四川呷村VHMS矿床：从矿石化学分析到地球化学模型

中国四川呷村矿床是一个典型的含金富银多金属VHMS矿床，其主要成矿金属元素Cu,Zn,Pb,Ag,Au丰度型式均呈非正态分布，多由两重或多重母体构成，揭示矿床经历了两次以上的成矿作用过程。成矿金属元素总体上集中于块状矿带，但贱金属Cu,Zn,Pb没有明显的下部富Cu Zn、上部富Pb Zn的分带，贵金属Ag、Au没有显示明显的层位优选性。矿床构造恢复和化学结构图像显示，金属元素的空间分布和富集机制严格受海底凹陷盆地的基底张性断裂和热水喷口位置控制。至少有4条近SN走向的盆地基底断裂带构成海底下部热水流体的迁移－排泄通道和网脉状成矿带的容矿空间；近EW向断裂与4条SN向断裂的交汇部位，成为上排泄的热水流体在海底的主要喷口，控制了金属元素在海底凹地的空间分布。分别处于凹陷盆地东缘和西缘的热水喷口，因正地形地貌形态而形成山丘堆式矿体（mound-syle)，而处于凹陷盆地中心的热水喷口则积聚大量热水流体，构成卤水池，淀积席状块状矿体（sheet-style)。     

大河边—新晃超大型重晶石矿床地球化学特征及形成的地质背景

本文从矿物岩石学、地球化学和沉积盆地分析角度，研究贵州天柱大河边－湖南贡溪两个超大型重晶石矿床中重晶石（矿）岩及其共生岩石的地球化学特征及构造地质背景。天柱－新晃－玉屏寒武纪热水沉积成矿盆地是发育在大陆斜坡上的断陷型热水沉积成矿盆地，由于同生断层作用将盆地切割成一系列次级盆地，大河边－碧林及龙背－铜盆盖三级热水沉积成矿盆地是大型重晶石矿床的构造定位空间。重晶石矿层主要赋存于下寒武统牛蹄塘组第一岩性段的黑色岩系中。 重晶石矿层是由海底低温热水同生沉积作用形成（105－192℃），古热水场的地球化学类型为硫酸盐型热水。硫酸盐型热水发生大规模同生沉积成岩成矿作用形成超大型重晶石矿床，重晶石矿层之上的黑色碳质粘土岩可能形成于封闭、还原、滞流的深水沉积环境，黑色碳质粘土岩构成矿层的封闭保存条件。     

黔东铅锌矿的成矿规律及成矿模式

黔东铅锌矿产于加里东期的黔东走滑盆地西缘，赋存于加里东晚期盆地关闭时形成的舒缓的前陆褶皱带中，容矿地层主要为清虚洞组中上部，矿床多产于碳酸盐超层序的深水生物建隆－藻丘或席状藻复合体中，控矿构造主要是盆地关闭时形成的ＮＥ向断层和隆起。矿床以整合型矿化为主，具多层性，矿物共生组合为黄铁矿－闪锌矿－（方铅矿）－方解石－（白云石）－（重晶石），矿化可分二期或三期，每期的淀积顺序基本都是黄铁矿－闪锌矿－方解石（白云石），而方铅矿、重晶石则形成于最后－期矿化的后期。矿石铅为典型的上地壳铅，与把榔组（乌训组）细碎屑岩岩铅演化到加里东晚期时的铅同位素组成非常相近，矿石流与容矿地层的硫酸盐硫有关。矿床形成温度为１８０～２００℃，形成深度约４ｋｍ，成矿压力约０．５ｋＰｔ，金属硫化物淀积在Ｅｈ值较低，ｐＨ值由低变高的物化条件下。矿床成因机理是：成矿的盆源热液是赋存在把榔组（乌训组）富Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｆｅ细碎屑岩中的建造水，在深埋过程中，特别是在地幔异常热事件中，因热流值增高而温度升高，盐度增大，ｐＨ值降低，极大地增加了Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ的溶解度而形成的。它们由于孔隙流体的压力差，顺传输层或传输构造运移至容矿层的各类矿储中，因与富ＳＯ－     

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床火山喷流沉积原因

大平掌矿床由上部层状块状硫化物矿体和下部细脉浸染状矿体组成,双层结构清楚。块状矿体中发育典型的草莓状和鲕状硫化物。成矿地质背景和矿石中的金属元素及REE配分形式、S同位素组成、流体包裹体特征等均与黑矿型矿床及现代海底热液活动区硫化物矿床相似。矿床典型的火山喷流沉积成因。     

阿尔泰山南缘可可塔勒式大型铅锌矿床的成矿条件分析

产于阿尔泰山南缘泥盆地系海相火山断陷盆地的可可塔勒式铅锌矿床,不同于典型的ＶＨＭＳ矿床与ＳＥＤＥＸ矿床,系火山岩系中沉积岩容矿的块状－浸染状硫化物型矿床。在对其地质、地球化学特征进行系统总结并与中小型矿床对比的基础上,本文分析了该类大矿的形成条件：陆缘扩张带的大地构造背景、不同级序断裂构造与火山机构控矿、分异良好的火山－岩浆活动、充分的热水淋滤作用、良好的聚矿洼地、有利的沉积建造组合以及合适的后其     

古代与现代海底黑矿型块状硫化物矿床矿石地球化学比较研究

选择西南太平洋冲绳海槽现代海底烟囱硫化物矿床、日本小坂矿山上向黑矿（第三纪）和中国西南呷村黑矿型矿床（三叠纪）进行了矿石地球化学比较研究。黑矿型矿床矿石吨位－品位模式与其他火山成因块状硫化物（ＶＭＳ）矿床类似，矿田（２０－５０ｋｍ＾２）矿石吨位与单个喷气－沉积型（Ｓｅｄｅｘ）矿床相当，金属总量４－６Ｍｔ，为矿田范围内热液流体搬运的最大金属量。与洋脊环境ＶＭＳ矿床相比，岛弧裂谷环境产出的黑矿型矿床相     

内蒙古查干哈达庙块状硫化物型铜矿床类型的确认及其义

经研究确认,内蒙古查干哈达庙铜矿床属于块状硫化物型富铜矿床。该矿床类型的首次确认,为华北陆块北缘寻找古生代块状硫化物型富铜矿床提供了例证。查干哈达庙铜矿床位于华北陆块北缘,赋矿地层（即含矿岩系）为石炭系上统本巴图组流纹质凝灰岩、凝灰质板岩,其上为条带状结晶灰岩、生物碎屑结晶灰岩。含矿岩系中存在硅质岩、含铁硅质岩、碧玉岩及萤石重晶石矿层。硫化物矿体呈层状、似层状,产于流纹质凝灰岩、凝灰质板岩岩层中,产状与岩层产状一致。矿床含矿岩系具有＂火山碎屑岩、硫化物矿体、碧玉岩＂的＂三位一体＂特征。矿石具有条带状、层纹状构造。矿石中主成矿元素为Cu,伴生有益元素为Au,S,Pb,Zn,铜矿石品位较高,属富铜矿。矿床地质特征表明其属块状硫化物型铜矿床。该类型矿床的找矿标志是,在海相酸性火山岩及碳酸盐岩之间,地表存在与硅质岩共存的黄钾铁矾、铁帽型硫化物氧化带;具有以铜为主的铜、锌组合的化探异常;具有低阻高极化的物探异常。     

块状硫化物矿床研究进展评述

最近十余年来,海底块状硫化物矿床的研究在如下方面有新的进展：矿床类型,矿化和蚀变特征,矿石结构－构造和变形－变质,矿床模式和成矿机制,金属和硫的来源,成矿流体的性质和来源,以及现代海盆地中的成矿作用等。     

东秦岭二郎坪群中热水沉积岩特征及成矿关系

秦岭造山带是经历长期多次不同造山作用而形成的复合型大陆造山带,在中国大陆的形成与演化占有重要地位.二郎坪群则是东秦岭造山带重要的组成部分,也是火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床的重要产出地层.二郎坪群中广泛发育热水沉积岩(硅质岩和重晶石岩),其形成于块状硫化物矿体的边缘相或与矿层同层位产出.这些热水沉积岩的发育常常标志着海底热水流体的活动,其与块状硫化物矿床关系密切,因而成为判别海底喷流-沉积成矿作用的重要标志.本文主要对南阳盆地东、西两侧二郎坪群的热水沉积岩特征进行研究,讨论其产状、成因及其成矿关系.     

红透山式块状硫化物铜锌矿床古火山环境及与成矿关系研究

“红透山式”块状硫化物铜锌矿床的成矿作用主要出现在三个较大的火山喷发-沉积旋迴中，双峰式火山岩构成了“红透山式”矿床的含矿岩系。呈透镜状、扁豆状的火山碎屑岩的发现为研究该类矿床提供了较为直观的地质依据。稀散元素和硫同位素特征亦表明该类矿床为古火山机构控制的海底火山喷发-沉积矿床。总结归纳了火山作用与成矿的关系。     

Interpretation of Mineral Zoning in Submarine Hydrothermal Ore Deposits in Terms of Coupled Fluid Flow‐Precipitation Kinetics Model

Major minerals (sulfates, sulfides, quartz) are distributed in different parts of submarine hydrothermal ore deposits. For instance, the abundance of barite increases stratigraphically upwards in the massive orebodies of the Kuroko deposits (black and yellow ores), while quartz is abundant in the lower parts (siliceous ore). The different distribution of barite and quartz in the Kuroko deposits can not be accounted for by thermochemical equilibrium calculations based on the precipitation due to mixing of ascending hydrothermal solutions with ambient cold seawater. In the present study, a coupled fluid flow‐precipitation kinetics model was used to calculate the amounts of quartz, barite, and anhydrite precipitated from a hydrothermal solution mixed with seawater, assuming reasonable values for temperature, precipitation rate, fluid flow velocity, mineral surface area/fluid mass ratio (A/M), and initial concentrations of hydrothermal solution and seawater before mixing occurred. The results indicate that barite precipitates more efficiently than quartz from discharging fluids with relatively higher flow velocity, lower temperatures and under the condition of lower A/M ratios on the seafloor (black ore), whereas quartz precipitates more effectively from solutions with lower flow velocity, higher temperatures and higher A/M ratios beneath the seafloor (siliceous ore) and in the orebody (barite ore, ferruginous chert ore). Anhydrite precipitates in shallow sub‐seafloor environments with lower precipitation rates and higher A/M ratios than barite and higher precipitation rates and lower A/M ratios than quartz. These results explain the observed occurrences of barite, anhydrite, and quartz in the Kuroko deposits. Namely, barite is abundant in black ore and barite ore which formed above the seafloor, anhydrite formed in high‐permeability tuff breccias, and quartz formed in low permeability dacite intrusive bodies in the sub‐seafloor environment.     

双峰式火山岩与块状硫化物矿床

双峰式火山岩不仅是火山成因块状硫化物矿床中最常见的含矿岩石组合，而且也是研究其古成矿地质背景和成矿作用的主要依据之一。笔者收集了我国以及世界一些著名火山成因块状硫化物矿床和矿带的含矿建造资料，其中包括含矿建筑的岩石组合、形成时代和层序、火山岩的岩石组合和岩石化学、产出的大地构造环境等等。整理结果表明，双峰式火山岩是火山成因块状硫化物矿床的最佳含矿岩石组合；它们主要产五各个时期的造山火山岩类，产生了有利成矿组分浓集的巨大热液循环系统及适宜原（海水深度和封闭条件良好的）含矿流体集积的沉陷盆地（裂谷），从而为成群成带的VHMS型矿床的形成提供了有利的地质环境。     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Migration during Ore Formation of Carboniferous Exhalation-Sedimentary Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Tongling District, Anhui Province

Numerical simulation of fluid migration during the ore-forming process of the Carboniferous exhalationsedimentary (Sedex) massive sulfide deposits in the Tongling district shows that fluid and thermal activities in lying-wall rocks were limited to a small area around the main draining passage, which led to weak mineralization and alteration in the lying-wall rock. Temperature and fluid fields indicate that mineralization and alteration in the lying-wall rock of the Sedex-type deposits are usually weaker than those of volcano-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Fluid migration involves the following processes: seawater penetrating and leaching the lying-wall rocks, then mixing with ascending hydrothermal fluids in the main draining passage, and finally jetting into seafloor. Although fluid activity-influenced area is rather small,the content of metals leached out from the lying-wall rocks is high enough to form large-scale ore deposits. Tensional contemporaneous faults accompanied with strong heat flows controlled the formation and distribution of Sedex deposits.The tensional tectonic regime on the northern margin of the Yangtze block during the Hercynian provided Sedex deposits with a prerequisite geodynamic condition.     

Petrology,Geochemistry, and Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry of Sphalerite from the Laloki and Federal Flag Strata‐Bound Massive Sulfide Deposits,Papua New Guinea: Implications for Gold Mineralization

The Laloki and Federal Flag deposits are two of the many (over 45) polymetallic massive sulfide deposits that occur in the Astrolabe Mineral Field, Papua New Guinea. New data of the mineralogical compositions, mineral textures, and fluid inclusion studies on sphalerite from Laloki and Federal Flag deposits were investigated to clarify physiochemical conditions of the mineralization at both deposits. The two deposits are located about 2 km apart and they are stratigraphically hosted by siliceous to carbonaceous claystone and rare gray chert of Paleocene–Eocene age. Massive sulfide ore and host rock samples were collected from each deposit for mineralogical, geochemical, and fluid inclusion studies. Mineralization at the Laloki deposit consists of early‐stage massive sulfide mineralization (sphalerite‐barite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite–marcasite) and late‐stage brecciation and remobilization of early‐stage massive sulfides that was accompanied by late‐stage sphalerite mineralization. Occurrence of native gold blebs in early‐stage massive pyrite–marcasite‐chalcopyrite ore with the association of pyrrhotite‐hematite and abundant planktonic foraminifera remnants was due to reduction of hydrothermal fluids by the reaction with organic‐rich sediments and seawater mixing. Precipitation of fine‐grained gold blebs in late‐stage Fe‐rich sphalerite resulted from low temperature and higher salinity ore fluids in sulfur reducing conditions. In contrast, the massive sulfide ores from the Federal Flag deposit contain Fe‐rich sphalerite and subordinate sulfarsenides. Native gold blebs occur as inclusions in Fe‐rich sphalerite, along sphalerite grain boundaries, and in the siliceous‐hematitic matrix. Such occurrences of native gold suggest that gold was initially precipitated from high‐temperature, moderate to highly reduced, low‐sulfur ore fluids. Concentrations of Au and Ag from both Laloki and Federal Flag deposits were within the range (<10 ppm Au and <100 ppm Ag) of massive sulfides at a mid‐ocean ridge setting rather than typical arc‐type massive sulfides. The complex relationship between FeS contents in sphalerite and gold grades of both deposits is probably due to the initial deposition of gold on the seafloor that may have been controlled by factors such as Au complexes, pH, and fO₂ in combination with temperature and sulfur fugacity.     

Subseafloor hydrothermal alteration during the Early Proterozoic at Garpenberg,Central Sweden

The Early Proterozoic sulfide deposit at Garpenberg is located in the metallogenetic province of central Sweden. It is a strata-bound massive sulfide deposit contained in a supracrustal sequence of mainly acid metavolcanic rocks. Stratiform Zn-Pb-Cu mineralization is underlain by Cu-bearing stockwork ore and an extensive alteration zone. The sulfide ores and their altered wall rocks were formed by subseafloor hydrothermal activity. The alteration pattern observed in the wall rocks of this deposit is consistent with a hydrothermal system where the fluid consists mainly of seawater and a high water/rock mass ratio predominates. The hydrothermal activity caused the destruction of the primary mineralogy, mainly feldspars, and a general redistribution of the chemical elements in the altered wall rocks which were principally depleted in Ca, Na and Eu and enriched in Mg. Eu was redeposited with the ore metals near or at the seafloor and Ca was deposited as limestone. Most of the major and trace elements show large mobility during the alteration; only Ti, Zr, Y and REE (excluding Eu) behaved as relatively immobile elements.     

内蒙古黄岗梁锡铁多金属矿床层状夕卡岩的喷流沉积成因

内蒙古自治区黄岗梁矿床是大兴安岭中南段的一个大型Sn-Fe多金属矿床,燕山期火山侵入岩广泛出露,通过对矿床地球化学特征的系统研究,并结合矿床地质特征,得出的主要研究成果为:①与含微细浸染胶状锡的磁铁矿层共生的层状夕卡岩与海底火山活动关系密切,是一种很具特色的喷流岩;②REE地球化学特征表明,该矿床层状夕卡岩与典型岩浆热液接触交代夕卡岩存在较大差异,而与现代海底热流体和喷流型矿床及其共生的热水沉积岩有较大的相似性,应属热水喷流成因;③层状夕卡岩的碳、氧同位素组成关系可与许多沉积喷流型块状硫化物矿石及其共生的喷流岩相对比,暗示了两者具有相似的形成机理。     

Rare earth element and stable isotope (O, S) geochemistry of barite from the Bijgan deposit, Markazi Province, Iran

The Bijgan barite deposit, which is located northeast of Delijan in Markazi Province of Iran, occurs as a small lenticular body at the uppermost part of an Eocene volcano-sedimentary rock unit. The presence of fossiliferous and carbonaceous strata suggests that the host rocks were deposited in a quiet marine sedimentary environment. Barite, calcite, iron oxides and carbonaceous clay materials are found as massive patches as well as thin layers in the deposit. Barite is marked by very low concentrations of Sr (1–2%) and total amounts of rare earth elements (REEs) (6.25–17.39?ppm). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of barite indicate a fractionation of light REEs (LREEs) from La to Sm, similar to those for barite of different origins from elsewhere. The La_CN/Lu_CN ratios and chondrite-normalized REE patterns reveal that barite in the Bijgan deposit is enriched in LREE relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The similarity between the Ce/La ratios in the barite samples and those found in deep-sea barite supports a marine origin for barite. Lanthanum and Gd exhibit positive anomalies, which are common features of marine chemical sediments. Cerium shows a negative anomaly in most samples that was inherited from the negative Ce anomaly of hydrothermal fluid that mixed with seawater at the time of barite precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values of barites show a narrow range of 9.1–11.4‰, which is close to or slightly lower than that of contemporaneous seawater at the end of the Eocene. This suggests a contribution of oxygen from seawater in the barite-forming solution. The δ³⁴S values of barites (9.5–15.3‰) are lower than that of contemporaneous seawater, which suggests a contribution of magmatic sulfur to the ore-forming solution. The oxygen and sulfur isotope ratios indicate that submarine hydrothermal vent fluids are a good analog for solutions that precipitated barite, due to similarities in the isotopic composition of the sulfates. The available data including tectonic setting, host rock characteristics, REE geochemistry, and oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions support a submarine hydrothermal origin for the Bijgan barite deposit. At the seafloor, barite deposition occurred where ascending Ba-bearing hydrothermal fluids encountered seawater. Sulfate was derived from the sulfate-bearing marine waters, and, to a lesser extent, by oxidized H₂S, which was derived from magmatic hydrothermal fluids.     

Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: a window into and through regional metamorphism

The Barite Hill gold deposit, at the southwestern end of the Carolina slate belt in the southeastern United States, is one of four gold deposits in the region that have a combined yield of 110 metric tons of gold over the past 10 years. At Barite Hill, production has dominantly come from oxidized ores. Sulfur isotope data from hypogene portions of the Barite Hill gold deposit vary systematically with pyrite–barite associations and provide insights into both the pre-metamorphic Late Proterozoic hydrothermal and the Paleozoic regional metamorphic histories of the deposit. The δ³⁴S values of massive barite cluster tightly between 25.0 and 28.0‰, which closely match the published values for Late Proterozoic seawater and thus support a seafloor hydrothermal origin. The δ³⁴S values of massive sulfide range from 1.0 to 5.3‰ and fall within the range of values observed for modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits. In contrast, δ³⁴S values for finer-grained, intergrown pyrite (5.1–6.8‰) and barite (21.0–23.9‰) are higher and lower than their massive counterparts, respectively. Calculated sulfur isotope temperatures for the latter barite–pyrite pairs (Δ=15.9–17.1‰) range from 332–355 °C and probably reflect post-depositional equilibration at greenschist-facies regional metamorphic conditions. Thus, pyrite and barite occurring separately from one another provide pre-metamorphic information about the hydrothermal origin of the deposit, whereas pyrite and barite occurring together equilibrated to record the metamorphic conditions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from sphalerite are consistent with a modified seawater source for the mineralizing fluids, but data from quartz and barite may reflect later metamorphic and (or) more recent meteoric water input. Lead isotope values from pyrites range for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 18.005–18.294, for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.567–15.645, and for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 37.555–38.015. The data indicate derivation of the ore leads from the country rocks, which themselves show evidence for contributions from relatively unradiogenic, mantle-like lead, and more evolved or crustal lead. Geological relationships, and stable and radiogenic isotopic data, suggest that the Barite Hill gold deposit formed on the Late Proterozoic seafloor through exhalative hydrothermal processes similar to those that were responsible for the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan. On the basis of similarities with other gold-rich massive sulfide deposits and modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the gold at Barite Hill was probably introduced as an integral part of the formation of the massive sulfide deposit. Received: 17 August 1998 / Accepted: 12 October 2000     

贵州天柱大河边铅锌矿床的发现及其意义

大河边重晶石矿床是一个世界级的超大型重晶石矿床。最近在该区重晶石矿床下部的震旦系陡山沱组碳酸盐岩(白云岩)和碎屑岩中,新发现一套规模较大、层位产出稳定的铅锌矿化。铅锌矿体和重晶石矿床具有"上部为重晶矿,下部为铅锌硫化物矿床"的矿化特征。铅锌矿段矿石矿物主要为闪锌矿、黄铁矿及方铅矿,含少量白铁矿、黄铜矿及磁黄铁矿;脉石矿物主要为石英和重晶石,少量白云石、热液磷灰石、炭沥青及钡冰长石。成矿流体特征类似于形成沉积喷流型铅锌矿床的流体特征。铅锌矿化中的硫源自局限海盆内早寒武世海水经硫酸盐还原作用提供。此种类似于喷流沉积型铅锌矿床在南华裂谷盆地一带矿化层位稳定、分布范围较广泛,体现早寒武世时在裂谷盆地内存在一次大规模的热液事件。天柱大河边铅锌矿床的发现具有重要的资源意义及区内该种矿床的勘查意义。