiling within the reservoir are estimated. The mixing and dilution of cold and warm waters are discussed. The Rehai geothermal field is a high- temperature (hot) water system with the subsurface boiling zone close to the surface. The reservoir pressure at different depths is calculated. And finally the water-rock equilibration is inferred.     

俄罗斯勘察加半岛热泉的地球化学和微生物学

勘察加半岛位于欧洲板块、北美板块和太平洋板块交汇的过渡带上,是世界火山活动最活跃的地区之一.其众多的热液系统不断的向地表释放地热气体和流体.以N2和CO2为主的地热气体也经常含有高浓度的H2,CH4和H2S.大气水和熔岩水构成了勘察加热泉水的主要源,水体温度从20 ℃到＞90 ℃不等.水化学性质变化同样显著,pH范围从3.1到9.8.热泉水溶解盐以氯化钠为主,同时包括K+,H3BO3,H4SiO4,Ca2+和SO42-等其他多种溶解组分.此区域也有以直链烷烃为主的石油形成.从勘察加的热泉系统中已分离出至少24种嗜热微生物.尽管其中大多数是异养微生物,但根据其生存环境的特点,自养微生物在热泉系统中可能同样很多.这些微生物对碳、硫和铁在热液系统中的生物地球化学循环有着非常重要的作用.目前,非培养的方法和生物定量的手段已用来研究勘察加热泉中微生物生态及其所具有的生物地球化学功能.     

黄龙与黄石钙华微生物沉积作用比较研究

本文通过调查黄龙风景区水体的环境地质特征与微生物群落结构及多样性,并与黄石公园对比分析,探讨了两种特殊地理环境下的微生物群落结构和多样性及其对钙华沉积的影响。结果表明:黄龙沟泉水属于地下冷泉,且景区内覆盖着大量植被,水体中有大量藻类和细菌;黄石公园猛犸象温泉区泉水属于地下热泉,植被覆盖率很低,泉水中微生物多为嗜热菌,藻类较少。黄龙与黄石钙华主要由方解石组成并且微生物参与了钙华的形成过程。微生物对钙华沉积的作用,主要分为模板作用、产物诱导作用和代谢调控作用,对比探讨了特殊地质环境下的微生物对钙华沉积的贡献,指出微生物沉积作用在钙华沉积过程中的重要性,可为黄龙钙华“黑化”防治提供理论依据。      

冀中地热区深部热水微生物群落组成及其功能预测

了解深部微生物群落组成和功能对探索早期生命起源和利用其独特功能均有重要意义.地热区深部碳酸盐岩岩溶-裂隙热储环境中微生物群落组成和功能特性仍然不清.为了探测冀中地热区深部热水微生物群落组成与功能特性,以浅层水和土壤为参照,利用冀中地热区地热科学钻探孔抽水试验,采集深部热水样,同时采集每个钻孔上方附近的大田农灌井浅层水和土壤样品,用于16S rRNA基因高通量测序,并使用PICRUSt软件进行功能预测.结果显示冀中地热区深部热水含有38个菌门,541个菌属,以细菌为主(97.5％),古菌很少(2.5％),特征性菌群主要是厚壁菌门Firmicutes、硝化螺旋菌门Nitrospirae、热袍菌门Thermotogae和广古菌门Euryarchaeota,优势菌属包括硫酸盐还原菌,固碳作用、发酵作用和硫酸盐还原作用可能较强,而产甲烷作用和反硝化作用可能很弱.深部热水出现好氧嗜温菌,说明在大流量抽水条件下,深部热水受到富含变形菌门Proteobacteria浅层水的补给.本次研究揭示了冀中地热区深部碳酸盐岩岩溶-裂隙热储层含有种类丰富、功能多样的微生物群落,微生物群落特征可作为深部热水与浅层水水力联系的指示剂.