西藏冈底斯南缘火山-岩浆弧带中桑日群adakite的发现及其意义

冈底斯南缘火山-岩浆弧带,位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带与冈底斯陆块之间。近年来的研究表明,它是新特提斯洋多次俯冲消减的产物。洋壳大致经历了早(中侏罗世)、晚(晚侏罗—早白垩世)两次俯冲作用,由此形成的火山岛弧带在空间上呈北、南两条平行展布。本文,通过对晚期俯冲形成的南带岛弧火山岩(桑日群)的研究,并与新生代(＜25Ma)环太平洋adakite的对比研究表明,桑日群火山岩具有与adakite相似的特征:缺乏玄武岩,以安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩组合为主;地球化学特征表现为SiO_2平均为61．57%(≥56%)、Al_2O_3平均为16．36%(≥15%)、MgO平均为2．63%(＜3%),Na/K高(3．05);具有低的Yb(1．39×10~(-6),≤1．9×10~(-6))、Y(13．57×10~(-6),≤18×10~(-6))和高的Sr(646×10~(-6),＞400×10~(-6));REE配分型式为亏损重稀土,Eu异常不明显;Sr同位素组成与大洋板片熔融形成的adakite非常相近。这意味着,该弧南带(桑日群)的弧火山岩(＞25Ma)是新特提斯洋壳经俯冲部分熔融形成的;同时也暗示,它的形成可能是一种特殊动力学机制的产物——新特提斯主洋有关的小洋盆快速俯冲。而其成矿意义在于:它是超大型斑岩铜矿和中低温热液矿床成矿的标志之一。     

西藏桑日县地区中生代火山岩地层层序——基于锆石U-Pb 年龄及地球化学数据

青藏高原中生代时期新特提斯洋演化及其相应的岩浆作用一直是高原基础研究的热点之一,其系统研究对新特提斯洋及拉萨地块的地质演化具有重要的意义。以桑日县地区出露的叶巴组、桑日群比马组、桑日群麻木下组、旦师庭组火山-沉积岩系为研究对象,在详细的野外调查及前人研究基础上,选择麻木下组安山岩和旦师庭组火山凝灰岩样品进行锆石U-Pb测年,对叶巴组和桑日群比马组火山岩进行地球化学对比研究。结果表明,桑日群上部比马组火山岩（189.0±3.0~195.0±3.0Ma）与叶巴组火山岩（174.2±3.6~192.7±1.3Ma）均形成于早侏罗世,且两者具有相似的地球化学特征,均为钙碱性岛弧火山岩,表明二者可能形成于相同的构造背景。因此,将比马组从原桑日群中解体出来与叶巴组合并为同一套火山岩地层,而桑日群下部麻木下组（99.9±0.7~136.5±1.7Ma）的形成时间明显晚于比马组,属早白垩世火山岩地层,且具有埃达克岩的地球化学特征,应单独建组;旦师庭组形成于93.7±1.2Ma,属晚白垩世地层,也单独成为一组。     

西藏南部桑日群火山岩的时代：来自晚期马门侵入体的约束

位于拉萨地块南缘的桑日群火山岩通常被认为是新特提斯洋沿拉萨地块南缘向北俯冲消减的产物,但其喷发持续时间一直没有得到有效约束。在桑日群火山岩系中识别出一套稍晚于桑日群火山岩的侵入岩脉, 脉岩中的锆石用U-Pb LA-ICPMS 法测得年龄为（93.4±1.1） Ma。据此认为桑日群火山岩的喷发时间应不晚于93.4 Ma。前人的研究表明桑日群的活动时限可以追溯到晚侏罗世-早白垩世, 因此其所代表的新特提斯洋的俯冲消减至少从晚侏罗世延续到了93.4 Ma 左右。另一方面, 这些侵入岩脉的地球化学特征明显不同于俯冲成因的桑日群弧火山岩, 如埃达克岩（麻木下组）和钙碱性的火山岩（比马组）, 而与东部朗县和里龙一带 的侵入岩非常相似, 它们很可能是板片俯冲导致的加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。这种差异暗示在新特提斯洋 俯冲消减过程中其深部动力学环境发生了较大的改变。     

长江源各拉丹冬地区晚三叠世火山岩锶、钕同位素地球化学特征及其意义

对各拉丹冬地区晚三叠世火山岩进行了颗粒锆石U-Pb测年和Sr、Nd同位素分析,颗粒锆石的U-Pb年龄值为(212±1.7)Ma,全岩样品的ISr、εNd(t)和Nd模式年龄tDM变化在0.70325~0.70917、-0.8~-4.6和1064~1379Ma之间。分析结果表明,形成晚三叠世火山岩的原始岩浆是壳幔混合型。结合岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素等特征,该套火山岩的形成与岛弧-活动陆缘环境有关。     

西藏桑日县地区中生代火山岩地层层序——基于锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学数据

青藏高原中生代时期新特提斯洋演化及其相应的岩浆作用一直是高原基础研究的热点之一,其系统研究对新特提斯洋及拉萨地块的地质演化具有重要的意义。以桑日县地区出露的叶巴组、桑日群比马组、桑日群麻木下组、旦师庭组火山-沉积岩系为研究对象,在详细的野外调查及前人研究基础上,选择麻木下组安山岩和旦师庭组火山凝灰岩样品进行锆石U-Pb测年,对叶巴组和桑日群比马组火山岩进行地球化学对比研究。结果表明,桑日群上部比马组火山岩(189.0±3.0~195.0±3.0Ma)与叶巴组火山岩(174.2±3.6~192.7±1.3Ma)均形成于早侏罗世,且两者具有相似的地球化学特征,均为钙碱性岛弧火山岩,表明二者可能形成于相同的构造背景。因此,将比马组从原桑日群中解体出来与叶巴组合并为同一套火山岩地层,而桑日群下部麻木下组(99.9±0.7~136.5±1.7Ma)的形成时间明显晚于比马组,属早白垩世火山岩地层,且具有埃达克岩的地球化学特征,应单独建组;旦师庭组形成于93.7±1.2Ma,属晚白垩世地层,也单独成为一组。     

西藏拉萨地块北部白垩纪火山岩及其对冈底斯岛弧构造演化的制约

拉萨地块北部广泛分布着白垩纪火山岩。本文及已有年代学研究表明,这些火山岩主要形成于早白垩世中期(140～110Ma)和晚白垩世早期(100～80Ma)两个阶段。早白垩世中期火山岩主要为则弄群和多尼组地层中的火山岩夹层,岩性组合包括玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩,主体为高钾钙碱和钾玄质系列,具有初始87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7068～0.7102)较高、εNd(t)(-9.3～-1.5)较低和δ18OV-SMOW(7.2‰～9.8‰)较高等同位素组成特征,源区为受消减沉积物和/或蚀变玄武质洋壳的含水流体/熔体交代的富集岩石圈地幔楔。晚白垩世早期火山岩零星分布在拉萨地块北部和羌塘地块南部,岩石类型以玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩为主,有少量的酸性火山岩(英安岩),主体为典型的钙碱性系列组合(低钾拉斑+中钾钙碱),具有较高的Mg(Mg#可高达59)和相容元素Cr(162×10-6)、V(216×10-6)和Ni(80×10-6)含量以及更为原始的Sr-Nd同位素组成,(87Sr/86Sr)t=0.7041～0.7048,εNd(t)=0.9～2.2,指示源区可能为受到上涌软流圈地幔熔体二次交代的交代富集岩石圈地幔,本文将其命名为尼玛火山岩。综合以上白垩纪火山岩和拉萨地块南部叶巴组、桑日群和林子宗群火山岩的时空分布特征,认为中生代至早第三纪冈底斯岛弧的演化发生了两次大的空间迁移:中生代早侏罗世以来由南向北变新,从最南部的叶巴组(早侏罗世,193～174Ma)和桑日群火山岩(J3—K1),到北部的则弄群和多尼组火山岩(早白垩世中期,140～110Ma),最后到最北部的尼玛火山岩(晚白垩世早期,100～80Ma);早第三纪由北向南跃迁回南部,从北部的尼玛火山岩迁移到南部的林子宗群火山岩(70～40Ma)。冈底斯岛弧火山岩的时空分布特征和成分演化规律,揭示了新特提斯洋板块的俯冲历史,即早期新特提斯洋壳由南向北低角度俯冲,然后再高角度反向旋转,直至最后发生拆沉。     

琼河坝矿集区花岗岩体的Sr-Nd,Pb同位素特征及地质意义

琼河坝地区在志留纪—泥盆纪频繁的岩浆活动与成矿关系密切。矿集区中花岗岩ΣREE含量23.16×10-6~110.24×10-6,平均值68.19×10-6,总体上稀土含量较低。(La/Yb)N=3.23~10.97平均值为5.74,显示轻、重稀土分馏不明显,且轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集。蒙西、琼河坝、和尔赛三个花岗岩体Sr-Nd、Pb同位素值很近,表明琼河坝花岗岩具有相近的成因。(87Sr/86Sr)i值为0.704 01~0.704 42,平均值为0.704 19;(143 Nd/144 Nd)i值为0.512 300~0.512 478,平均值为0.512 415;(208Pb/204Pb)i值17.600~17.910,平均值为17.738,(207Pb/204Pb)i值为15.410~15.547,平均值为15.459,(206Pb/204Pb)i值为37.250~38.019平均值为37.534。表现出壳幔混染的特征。εSr(t)值为-0.3~7.8,εNd(t)值为2.9~7.2,为较小的正值,表现出洋壳的特征。花岗岩Al2O3,Sr,Y,Yb和δEu的特征与埃达克岩相近,可能为俯冲洋壳熔融的产物。因此该地区众多铜矿点的出现,应该与埃达克岩有关。     

中拉萨地块南缘孔隆晚白垩世火山岩成因及对地壳演化的约束

拉萨地块晚白垩世岩浆岩的研究集中于南北两缘,中部的岩浆-构造演化对班公湖—怒江洋或新特提斯洋演化过程的响应及地幔贡献度仍然缺乏精确约束。本次研究报道了中拉萨地块南缘孔隆地区发现的一套流纹质火山岩。锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学及Hf同位素分析结果显示,孔隆火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(88.0±1.7)Ma,形成于晚白垩世早期。主量元素SiO₂及Al₂O₃含量较高,Mg^#较低;轻、重稀土分馏明显,表现为轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损;相对富集Rb、Th、K,相对亏损Ba、Eu、Sr、P、Ti;与周缘埃达克岩区别明显。锆石ε_Hf(t)在-10.2~-5.3之间,T_DM2模式年龄为1 492~1 804 Ma,结合Nb/La平均值(0.21)及Nb/Ta平均值(10.1)分析,认为孔隆火山岩可能直接源于古老的下地壳深熔,未经幔源物质混染而形成,其主要驱动力为新特提斯洋壳北向俯冲。本项研究为印亚大陆碰撞前拉萨地块演化提供了新的约束。     

藏南白垩纪桑日群麻木下组埃达克岩的地球化学特征及其成因

桑日群火山岩位于冈底斯南缘火山-岩浆弧的中、东段,紧邻雅鲁藏布江缝合带的北侧,包括下部麻木下组与上部比马组中的火山岩,长期以来被认为是雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋沿冈底斯南缘向北俯冲消减的产物,但是这些火山岩还未见系统的地球化学数据,对其成因也缺乏深入的讨论。通过对桑日群火山岩详细的地球化学研究,识别出麻木下组火山岩具有典型的埃达克岩的地球化学特征：高Sr（平均为977ug／g）,低Y（平均为10．4ug／g）、Yb（平均为0．942ug／g）含量,轻重稀土强烈分异（La／Yb平均为24．8）;另外岩石还具有相对低sr和高Nd的同位素组成（^87Sr／^86Sr）i=0．703506～0．704369,（^143Nd／^144Nd）,=0．512728～0．512778,εNd（t）平均为5．58,显示出与雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩的MORB相似的同位素特征,表明其可能来源于新特提斯雅鲁藏布江洋岩石圈的部分熔融。而相对高的MgO（平均为4．38％）、Cr（平均为198ug／g）和Ni（平均为117ug／g）含量暗示原始的埃达克质熔体在其上升过程中与上覆地幔楔发生了反应。综合考虑新特提斯洋以及冈底斯造山带的演化历史,提出麻木下组埃达克岩可能是在早白垩世时雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋北向俯冲消减的初始阶段由洋壳部分熔融所形成的认识。     

东准噶尔晚古生代次火山侵入岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄及Sr-Nd同位素地球化学

东准噶尔地区石炭纪巴塔玛依内山组火山岩-次火山侵入岩发育。本文以卡拉麦里构造带东南部松喀尔苏地区次火山侵入岩——花岗闪长斑岩为研究对象,通过岩石学、SHRIMP锆石U-Pb和Sr-Nd同位素方面的研究发现,所有锆石都具岩浆成因,锆石U-Pb年龄可分为多组,其中最小的一组年龄为305.5~316.3 Ma,代表岩体的形成时间,其他年龄多与准噶尔地区产出的具洋壳和岛弧性质的岩浆岩时代一致。岩石具正的εNd(t)(3.0~15.1),中等的87Sr/86Sr初始值(0.703 861~0.713 151),较小的T2DM(412~839)。反映了东准噶尔地区基底可能由底侵幔源物质和奠基于有限前寒武纪结晶基底之上的古生代残余洋壳、岛弧体系组成,花岗闪长斑岩是新生地壳物质和少量幔源岩浆共同作用的产物,其形成可能与晚古生代古亚洲洋持续的向哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块俯冲消减诱发卡拉麦里地区弧后扩张有关。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Alkaline rocks of Samchampi-Samteran, District Karbi-Anglong, Assam, India

The Samchampi-Samteran alkaline igneous complex (SAC) is a near circular, plug-like body approximately 12 km² area and is emplaced into the Precambrian gneissic terrain of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. The host rocks, which are exposed in immediate vicinity of the intrusion, comprise granite gneiss, migmatite, granodiorite, amphibolite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The SAC is composed of a wide variety of lithologies identified as syenitic fenite, magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock, alkali pyroxenite, ijolite-melteigite, carbonatite, nepheline syenite with leucocratic and mesocratic variants, phonolite, volcanic tuff, phosphatic rock and chert breccia. The magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock was generated as a cumulus phase owing to the partitioning of Ti, Fe at a shallow level magma chamber (not evolved DI = O1). The highly alkaline hydrous fluid activity indicated by the presence of strongly alkalic minerals in carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks suggests that the composition of original melt was more alkalic than those now found and represent a silica undersaturated ultramafic rock of carbonated olivine-poor nephelinite which splits with falling temperature into two immiscible fractions—one ultimately crystallises as alkali pyroxenite/ijolite and the other as carbonatite. The spatial distribution of varied lithotypes of SAC and their genetic relationships suggests that the silicate and carbonate melts, produced through liquid immiscibility, during ascent generated into an array of lithotypes and also reaction with the country rocks by alkali emanations produced fenitic aureoles (nephelinisation process). Isotopic studies (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) on carbonatites of Samchampi have indicated that the δ¹³C of the source magma is related to contamination from recycled carbon.