Discussion on “sandwich” structures and preservation conditions of shale gas in the South Yellow Sea Basin

In order to make a breakthrough in Mesozoic-Paleozoic shale gas exploration in the South Yellow Sea Basin, a comparison of the preservation conditions was made within the Barnett shale gas reservoirs in the Fortworth Basin, the Jiaoshiba shale gas reservoirs in Sichuan Basin and potential shale gas reservoirs in Guizhou Province. The results show that the “Sandwich” structure is of great importance for shale gas accumulation. Therein to, the “Sandwich” structure is a kind of special reservoir-cap rock assemblage which consist of limestone or dolomite on the top, mudstone or shale layer in the middle and limestone or dolomite at the bottom. In consideration of the Mesozoic-Paleozoic in the Lower Yangtze, and Laoshan Uplift with weak Paleozoic deformation and thrust fault sealing on both flanks of the Laoshan Uplift, a conclusion can be drawn that the preservation conditions of shale gas probably developed “Sandwich” structures in the Lower Cambrian and Permian, which are key layers for the breakthrough of shale gas in the South Yellow Sea. Moreover, the preferred targets for shale gas drilling probably locate at both flanks of the Laoshan Uplift.     

南黄海盆地中、古生界盖层条件

分析南黄海盆地中、古生界的盖层条件,可为该区油气地质条件研究以及后期油气资源评价提供基础。充分利用现有钻井、测井、地震等多种实际资料,在对盆地及邻区构造、地层、沉积等地质背景分析的基础上,进行了盖层条件的分析。结果表明,南黄海盆地中、古生界主要发育5套盖层,包括钻井已经钻遇的上二叠统龙潭-大隆组泥质岩、下三叠统泥灰岩和膏岩、下白垩统湖相泥质岩,以及两套经地震解释和海陆对比划分的下寒武统、下志留统泥质岩;盆地现存盖层条件的好坏是中、古生界油气藏能否得以保存的关键条件,其中下古生界整体要优于上古生界,上古生界的青岛坳陷要好于烟台坳陷,海相中生界总体较差。     

苏北盆地中—古生界海相烃源岩发育规律及其意义

苏北盆地与南黄海盆地属于同一构造单元,苏北盆地的烃源岩发育规律的研究对南黄海油气勘探具有重要启示意义。在野外地质研究和69个烃源岩实测数据的基础上,结合已有分析化验数据及油气勘探资料,对苏北盆地的中—古生界海相烃源岩厚度分布和地球化学特征进行了分析,结果表明烃源岩整体沿北东向展布,在中—古生界均存在多个烃源岩发育中心,并明显有向南黄海海域延伸的趋势;下古生界普遍比上古生界的热演化程度高,并具有区域不均一性,二叠系的热演化程度相对较低,存在二次生烃的潜力。苏北盆地在中—古生界海相地层烃源岩特征的研究,进一步揭示了南黄海盆地具有良好的油气勘探潜力。     

Onshore–offshore structure and hydrocarbon potential of the South Yellow Sea

Recent high-resolution airborne gravity data taken over the South Yellow Sea and its western onshore–offshore transition zone, combined with ground gravity data taken over the onshore area (Subei Basin), China, show that the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea and the Subei Basin correspond to the same gravity low anomaly. Magnetic data also support our interpretations. Both areas have similar strata, structures and hydrocarbon potential, and form a large Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin controlled by the Tanlu Fault. Cenozoic terrestrial strata are well developed in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea, and thick Meso–Paleozoic marine strata are preserved in the Central uplift area. Future hydrocarbon exploration in the South Yellow Sea should focus on the Cenozoic continental sequence, especially the Paleogene in the South Basin, as well as the Meso–Paleozoic marine rocks in the Central uplift area. The western part of the middle depression and middle and western parts of the north depression in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea have the greatest potential for hydrocarbon accumulation.     

南黄海中部隆起中—古生界沉积相及烃源岩特征——以CSDP-2井为例

依托CSDP-2全取心井岩心及38块烃源岩样品的实测w(TOC)、w(氯仿沥青"A")、镜质体反射率、生烃潜量等一系列地化测试数据,在精确识别南黄海盆地中部隆起中—古生界沉积相类型的基础上,分析多组段、多岩相烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度特征,并结合前人研究成果,对比该区与下扬子苏皖地区主要烃源岩的差异性,探讨南黄海盆地中—古生界油气勘探前景。结果表明:南黄海盆地在中—古生代共经历了6次较大规模的海侵-海退,由海向陆方向发育完整的浅海陆棚-障壁海岸-三角洲沉积体系且充填了浅水内陆棚、镶边碳酸盐岩台地及潮坪-泻湖和三角洲前缘等连续的沉积演化序列;海盆内栖霞组、龙潭组、大隆组和青龙组4套烃源岩品质与陆区相当,同属中等最好烃源岩级别;垂向上则以龙潭组、大隆组源岩品质最高且不乏优质烃源岩的存在,青龙组源岩品质稍低但同样有效;丰富的烃类物质基础、7套全烃、荧光高幅上升段及累计40余处油浸、油斑等直接油气显示彰显了南黄海中—古生界海相地层存在着巨大的油气勘探潜力。     

南黄海有关地层与构造的研究进展及问题讨论

南黄海为一叠置于下扬子地块变质基底之上的中、古生代海相与中、新生代陆相多旋回叠合盆地,经历了长期的构造演化及多期次构造改造。有关南黄海多期次盆地地层格架及分布特征、构造变形及动力机制、盆地性质及成因机制等问题,仍存在诸多争论。本文在总结前人研究的基础上,利用近几年最新获得的地质、地球物理数据,对南黄海有关地层与构造相关的主要问题进行了探讨。地球物理及综合研究表明：南黄海北部燕山晚期以来陆相断陷盆地之下并不存在印支-早燕山期的前陆盆地;朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带是存在的,扬子地块与华北地块汇聚碰撞过程中存在壳内多层次的互相楔入构造;南黄海海相中、古生界广泛分布,往东抬升剥蚀,可能主要残留下古生界,中部隆起残留有完整的下三叠统-震旦系。     

南黄海中部隆起海相中-古生界科学钻探CSDP-2井选址

2014年,大陆架科学钻探项目（CSDP）确定采用自主研发的轻便型海洋钻井平台"探海1号"在南黄海盆地中部隆起上实施首口科学钻探井（CSDP-2井）,其科学目标是探查中部隆起的中-古生界地质结构和油气地质条件,解决南黄海中部隆起海相残留盆地长期悬而未决的地层属性问题,同时为区域地质、海陆演化与海相油气资源前景研究和评价提供基础资料。据此确定钻孔的选址原则为：钻探海域水深不超过30 m,在预定2 800 m的钻探深度范围内钻遇多套完整的中-古生界海相地层。根据钻探目标和选址原则,针对中部隆起没有钻探资料的状况,以区域地质特征和周边钻井对比为参考,以地震资料多属性解释为手段,标定了地震反射层位,解释并编制了反射层构造图,拟定了钻探井位,预测了钻探层位;采用地震储层预测技术预测了有利储层。上述工作形成了无井勘探区的钻探井位部署技术流程和方法,经钻探厘定了三叠纪-奥陶纪海相沉积层,并发现了多个油气显示层,达到了预定钻探目标。     

南黄海盆地中部隆起上古生界沉积环境探讨

CSDP-2井是大陆架科学钻探计划（CSDP）在南黄海盆地中部隆起实施的第一口连续取芯井,完井深度2 843.18 m,平均取芯率高达97.7%。综合利用该井岩芯、测井、岩石薄片及古生物化石资料,准确识别出南黄海盆地中部隆起上古生界的岩石类型、沉积构造、岩性组合序列等特征,进而探讨研究区沉积环境及其垂向演化规律。研究结果显示:CSDP-2井所钻遇的二叠系、石炭系、泥盆系地层既包含碎屑岩也包含碳酸盐岩,发育了三角洲相、滨岸相、潮坪相、碳酸盐岩台地相、浅海陆棚相等多种沉积相类型;南黄海盆地晚古生代先后经历了两个完整的海侵-海退旋回,自下而上发育碎屑岩浅海-潮坪沉积体系、碳酸盐岩潮坪-潟湖-颗粒滩沉积体系和碎屑岩三角洲沉积体系,反映了研究区由海相向海陆过渡相逐渐演化的沉积充填过程。     

南黄海海域生储盖层特征及油气远景评价

根据近年来新取得的资料,结合前人的研究成果,对南黄海海域的生储盖层特征进行了综合研究。古生界、中生界海相地层为南黄海海域的主力烃源岩,从构造运动和沉积发育情况分析,将南黄海海域的古生界、中生界海相地层生成油气的成藏过程划分为三叠纪印支运动前、侏罗纪—白垩纪、古近纪和新近纪4个阶段。通过对生储盖层的特征分析,说明南黄海古生界、中生界海相地层油气资源具有开发前景。在对南黄海盆地海相中生界、古生界烃源条件和后期保存条件研究的基础上,预测了盆地内海相油气资源的有利运聚区,为南黄海海域的油气勘探及研究工作提供了依据,对我国新的海上油气开发及部署作出了贡献。     

Structural characteristics and evolution of the South Yellow Sea Basin since Indosinian

Based on the seismic data gathered in past years and the correlation between the sea and land areas of the Lower Yangtze Platform, the structural characteristics of the South Yellow Sea Basin since the Indosinian tectonic movement is studied in this paper. Three stages of structural deformation can be distinguished in the South Yellow Sea Basin since the Indosinian. The first stage, Late Indosinian to Early Yanshanian, was dominated by foreland deformation including both the uplifting and subsidence stages under an intensively compressional environment. The second stage, which is called the Huangqiao Event in the middle Yanshanian, was a change for stress fields from compression to extension. While in the third stage (the Sanduo Event) in the Late Himalayan, the basin developed a depression in the Neogene-Quaternary after rifting in the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene. The long-time evolution controlled 3 basin formation stages from a foreland basin, then a fault basin to a final depression basin. In conclusion, since the Indosinian, the South Yellow Sea Basin has experienced compressional fold and thrust, collisional orogen, compressional and tensional pulsation, strike-slip, extensional fault block and inversion structures, compression and convergence. The NE, NEE, nearly EW and NW trending structures developed in the basin. From west to east, the structural trend changed from NEE to near EW to NW. While from north to south, they changed from NEE to near EW with a strong-weak-strong zoning sequence. Vertically, the marine and terrestrial facies basins show a “seesaw” pattern with fold and thrust in the early stages, which is strong in the north and weak in the south and an extensional fault in later stages, which is strong in the north and weak in the south. In the marine facies basin, thrust deformation is more prevailing in the upper structural layer than that in the lower layer. The tectonic mechanism in the South Yellow Sea Basin is mainly affected by the collision between the Yangtze and North China Block, while the stress environment of large-scale strike-slip faults was owing to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. The southern part of the Laoshan uplift is a weak deformation zone as well as a stress release zone, and the Meso-Paleozoic had been weakly reformed in later stages. The southern part of the Laoshan uplift is believed, therefore, to be a promising area for oil and gas exploration.     

南黄海盆地北部坳陷白垩系地震相分析

在数千公里地震剖面解释基础上,选用频率、振幅、连续性及内部反射结构等4个地震参数,采用“构形 结构 振幅 频率 连续性”的地震相复合命名原则,总结出南黄海盆地北部坳陷白垩系近10种地震相单元,5种沉积相类型。沉积特征分析表明,在没有钻井揭示的白垩系中、下部,其油气潜力有可能比泰州组更加可观,是很好的烃源岩。钻井资料也表明白垩系具有生、聚油过程,这进一步说明白垩系中、下部的生烃潜力。中、新生界的数套物性较好的储、盖层和众多与油气大规模运移时间匹配良好的构造圈闭,使白垩系成为南黄海盆地找油的首要对象。     

南海始新世海相地层分布及油气地质意义

采用古生态学及沉积学方法, 对南海北部深水区BY7-1-1井及L29井特定层段进行细致研究.通过有孔虫、孢粉藻类分析及沉积学分析, 证实南海北部白云深水区在晚始新世即出现滨浅海相沉积环境, 确定了南海北部最早接受海相沉积的时间.始新世海相地层在南海北部主要分布在台西及台西南盆地中, 并在晚始新世扩展到珠江口盆地白云凹陷.在南部分布较广, 曾母盆地、北康盆地、礼乐盆地及巴拉望盆地中均有始新世海相地层分布.南海始新世海相地层的分布受制于新南海扩张及古南海的消退, 以晚始新世为时间节点发生显著变化, 总体上分布范围增大, 反映该时期南海拉张和断裂活动的加剧.南海始新世海相地层具有良好的油气潜力, 在部分盆地中形成了优质的烃源岩与储层, 珠江口盆地白云深水区晚始新世海相地层的发现, 对南海深水海相油气勘探具有积极的参考作用.      

大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井科学目标及初步成果

大陆架科学钻探（CSDP）,是一个在我国大陆架上实施的以钻探我国陆架区深部地层为目的的科学计划,是介于大陆科学钻探（ICDP）和大洋科学钻探（DSDP,ODP,IODP）之间的大陆架地球科学探索计划。首批两口科学钻探井布设在南黄海陆架上,CSDP-1井的主要目标为第四纪及其环境演化,CSDP-2井则瞄准中-古生界海相地层及其资源环境效应。CSDP-2井的科学目标为揭示中-古生界的地层时代、沉积环境、构造演化,详细标定钻遇地层的地球物理性质,系统评价其油气生储盖特征,以及开发和探索钻探与井中观测等技术。CSDP-2井完井深度2 843.18 m,创造了全球陆架全取心钻探的最深记录,综合取心率97.7%,其中中-古生界取心2 198.10 m,取心率99.3%,先后钻遇第四系-新近系,下三叠统青龙组,二叠系大隆组、龙潭组、孤峰组和栖霞组,石炭系船山组、黄龙组和高骊山组,泥盆系五通组,志留系坟头组和高家边组。初步建立钻遇中-古生界的岩性剖面、地球物理性质剖面、地层时代和沉积环境格架,厘定印支期和加里东期两个不整合面,以及孤峰组和龙潭组之间的断层滑脱面,并通过对烃源岩系统评价发现4套好的烃源岩。下一步工作将在进一步厘定地层年龄的基础上,深入探讨沉积环境演化、构造和热演化历史,以及结合区域资料恢复古地理环境。     

南黄海海相油气勘探前景探讨与问题分析

南黄海海域的中、古生代海相油气前景广阔,是重要的油气战略接替基地。由于多期构造运动的改造作用,原型盆地遭受强烈破坏,地质构造复杂,地球物理勘探精度低,造成对地层与构造认识不清,油气分布规律不明。针对勘探中面临的主要问题,提出的主要对策是：重点开展地球物理勘探技术创新研究与攻关试验工作,提高方法技术的适用性与有效性;在大地构造理论的指导下,重点开展多期构造活动背景下有效烃源岩、储层、保存条件等因素的研究工作,对区域油气地质条件优越且地层、岩性等特征存在争议的局部构造实施科学钻探等。     

Characteristics,differences and main controlling factors of source rocks in the central‐southern South China Sea Basins

The South China Sea is rich in oil and gas resources. With the increasing exploration of oil and gas resources in the northern South China Sea and the increasing demand for energy in the world, The central‐southern South China Sea have become important constituencies for oil and gas resources. The central‐southern basins of South China Sea can be divided into three types of basin groups, namely, the southern basin group (Zengmu Basin, Brunei‐Sabah Basin), the western basin group (Wan'an Basin, Zhong jiannan Basin) and the Central Basin Group (Liyue Basin, Beikang Basin, Nanweixi Basin and Palawan Basin). At present, the degree of exploration is relatively low, and the source rock has not yet formed a understanding of the system. The main source rock development time, source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon generation potential and control factors of each basin group are still unclear, which seriously restricts the exploration of oil and gas. Based on the sedimentary facies distribution and sedimentary filling evolution, combined with the geoche mical characteristics of the source rocks, the source age, organic matter type, hydrocarbon generation potential and main controlling factors of the basins in the central‐southern basins are discussed. By the detailed research on delta scale, provenance system, paleoclimate conditions, ancient vegetation development and hydroca rbon generation parent material, the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks in each basin group are revealed.     

北黄海盆地东部前中生界基底特征

北黄海盆地是中国近海唯一未获得油气突破及勘探程度最低的含油气盆地（朝鲜已在该盆地东部实现了工业性油气突破）,朝鲜在东部凹陷的3口钻井证实北黄海盆地东部凹陷主体前中生界基底是下古生界(Pz₁)地层,与上覆以砂泥岩为主的中-新生界地层在地球物理特征上有很大差异,该特征提供了以地球物理资料推断和确定中-新生界盆地基底特征的可靠性。通过重力、磁力及大量多道地震资料解释认为,北黄海盆地前中生界基底最大埋深约5.5 km,凹陷主体部位前中生界基底以下古生界碳酸盐岩为主,其东北角可能存在上古生界碎屑岩基底,而凹陷南部可能是元古界浅变质岩基底。     

Characteristics of marine strata distribution in South Yellow Sea based on airborne gravity and magnetic data

Based on the high accuracy airborne gravity and magnetic data of South Yellow Sea, combined with the characteristics of gravitational and magnetic field and geophysical properties, the authors analyzed the matched filtering through radially averaged logarithmic power spectrum to separate and extract the gravity and magnetic anomaly caused by the interfacial fluctuation of marine strata. And the depth of the marine strata interface of South Yellow Sea was interpreted by the tangent and Vaquier methods. The authors also compiled the depth of the bottom and top interface of the marine strata after geological and geophysical interpretations. In addition, a preliminary division of South Yellow Sea marine strata tectonic units was carried out and the strata distribution was also discussed. The central depression and southern depression of Subei- South Yellow Sea depression area were developed on the strongly magnetic basement, with weak tectonic deformation. The marine strata remain intact with a shallow depth of 4 km to 8 km. South Yellow Sea is the oil and gas exploration area with great resource potential.     

基于航空重、磁数据的南黄海海相地层分布特征识别

基于南黄海海域实测高精度航空重、磁数据,结合航空重、磁场及物性特征,通过平均对数功率谱分析匹配滤波方法技术,对南黄海海相地层界面起伏引起的重、磁异常特征进行分离、提取,采用切线法和外奎尔法计算海相地层界面的深度,经地质和地球物理综合解释,编制了南黄海海相地层底界面、顶界面深度图及海相地层厚度图。在此基础上,初步划分了南黄海海相地层构造单元,探讨了南黄海海相地层的分布特征。苏北—南黄海坳陷区的中部坳陷和南部坳陷均发育在强磁性基底之上,构造变形较弱,海相地层保存完整,埋藏浅,厚度为4~8 km,是南黄海地区具有较大资源潜力的油气勘探区。     

Exploration Potential of Marine Source Rocks Oil-Gas Reservoirs in China

So far,more than 150 marine oil-gas fields have been found onshore and offshore about 350. The marine source rocks are mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic onshore whereas Tertiary offshore.Three genetic categories of oil-gas reservoirs have been defined for the marine reservoirs in China:primary reservoirs,secondary reservoirs and hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs.And three exploration prospects have also been suggested:(1)Primary reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in many Tertiary basins of the South China Sea(SCS),the Tertiary shelf basins of the East China Sea (ECS)and the Paleozoic of Tarim basin,Sichuan basin and Ordos basin.To explore large-middle-scale even giant oil-gas fields should chiefly be considered in this category reservoirs.These basins are the most hopeful areas to explore marine oil-gas fields in China,among which especially many Tertiary basins of the SCS should be strengthened to explore.(2)Secondary reservoirs prospects,which are mainly distributed in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the Tarim basin,Sichuan basin,Qiangtang basin and Chuxiong basin in western China,of which exploration potential is less than that of the primary reservoirs.(3)Hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in the Bohai Bay basin,North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea basin,southern North China basin,Jianghan basin, South Poyang basin in eastern China and the Tarim basin in western China,of which source rocks are generally the Paleozoic.And the reservoirs formed by late-stage(always Cenozoic)secondary hydrocarbon generation of the Paleozoic source rocks should mainly be considered to explore,among which middle-small and small oil-gas fields are the chief exploration targets.As a result of higher thermal evolution of Paleozoic and Mesozoic source rocks,the marine reservoirs onshore are mainly gas fields,and so far marine oil fields have only been found in the Tarim basin.No other than establishing corresponding marine oil-gas exploration and development strategy and policy, sufficiently enhancing cognition to the particularity and complexity of China's marine petroleum geology,and applying new thoughts,new theories and new technologies,at the same time tackling some key technologies,it is possible to fast and effectually exploit and utilize the potential huge marine oil-gas resources of China.     

对南黄海盆地构造层特征及含油气性的新认识

南黄海是由古、中、新生界叠置而成的一个大型叠合盆地,发育4个特征各异的构造层:构造层Ⅰ(Z-S)、构造层Ⅱ(D-T)、构造层Ⅲ(T3-E)和构造层Ⅳ(N-Q)。构造层Ⅰ在海区广泛分布,主要为一套下古生界的盆地相-台地相沉积建造,最新地震资料推测,其厚度大且稳定,但构造特征不清楚。构造层Ⅱ由上古生界至中生界三叠系组成,是以碎屑岩和灰岩为主的一套海相地层,主要受到印支运动和早燕山运动的强烈影响,南、北部残留地层及结构不同,但以挤压构造样式为主。与陆区比较,南黄海盆地海相构造层Ⅰ和构造层Ⅱ的构造格局相对稳定,变形强度较弱。构造层Ⅲ发育白垩系和古近系,局部存在上三叠统—侏罗系,白垩系和古近系主要赋存在坳陷或凹陷内,隆起或凸起基本缺失,为一套陆相砂泥岩沉积,在北部坳陷分布较广,但厚度变化快,剖面上表现为地堑、半地堑的结构特征,以拉张构造样式为主。构造层Ⅳ(N-Q)为区域沉降的产物。南黄海盆地在形成过程中经历了多次构造运动的改造,不同构造单元具有不同的油气成藏特征和富集规律,北部坳陷发育有古生古储、古生新储、新生古储等油气成藏组合类型,是油气勘探最有利的区域。