3种钻孔应变仪记录的玛多MS7.4地震同震响应特征对比分析

针对2021年5月22日青海玛多MS7.4地震,采用3种型号的钻孔应变仪观测到的应变资料对比分析同震应变波,结果表明3种仪器记录同震的初动时间、波动幅度和持续时间等存在一定差别:在震中距相当的情况下,TJ型体应变仪和RZB型四分量钻孔应变仪存在波动幅度变化小、持续时间短的问题,难以从背景变化中区分同震响应,影响钻孔仪器同震规律研究; YRY?4型四分量钻孔应变仪波动幅度变化大,持续时间长,在映震效果上表现较为突出。     

昌平北大200号台Sacks体应变干扰分析与震例研究

对昌平北大200号台Sacks体应变观测值与固体潮、气压、水位关系进行了初步分析,并在干扰分析的基础上对2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震前体应变观测资料进行了震例研究。震前该台体应变观测到的短临异常可靠,异常特征:①汶川地震前体应变记录到1年尺度的趋势异常,表现为拉张性变化,累计量约4 000×10~(-9),与之配套的是临震前兆异常也表现为拉张型的突变;②在2008年3月1日~5月7日体应变记录到了拉张型的间断突变异常;③在2008年4月13日~5月11日记录到间断的形态畸变,其中有4次之后出现压性突变;④在2008年5月1~3日、5、7、9~12日的畸变过程中出现高频成分增多的现象,通过小波分析,发现是震前慢地震引起的。分析结果表明,在对气压、水位等于扰因素分析的基础上,体应变观测出现应变固体潮畸变,并在畸变过程中连续多次出现张性压性突变、高频成分增多等异常现象可作为地震短临预测的指标。     

阿图什市5.2级地震与于田6.2级地震前兆异常分析

利用阿克苏台网中心前兆观测数据,采用动态分析、形态法对新疆阿图什市Ms5.2地震和于田县Ms6.2地震进行系统分析.发现两次地震前,阿合奇台地倾斜资料、乌什台水管倾斜资料、伸缩仪资料、体应变及辅助测项钻孔水位和静水位数据、地电数据均出现明显的震前异常.其中水管仪、伸缩仪、体应变、地倾斜表现为打破年变,水管仪震前几天出现高频抖动、日变形态畸变;体应变辅助测项钻孔水位和静水位、地电震前表现为突变.     

山西河津地震前临汾台倾斜及应变异常特征分析

通过分析2010年1月24日河津MS4.8地震前临汾台倾斜仪、应变仪资料,发现自1月上中旬开始,石英摆、体应变、垂直摆出现明显的加速、转折、高频突跳等异常反映;经小波函数分段计算得知,3仪器均在震前7天左右记录到明显的高频异常信息;震前1月宽带垂直摆(实验仪器)SN向连续出现错位(掉格)现象;各测项在异常时间出现的进程上呈明显准同步性特征。     

安徽省安庆Ms4．8震前钻孔体应变数据变化分析

黄山地震台钻孔体应变观测资料进行处理,着重分析安徽省安庆2011年1月19日Ms4．8地震前变化特征,研究钻孔体应变对震前信息的捕捉能力。     

库尔勒体应变观测干扰因素的初步分析

对气压非周期性波动、高频脉动干扰,水位升降变化引起的体应变观测分钟值数据曲线畸变现象进行了对比分析。结果表明,钻孔区域的岩体应力-应变变化幅度与气压变化幅度大小有关,地下水位的升降与应力-应变状态有一定关系,即水库泄洪量在16.0 m3/s左右时,体应变呈压性速率明显增强的阶变形态,泄洪结束后河水流量恢复正常的过程中,造成体应变明显张性畸变。     

青岛地震台钻孔体应变异常变化因素分析

分时段研究降雨、钻孔水位、工程施工等因素对青岛地震台体应变的影响，研究结果表明:钻孔水位反映区域地下水主要由降雨补给，降雨下渗改变地下水状态，并影响体应变观测；青岛体应变与钻孔水位的相关性及其周期特性均在2015年前后出现变化，可能与2015—2016年降雨偏少及工程施工有关；2018年1月17日台站钻孔施工很可能改变了体应变周围岩石孔隙环境，并扩大孔隙压力作用系数，可解释2018年3月以来水位小幅上升引起的体应变显著压性上升现象，受钻孔施工的影响，体应变与钻孔水位相关性的滞后特征明显减弱。     

浙江地下流体在汶川8．0级地震中的映震效应研究

通过“十五”改造,浙江省目前有地震地下流体观测台站5个,10项测项,主要是水位,水温和水氡。在2008年5月12日四川汶川8．0级地震中有明显映震效应的台站为100％,测项为80％。水氡测值表现为临震向上突跳异常,最大异常幅度达23．7％,创历史之最;水温测项主要出现临震突跳或阶跃;水位测项主要是同震效应现象,为水震波引起的脉冲和阶跃变化。认为同震效应可能是地震发生后地震波传播引起的含水层弹性形变所致。并且认为观测效果不一定是井位越深越好,而是要看含水层封闭情况和仪器观测传感器的位置,没有明显的优劣之分。好的静水位观测井记录的水震波效果明显优于动水位观测井。由于前兆数字化仪器采样率相对较底（1次／min）,记录数据缺失较多,记录的同震变化波形不完整,很难进一步分析。     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震和2008年汶川MS8.0地震井水位同震变化的比较分析

以芦山、汶川地震震中为中心,选择了8个井点,对2个地震引起的井水位同震变化进行了比较,重点分析了3口同震变化反向的井点,即重庆的荣昌华江井、北碚柳荫井和四川的泸沽湖井。为使对比研究结果可靠,进一步收集了2011年3月11日日本9.0级地震、2012年4月11日苏门答腊北部海域8.6级地震引起的井水位同震变化资料。对汶川、芦山地震引起的同震体应变的计算结果显示：汶川地震时,荣昌华江井、北碚柳荫井和泸沽湖井水位同震变化与井点位置处的同震体应变一致,即位于同震体应变压缩区的井水位上升,位于体应变膨胀区的井水位下降;芦山地震时,3口井的水位同震变化与同震体应变不一致,表现出与日本、苏门答腊地震时相似的同震变化特征。     

福建省井水位、体应变仪与伸缩仪对汶川大震的响应分析

地震是地壳的一种高频振动形式,采用分布各地的井水位、体应变以及地伸缩观测系统则可以监测震前、震时与震后的地壳体应变的时空变化图像.顾名思义,体应变仪,其测量原理是根据安装在钻孔仪器中腔体的体积变化而获得岩体体积的相对变化量,目前采用的TJ型体积式数字体应变仪的灵敏度≥2.0 mv/10-8,倒数为仪器的格值.     

Co-seismic multilayer water temperature and water level changes associated with Wenchuan and Tohoku-Oki earthquakes in the Chuan no. 03 well,China

The present paper shows analysis of water level (the distance from the land surface to the water in the well under static condition) and water temperature observed at three different levels of Chuan no. 03 well to study the changes associated with the Wenchuan earthquake of 2008 and the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Our analysis shows co-seismic changes in water level and water temperature associated with the increase in compressive stress associated with the Wenchuan earthquake. The water level shows an increase, whereas there was drop in water temperature at the shallow depth (395 m) and enhancement of water temperature at the middle (595 m) and the bottom (765 m) layers. However, no step change in water level or temperature of Chuan no. 03 well is observed associated with the Tohoku-Oki earthquake, only seismic wave propagation-induced water level oscillation and led to co-seismic response of water temperature. The analysis of the co-seismic responses and post-earthquake adjustment processes combined with the borehole histogram and the borehole temperature gradient data clearly show co-seismic changes in water temperature that could be closely associated with the changes in the regional stress and strain state and the distribution of the aquifer and the characteristics of the aquifer. The observed temperature variation of different layers in the borehole is likely to be controlled by the flow of water in the horizontal direction.     

德令哈地震台分量钻孔应变干扰分析

使用德令哈地震台钻孔水位和黑石山水库水位记录数据,与德令哈钻孔应变观测数据进行相关分析;采用集中载荷模型计算水库负载作用对钻孔应变观测的理论干扰值,与实际观测值进行对比。结果显示,水库蓄水对钻孔应变观测造成严重干扰;水库负载作用与渗透作用对钻孔应变观测影响较小,水库水位变化导致周围岩体所受水压作用出现变化,可能是影响钻孔应变观测的主要因素。     

云峰井水位微动态的变径观测效应

井孔水位对地壳应力应变的反映能力取决于井－含水层系统的多方面条件，观测井的直径大小是其中之一。在云峰井进行的变径观测结果。水位变动段的直径由１１８ｍｍ缩至８０ｍｍ之后，水位固体潮井系数明显变大，水位记震能力有显著提高，水位气压系数也有所增大。这样的事实表明，缩小水位变动段的井径是提高水位映震能力的有效途径之一。     

山西夏县东郭井水位水温巨幅异常变化调查与分析

山西夏县东郭井是山西省南部地区映震性能较好的一口流体观测井,自2007年观测以来,水位、水温的几次阶变异常与山西及周边地区的中等地震都有较好的对应关系。2011年4月16日,东郭井水位、水温再次出现阶变变化,且变化幅度较大,异常出现后,对观测系统、地下水开采情况、井孔结构三方面进行调查与分析,最终确定此次异常变化是由井孔井管错位造成,非地震前兆异常。     

Seasonal reorganization of subglacial drainage inferred from measurements in boreholes

The effect of the formation of a major subglacial drainage channel on the behaviour of the subglacial drainage system of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, was investigated using measurements of borehole water level and the electrical conductivity and turbidity of basal meltwaters. Electrical conductivity profiles were also measured within borehole water columns to identify the water sources driving water level changes, and to determine patterns of water circulation in boreholes. Prior to channel formation, boreholes showed idiosyncratic and poorly coordinated behaviour. Diurnal water level fluctuations were small and driven by supraglacial/englacial water inputs, even when boreholes were connected to a subglacial drainage system. This system appeared to consist of hydraulically impermeable patches interspersed with storage spaces, and transmitted a very low water flux. Drainage reorganization, which occurred around 31 July, 1993, in response to rapidly rising meltwater and rainfall inputs, seems to have involved the creation of a connection between an incipient channel and a well-established channelized system located further down-glacier. Once a major channel existed within the area of the borehole array, borehole water level fluctuations were forced by discharge-related changes in channel water pressure, although a diversity of responses was observed. These included (i) synchronous, (ii) damped and lagged, (iii) inverse, and (iv) alternating inverse/lagged responses. Synchronous responses occurred in boreholes connected directly to the channel, while damped and lagged responses occurred in boreholes connected to it by a more resistive drainage system. Pressure variations within the channel resulted in diurnal transfer of mechanical support for the ice overburden between connected and unconnected areas of the bed, producing inverse and alternating patterns of water level response. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tidal and non-tidal signals in groundwater boreholes in the KTB area,Germany

Tides and barometric pressure variations cause pore pressure changes in the solid earth. In boreholes which are hydraulically connected to confined aquifers these pore pressure changes can be observed as water level variations. In case of confined aquifers boreholes can be regarded as volumetric strainmeters. From June 2004 until May 2005 a large scale injection experiment was realised in the pilot borehole (4000 m) at the German Continental Deep Drilling (KTB) site in Bavaria. During this test the injection induced deformation was observed by a tiltmeter array around KTB consisting of five tiltmeter stations at horizontal distances from 1.6 to 3 km from the injection borehole. At each station the local groundwater level was observed in depths between 30 and 50 m. The pore pressure was recorded in the boreholes. The time series were checked for tidal signals and injection influence. The injection was not verified presumably due to the fact that the penetration of the injected water was controlled by local geology and tectonic faults zones. Although the boreholes extending only to shallow depth tidal signals are clearly observable in at least two of five stations. On December the 26th 2004 the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake occurred which is clearly detectable in the pore pressure variations at all five stations.     

INFLUENCE OF PUMPING ON FOUR-COMPONENT BOREHOLE STRAIN AT TAI'AN SEISMIC STATION AND ITS INTERFERENCE MECHANISM

Four-component borehole strainmeter (FCBS) is one kind of high-precision borehole strain observation instruments invented in China. As a kind of near-surface deformation observation instrument, FCBS is also easily disturbed by the external environment factors. As a common factor, pumping has significant influence on FCBS observation. Existing studies mostly identify the pumping interference from the perspective of observation curve morphology, relatively few studies focus on its interference mechanism. In order to truly capture earthquake precursor information, it is necessary to study the interference mechanism. In recent years, RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station has been seriously affected by pumping, so it is necessary and also feasible to study the interference mechanism of pumping. Since the influence of pumping interference on borehole strainmeter is common, this work would be very practical and be used for reference by other borehole strain observation stations. We find that the original observation curves and observed surface strain, shear strain from RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station have the characteristics of synchronous change with the borehole water level, in which the linear correlation coefficient between the two observed shear strain curves and borehole water level reached 0.70 and 0.82 respectively. We further find that the principal strain direction of borehole and borehole water level after normalization meet the nonlinear function as y=1.217arctan(x)^0.224-0.284. The above phenomenon indicates that the observation of RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station is significantly affected by the borehole water level, and the influence is more obvious and the gradient is larger at the stage of low water level. Pumping interference often appears in low water level stage and changes the rock pore pressure state. Statistics show that pumping interference affects the borehole strain state. To investigate the interference mechanism of pumping to RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station, we take a known pumping as an example, in which we study the principal strain state of the borehole in three periods of normal pumping, interruption of pumping and resuming pumping respectively. During each period, we solve 3 parameters of the principal plane strain state, i.e. the maximum principal strain rate, the minimum principal strain rate and the maximum principal strain direction from four observation equations of FCBS by nonlinear iterative least squares algorithm. On the other hand, concentrated load model (CLM) is used to simulate the mechanical mechanism of pumping. Firstly, the depth of FCBS relative to pumping source and the concentrated load at pumping source are inversed, then, the strain state surrounding the pumping well, including the state at RZB-3 borehole, is simulated by forward modeling. By comparing these results, we find that: (1)The concentrated load at pumping source inversed by CLM during periods of normal pumping and resuming pumping are both located at or near the bottom of the pumping well, which is consistent with the actual situation, indicating that mechanism and degree of the influence of pumping on borehole strain are well simulated by CLM. (2)The observed strain state is consistent with the simulation result of pumping interference by forward modeling, indicating that the principal strain state of borehole calculated based on observation of FCBS reflects the true strain state of borehole under different pumping states.(3)The inversed concentrated load at pumping source during pumping periods is significant greater than the load of the pumped water, indicating that the pumping process has more significant influence on the pore pressure of rocks than the load of the pumped water. Even though CLM is an approximate simulation since it's based on some elastic assumptions, the interference mechanism of pumping on RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station is well explained, which is maybe very helpful for studying the influence of pumping interference on other deformation instruments, locating the unknown pumping source and studying the characteristics of pore pressure of rocks.     

井孔水位微动态形成机理的探讨

井孔地下水位微动态是地壳附加应力作用下形成的。地壳中产生附加应力的主要因素有地球固体潮、大气压力变动、降雨与地表水体的荷载及断层活动等。井孔水位微动态形成的基本过程是:产生附加应力→含水层变形与孔隙压力变化→含水层—井孔间产生水流运动→井孔水位发生升降。本文从岩土力学与地下水动力学的观点,对于上述过程中的重要环节进行了初步的探讨     

山东荣成钻孔倾斜观测异常变化调查

荣成地震台钻孔倾斜NS分量2017年5月2日出现趋势下降（南倾）异常变化,至15日持续下降累计幅度达358×10^-3",对观测系统工作状态、观测环境干扰、气象因素及地下水位等进行调查,通过滑动相关性分析和三维点源载荷模拟等方法,结合胶东半岛近期地震活动,分析认为,该异常非干扰造成,可能反映了区域地壳应力的变化,需予以关注。