应用AVHRR的卫星辐射资料计算青藏高原地区的行星反照率与射出长波辐射

本文叙述了应用AVHRR的卫星辐射资料计算行星反照率和射出长波辐射的方法。我们用Hense的两流近似辐射模式导出了总行星反照率与AVHRR在0.58—0.68μm和0.725—1.1μm观测所得的滤过反照率的关系式。用Schmetz的两流近似辐射模式导出了总射出长波辐射通量密度与AVHRR在10.55—11.4μm观测所得的谱辐射率的关系式。根据模式计算,我们得到了下垫面的特性(地表反照率)与海拔高度对行星反照率影响的一些有意义的结果。文中应用这一方法计算与分析了青藏高原地区1982年2月15日AVHRR的观测资料。     

FY-2D静止气象卫星OLR反演模式

介绍FY-2D卫星OLR反演模式的建立过程以及模式与NOAA卫星OLR反演模式的相互对比,包括:地球大气红外辐射传输方程,全球3812条大气廓线的大气顶射出辐射率、射出长波辐射通量密度的模拟计算,3812条廓线FY-2D窗区通道1、2、水汽通道的通道辐射率模拟计算,通道辐射率的临边变暗订正关系式的确立、3个通道波段的窄波段辐射通量密度的模拟计算.通过3812条廓线的窄波段辐射通量密度与OLR的X-Y坐标散点图,建立OLR回归关系式;并通过NOAA-17 AVHRR通道5 OLR反演模式与FY-2D窗区通道2 OLR反演模式形式的互比,得出两星的OLR反演模式接近,给出2007年2～4月OLR产品个例和产品精度分析.     

FY 2D静止气象卫星OLR反演模式

介绍FY2D卫星OLR反演模式的建立过程以及模式与NOAA卫星OLR反演模式的相互对比,包括：地球大气红外辐射传输方程,全球3812条大气廓线的大气顶射出辐射率、射出长波辐射通量密度的模拟计算,3812条廓线FY2D窗区通道1、2、水汽通道的通道辐射率模拟计算, 通道辐射率的临边变暗订正关系式的确立、3个通道波段的窄波段辐射通量密度的模拟计算。通过3812条廓线的窄波段辐射通量密度与OLR的XY坐标散点图,建立OLR回归关系式;并通过NOAA17 AVHRR通道5 OLR反演模式与FY2D窗     

珠峰北坡地区地表辐射和能量季节变化的初步分析

对青藏高原地区地表能量的研究是一个十分重要的问题.利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站2006年5月至2007年4月一年的观测资料,分析了青藏高原珠峰地区的地表能量,即净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量,得到了一些有关珠峰地区地表能量的结果,即太阳总辐射、大气长波辐射、地面长波辐射和净辐射呈现出明显的年变化特征,净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量得到的日变化是很明显的.并且讨论了计算地表能量通量的方法及其优缺点.     

青藏高原OLR的气候特征及其对北半球大气环流的影响

利用１９７４－１９９０年青藏高原地区地－气系统月平均射出长波辐射资料，采用ＥＯＦ方法分析了前３个特征向量场，得到了青藏高原地区地－气系统射出长波辐射的几种异常形式，阐述了它们的天气气候特征，并对不同气候区的持续 及其与北半球大气环流的关系作了研究。     

辐射传输模式中地表参数对大气长波辐射的影响

本文利用Liou-Ou一维宽带辐射传输模式，对地表热力参数取值部分作了改进，使用模式大气和青藏高原实测资料对下垫面温度与地表空气温度两者不能合二为一的问题进行了分析，同时还讨论了下垫面温度的日变化对大气长波辐射通量日变化的影响及地表比辐射率的变化对大气长波辐射通量计算结果的修正作用。     

地面辐射雾和低层云对夜间边界层影响的数值研究

本文通过模式计算,讨论了夜间地面辐射雾和低层层积云的演变过程及其对边界层结构的影响.模式综合考虑了液态水和水汽对长波辐射通量的贡献.模式主要由两部分组成:(1)用湍流能量方程闭合的一维边界层模式;(2)长波辐射通量的计算.模式的计算结果与观测事实基本一致.     

青藏高原地表长波辐射参数化及其气候计算

根据１９８２年８月至１９８３年７月青藏高原辐射平衡资料，详细讨论了该地区活动面温度与地表温度的关系，提出了两种计算地表长波辐射的参数化方法Ｕ＝ｋδσ（Ｔ０＋２７３）＾４和Ｕ＝δσ［（Ｔ０＋２７３）＋ΔＴ］＾４。经反演检验，两式的拟合精度相同（均为３．６％），并适用于作瞬时和平均通量密度计算，文中还就ｋ、ΔＴ的日、年变化作了分析，计算并讨论了青藏高原地表长波辐射的气候特征。     

青藏高原夏季卷云分布特征及生成机制研究

卷云在地球能量平衡和大气水循环中扮演着重要的角色。本文使用“云卫星”(CLOUDSAT)联合“云-气溶胶激光雷达与红外探路者卫星”(CALIPSO)数据分析了2007-2010年青藏高原区域夏季6-8月的卷云分布特性和生成机制。结果表明,研究期间高层卷云发生数远远高于低层卷云发生数,高层卷云主要分布在高原南部地区,而低层卷云除了高原西部,在高原的边缘均有较大的发生频率。重力波耗损量和低层卷云发生数成正相关,重力波耗损量越大,导致卷云发生数越多,这是因为高原地区卷云的形成与重力波导致的温度扰动密切相关。深对流活动主要分布在青藏高原东南部,当向外长波辐射(OLR)低于140 W·m^-2,即深对流活动最强时,高层卷云日发生数呈现爆发性增长,远高于高原北部和西部地区。青藏高原南部边缘除了受深对流的影响,水汽含量和垂直向上风速也与卷云发生密切相关,呈现从南到北逐渐减少的趋势,这与高原地形的抬升强迫有直接关系。     

次网格坡地辐射参数化对RegCM4.1模式模拟东亚夏季气候的影响

本研究将次网格坡地辐射参数化方案引入到区域气候模式(RegCM4. 1)中,并研究次网格坡地辐射参数化对RegCM4. 1模拟东亚夏季气候性能的影响。结果表明:RegCM4. 1高估了夏季青藏高原的热源作用,模拟低层偏强的西南季风导致了模拟的中国夏季降水量总体偏大。引入次网格坡地辐射参数化方案后,模式模拟的青藏高原夏季地表太阳辐射通量和长波辐射通量减小分别可达5%和12%以上,夏季减弱的青藏高原热源作用使得低层西南季风减弱,从而改善了模式对中国夏季降水的模拟;而且改善程度自东南向西北递减,在东南地区模拟夏季降水的相对均方根误差减小9%,空间相关系数和Taylor评分分别提高0. 14和0. 08。     

A comparative study of the observations of high clouds and simulations by an atmospheric general circulation model

The importance of clouds in the upper troposphere (cirrus) for the sensitivity of the Earth's climate e.g., requires that these clouds be modeled accurately in general circulation model (GCM) studies of the atmosphere. Bearing in mind the lack of unambiguous quantitative information on the geographical distribution and properties of high clouds, the simulated distribution of upper tropospheric clouds in a spectral GCM is compared with several satellite-derived data-sets that pertain to high clouds only, for both winter and summer seasons. In the model, clouds are assumed to occupy an entire gridbox whenever the relative humidity exceeds 99%: otherwise the grid box is assumed to be free of cloud. Despite the simplicity of the cloud prediction scheme, the geographical distribution of the maxima in the model's upper tropospheric cloud cover coincides approximately with the regions of the observed maxima in the high cloud amount and their frequency of occurrence (e.g., intertropical convergence zone and the monsoon areas). These areas exhibit a minimum in the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR; Nimbus-7) and are also coincident with regions of heavy precipitation. The model, with its relatively simple cloud formation scheme, appears to capture the principal large-scale features of the tropical convective processes that are evident in the satellite and precipitation datasets, wherein the intense, upward motion is accompanied by condensation and the spreading of thick upper tropospheric layers of high relative humidity and cloudiness in the vicinity of the tropical rainbelt regions.This paper was presented at the International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability, held in Hamburg 11–15 September 1989 under the auspices of the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Guest Editor for these papers is Dr. L. Dümenil     

Sensitivity Study of Anthropogenic Aerosol Indirect Forcing through Cirrus Clouds with CAM5 Using Three Ice Nucleation Parameterizations

Quantifying the radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions especially through cirrus clouds remains challenging because of our limited understanding of aerosol and cloud processes. In this study, we investigate the anthropogenic aerosol indirect forcing (AIF) through cirrus clouds using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with a state-of-the-art treatment of ice nucleation. We adopt a new approach to isolate anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds in which ice nucleation parameterization is driven by prescribed pre-industrial (PI) and presentday (PD) aerosols, respectively. Sensitivities of anthropogenic ice AIF (i.e., anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds) to different ice nucleation parameterizations, homogeneous freezing occurrence, and uncertainties in the cloud microphysics scheme are investigated. Results of sensitivity experiments show that the change (PD minus PI) in global annual mean longwave cloud forcing (i.e., longwave anthropogenic ice AIF) ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 W m^–2, the change in global annual mean shortwave cloud forcing (i.e., shortwave anthropogenic ice AIF) from–0.47 to–0.20 W m^–2, and the change in net cloud forcing from–0.12 to 0.05 W m^–2. Our results suggest that different ice nucleation parameterizations are an important factor for the large uncertainty of anthropogenic ice AIF. Furthermore, improved understanding of the spatial and temporal occurrence characteristics of homogeneous freezing events and the mean states of cirrus cloud properties are also important for constraining anthropogenic ice AIF.     

Two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL)

A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) as an effort to enhance the model’s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable representation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. Furthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account.     

Lidar remote sounding of cirrus clouds and comparison of simulated fluxes with surface and METEOSAT observations

Three cirrus cloud cases have been remotely sounded near Paris by a ground-based backscatter lidar and broadband radiometers. Some cirrus properties (optical depth, emissivity, height) are derived from these measurements and used to compare radiative transfer calculations to surface and METEOSAT observations of broadband irradiances.For a useful comparison, the three cirrus cases were selected to have different morphologies and optical properties: June 29, 1993—thin cirrus cloud (thickness 1.5 km, optical depth 0.22); September 6, 1993—thick cirrus cloud (thickness 5 km, optical depth 2.7); and November 16, 1993—inhomogeneous and geometrically thick cirrus cloud (thickness 3.5–6.5 km) but optically thin (optical depth 0.82).At surface, the differences between measurements and model range from 1.5 to 4 Wm⁻² for longwave fluxes, and from 20 to 70 Wm⁻² for shortwave fluxes.At the top of the atmosphere, the differences between METEOSAT measurements and model are in fair agreement for longwave fluxes (up to 50 Wm⁻²). However, unexpected high differences are found for shortwave fluxes (up to 144 Wm⁻²) due to cirrus clouds heterogeneities and uncertainties in their microphysical properties and especially the occurrence of high reflectivity due to horizontally oriented ice crystals at the cloud top, which are not taken into account by the Model presently.     

中国地区云对地气系统长波射出辐射(OLR)强迫的气候研

本文利用地球辐射平衡试验(ERBE)和国际卫星云气候计划(ISCCP)提供的地气系统长波射出辐射(OLR)和云量资料，计算并讨论了我国各季和年平均云量对地气系统OLR的强迫及其所产生的温室效应。结果表明我国各季的OLR云强迫与总云量、高云量都有较好的相关，且季节变化明显；OLR云强迫和云温室效应的地理分布受云量和云状的影响较大，它们的年变化一般呈弱双峰型，峰值在春、夏季出现。     

中国地区云对地气系统长波射出辐射（OLR）强迫的气候研究

本文利用地球辐射平衡试验（ERBE）和国际卫星去气候计划（ISCCP）提供的地气系统长波射出辐射（OLR）和云量资料，计算半讲座了我国各季和年平均去量对地气系统OLR的强迫及其所产生的温室效应，结果表明：我国各季的OLR云强迫与总云量，高云量都有较好的相关，且季节变化明显；OLR云强迫和云温室效应的地理分布受云量和云状的影响较大，它们的年变化一般呈弱双峰型，峰值在春，夏季出现。     

基于CALIPSO卫星资料的京津冀地区MODIS卷云云顶高度订正

卷云在大气辐射中扮演着重要角色,对天气系统和气候变化产生重要影响。相比传统地基观测手段,卫星遥感更容易探测到高层卷云的信息,本文利用CALIOP主动遥感仪器可获取较为准确的薄卷云特性的特点,针对MODIS被动遥感探测器反演的薄卷云云顶高度的偏差开展订正研究。研究选取2013～2017年京津冀地区MODIS云产品,结合CALIPSO卫星的卷云云顶高度数据,基于交叉验证的方法得到线性拟合方案,对MODIS卷云云顶高度进行订正。订正后的MODIS与CALIPSO卷云云顶高度差值的分布区间由?3～2 km变为?2.0～2.5 km,峰值由?0.8 km左右变为0.2 km左右。订正效果随云顶高度和云光学厚度的不同有所变化,其中较低层卷云和光学薄卷云的订正效果更明显。     

The representation of tropical upper tropospheric water in EC Earth V2

Tropical upper tropospheric humidity, clouds, and ice water content, as well as outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), are evaluated in the climate model EC Earth with the aid of satellite retrievals. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Microwave Limb Sounder together provide good coverage of relative humidity. EC Earth’s relative humidity is in fair agreement with these observations. CloudSat and CALIPSO data are combined to provide cloud fractions estimates throughout the altitude region considered (500–100?hPa). EC Earth is found to overestimate the degree of cloud cover above 200?hPa and underestimate it below. Precipitating and non-precipitating EC Earth ice definitions are combined to form a complete ice water content. EC Earth’s ice water content is below the uncertainty range of CloudSat above 250?hPa, but can be twice as high as CloudSat’s estimate in the melting layer. CERES data show that the model underestimates the impact of clouds on OLR, on average with about 9?W?m^?2. Regionally, EC Earth’s outgoing longwave radiation can be ～20?W?m^?2 higher than the observation. A comparison to ERA-Interim provides further perspectives on the model’s performance. Limitations of the satellite observations are emphasised and their uncertainties are, throughout, considered in the analysis. Evaluating multiple model variables in parallel is a more ambitious approach than is customary.     

中国地区云对地-气系统辐射强迫温度效应的气候研究

文中利用地球辐射平衡试验 (ERBE)和国际卫星云气候计划 (ISCCP)提供的地 气系统行星反射率、射出长波辐射 (OLR)和云量资料 ,计算了中国地区年、月平均总云量对地 气系统短波辐射、长波辐射以及净辐射强迫的温度效应和敏感性系数 ,并讨论了云对各辐射分量强迫的温度效应与总云量的关系。结果表明 :地 气系统云辐射强迫温度效应与总云量间具有较明显的曲线相关。云辐射强迫温度效应及其敏感性系数具有明显的时空变化特点。就中国全国平均而言 ,各月地 气系统云辐射强迫净温度效应一般表现为降温作用。     

Diagnosis and testing of low-level cloud parameterizations for the NCEP/GFS model using satellite and ground-based measurements

The objective of this study is to investigate the quality of clouds simulated by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global forecast system (GFS) model and to examine the causes for some systematic errors seen in the simulations through use of satellite and ground-based measurements. In general, clouds simulated by the GFS model had similar spatial patterns and seasonal trends as those retrieved from passive and active satellite sensors, but large systematic biases exist for certain cloud regimes especially underestimation of low-level marine stratocumulus clouds in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This led to the overestimation (underestimation) of outgoing longwave (shortwave) fluxes at the top-of-atmosphere. While temperature profiles from the GFS model were comparable to those obtained from different observational sources, the GFS model overestimated the relative humidity field in the upper and lower troposphere. The cloud condensed water mixing ratio, which is a key input variable in the current GFS cloud scheme, was largely underestimated due presumably to excessive removal of cloud condensate water through strong turbulent diffusion and/or an improper boundary layer scheme. To circumvent the problem associated with modeled cloud mixing ratios, we tested an alternative cloud parameterization scheme that requires inputs of atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic variables. Much closer agreements were reached in cloud amounts, especially for marine stratocumulus clouds. We also evaluate the impact of cloud overlap on cloud fraction by applying a linear combination of maximum and random overlap assumptions with a de-correlation length determined from satellite products. Significantly better improvements were found for high-level clouds than for low-level clouds, due to differences in the dominant cloud geometry between these two distinct cloud types.