计算机差谱技术在矿物红外光谱研究中的应用

在矿物红外光谱研究中运用差谱技术可消除其它矿物相谱带的覆盖,鉴定混合相中微量矿物成分,并得到单矿物谱图。 本文通过两个实例,介绍计算机差谱技术的特点、操作要点。云南腾冲热泉地区的粘土样品,用Perkin-Elmer983型红外分光光度计和3600数据站配合,应用视屏差减程序(Screen Diffe-rence)剥离掉主要组成矿物玉髓的红外光谱后,清晰显示出微量矿物明矾石的单矿物谱。西藏羊应乡热泉地区的岩心经处理后得到的粘粒,用计算机差谱技术进行多次剥离,得到一系列差减光谱,经确定,其矿物相为高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石、石英、钠长石和微斜长石。     

粘土矿物对胡敏酸的吸附行为研究

以蒙脱石和高岭土为吸附剂,分别与胡敏酸反应,研究胡敏酸在蒙脱石和高岭石上的吸附行为,并运用红外光谱、热重和Zeta电位等分析方法,表征分析了吸附前后的粘土矿物.实验结果表明,吸附过程受胡敏酸的初始浓度和pH值等因素影响;胡敏酸对粘土矿物的吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温方程;表征分析表明两种粘土矿物与胡敏酸复合体的红外光谱出现了C-H振动吸收峰;粘土矿物与胡敏酸结合后Zeta电位下降.实验的结果将有助于进一步探明环境中粘土矿物对胡敏酸的吸附机理.     

贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的粘土矿物及其形成机理

本文运用Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱、差热、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法对贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的粘土矿物进行了系统研究。高岭石和０．７ｎｍ埃洛石是碳酸盐岩红土中的主要粘土矿物，其次为伊利石、蛭石、绿泥石、绿泥石／蛭石混层矿物，水铝英石和三水铝石等。     

罗马尼亚东南部康斯坦萨高岭土矿床的矿物学研究

本文对罗马尼亚东南部康斯坦萨高岭土矿床进行矿物学研究，该矿床在白垩系古海纳组地层中．经化学分析、Ｘ射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析、差热和电子显微镜扫描等研究，其矿物组成主要为结晶度差的高岭石、少量蒙脱石、伊利石及其混层矿物。铁和钛的有害组份较高。它的成因是由中酸性火成岩受风化作用，经剥蚀、搬运、在较稳定的沉积环境中．经过几次海浸沉积形成的。在沉积后，粘土矿物随着埋藏深度的加大，致使粘土矿物发生转化。     

定量测定混合粘土矿物的新方法-差示光谱-概率分布法

本文在系统研究差示光谱的基本理论和傅里叶变换光谱具有最高信噪比(1.5×104:1)的特性的基础上.证明:差示光谱的吸收强度偏差小于0.01%.为此奠定了粘土矿物定量的基础.为了简化其繁杂的计算过程,笔者把差示光谱和概率分布计算方法巧妙地融洽在一起,推导出可以实现全频率范围的差示光谱-概率分布定量的最终方程:<<<<< 图1 >>>>>>>>>>.根据此方程,编写成一种新的适用于混合粘土矿物定量的应用软用.为了检验新方法效果,笔者将它应用于人工配制的五种混合粘土矿物的定量测定.结果其相对标准偏差σ<0.5%,绝对误差为0.01-0.05%.实验结果表明,差示光谱-概率分布定量法是一种适用于粘土矿物快速,准确定量的可行性的方法.     

滇东磷矿床中粘土矿物的研究

滇东磷矿床中粘土矿物分布比较广泛,在震旦系到寒武系各地层中均有分布。本文仅讨论下寒武统渔户村组中谊村段磷矿层夹层及顶、底板页岩中的粘土矿物。经化学分析、X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱分析、差热分析及电子显微镜分析,确定长区磷矿床中的粘土矿物主要是伊利石和伊利石/蒙脱石不规则混层矿物,其次为高岭石、变埃洛石,含少量海绿石。通过对混层矿物的研究,为本区矿物间的转化、沉积环境及成岩作用的探讨提供了重要的资料。     

国际粘土研究协会(AIPEA)命名委员会关于粘土矿物推荐名称的纪要

引言粘土矿物因为其颗粒细小和晶体完整程度变化很大,所以在现代分析技术尚未发展起来之前,要想充分地了解粘土矿物的特征是极为困难的,这是不奇怪的。在叙述矿物的特征问题上很自然涉及到矿物的命名问题,无疑其问题比肉眼能见到的、结晶较好的矿物的问题要多。在本世纪五十年代初,X—射线粉晶衍射仪在粘土矿物研究方面的广泛使用,帮助解决了某些鉴定问题。电子显微镜、电子衍射仪和斜射结构电子衍射仪、红外谱仪和差热分析仪的改进、核技术和同位素技术的发展,高速电子计算机、穆斯堡尔谱以及最新近的电子显微镜和扫瞄电子显微镜的发展,在粘土矿物实际资料的积累方面都起到了支助作用。反过来,这     

硼酸盐矿物的振动光谱研究：Ⅲ.理论分析

本文利用位置群分析和因子群分析得到硼酸盐矿物的振动模式，并利用正则坐标分析从实测振动频率计算了矿物的力常数，得出：（１）利用位置群分析与因子群分析，可以得到矿物振动光谱所应具有的谱带数目，但理论结果与实测谱图并不完全一致，一般情况下，位置群分析就能得到与实测谱图相近的谱带数目。（２）对于比较简单的配阴离子团，可以利用正则示分析由实测的振动光谱频率计算力常数，从而得到有关化学键的信息，或者由已知的力     

《矿物红外光谱图集》即将出版

由中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所彭文世、刘高魁同志编著的“矿物红外光谱图集”将于今年九月由科学出版社正式出版。红外光谱的测试和研究是研究矿物微观性质的重要手段之一,也是矿物谱学的重要组成部份。本《图集》包括常见的及我国多年来发现的部份矿物共计583种(谱图841幅),所有谱图均系由作者多年实验结果中选择所得,由于实验条件相同,避免了不同类型仪器     

江苏凹凸棒石,高岭石的红外吸收光谱法定量分析研究

利用红外光谱法进行矿物成份定量分析,是近年发展起来的一种新的矿物定量分析方法,这种方法快速简便,有一定精度,有推广价值。我们应用红外分光光度计,进行了江苏盱眙龙王山,拥小山地区凹凸棒石粘土中凹凸棒石含量和江宁地区祖堂山高岭石矿中高岭石含量的红外光谱定量分析试验,取得了较好的效果。粘土矿物的定量分析目前手段较少,一直是矿物研究中的薄弱     

蒙脱石+伊/蒙混层+伊利石等粘土矿物混合物相X射线定量分析方法—模拟定量法

本文提出粘土矿物(特别是含伊/蒙不规则混层粘土矿物)混合物相的X射线定量分析方法——模拟定量法。着重解决在蒙脱石-不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物-伊利石组合中,伊/蒙混层粘土矿物的定量分析计算。模拟定量法是对以前的各种粘土矿物X射线定量分析方法的补充。用纯净的蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及各种伊/蒙混层比的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物,配制了各种不同组合的粘土矿物混合样品,制成定向薄膜片,进行了X射线分析,讨论了各种组合的粘土矿物混合物相X射线衍射图谱的特征,并在此基础上提出了粘土混合物相定量分析的方法。     

广安地区侏罗系凉高山组粘土矿物研究

四川广安地区侏罗系粘土矿物类型主要为绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层和伊利石;同一口井随着深度的增加,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,伊蒙混层中的蒙脱石混层比降低。粘土矿物特征与储集层物性的相关性分析认为:伊蒙混层含量、伊利石含量均与储集层孔渗性能呈负相关,绿泥石与高岭石含量与储集层孔渗性呈正相关;通过对伊蒙混层中蒙脱石的混层比的计算,大多数为有序混层,说明该区凉高山组处于生油高峰期,这与岩石中TOC(%)介于0.8与1.3,Ro(%)介于0.7与1.2相吻合。     

The roles of pedogenesis and diagenesis in clay mineral assemblages: Lower Cretaceous fluvial mudrocks,Nova Scotia,Canada

Clay mineral assemblages in alluvial mudrocks are important for paleoclimatic interpretation and for understanding burial diagenetic cementation in sandstones, but it is commonly difficult to unravel the relative importance of source weathering, pedogenesis and diagenesis in their origin. The clay mineral assemblages in fluvial overbank mudrocks from the Lower Cretaceous Chaswood Formation in central Nova Scotia, investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis of the < 2 µm fraction of 45 samples, include kaolinite, illite, vermiculite, and mixed layer kaolinite/expandable clay and mica/vermiculite. The assemblages vary with depositional facies. Wetland organic-rich mudrocks have large amounts of amorphous material and kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral. In the eastern part of the basin, where overbank mudrocks were episodically uplifted by syn-sedimentary strike-slip faulting, cumulate ultisol and alfisol paleosols are common. In the ultisols, hematite is enriched and kaolinite increases at the expense of illite in the B horizon. Alfisols contain more illite and vermiculite and the B horizon is enriched in goethite. In the western part of the basin, where thin sandstones with abundant diagenetic kaolinite cement are interbedded with the mudrocks, the distinctive clay mineral assemblage of mica/vermiculite mixed layer, vermiculite with 15.5 Å peak, and kaolinite/expandable mixed layer clay with a 17.7 Å peak is interpreted to result from bacterially-mediated oxidation of organic matter below the paleo-water table during early burial diagenesis. Deeper burial diagenesis may lead to slightly higher kaolinite crystallinity. Volcanic ash appears to alter to kaolinite/expandable mixed layer clay with a 7.9 Å peak. Comparison with the continuously subsiding and rapidly accumulated Wessex Formation of southern England, formed at a similar paleolatitude, shows the strong role of pedogenic processes and early diagenesis by meteoric water in development of clay mineral assemblages in the locally tectonically uplifted Chaswood Formation.     

Environmental controls on clay mineralogy of an Early Jurassic mudrock (Blue Lias Formation,southern England)

We present a dataset including clay mineralogy, gamma-ray spectrometry, organic matter content and magnetic susceptibility of the Hettangian to lowest Sinemurian successions of Dorset and Somerset, southern UK (Blue Lias Formation, Bristol Channel and Wessex basins). In both areas, the clay assemblages comprise predominantly detrital illite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed layers. Clays probably originated from the erosion of the Hercynian massifs, the relative proportions of kaolinite and illite being modulated by arid-humid climatic fluctuations. The organic matter (OM) content (types II to IV) ranges up to 12% in both areas. A clear stratigraphical trend in clay mineral assemblages is apparent in Somerset, whereas in Dorset sharp contrasts between adjacent horizons and a greater dilution by carbonate mask the long-term evolution. Correlations between both areas based on similar vertical trends in clay mineral abundance support the suggestion of a hiatus within the angulata Zone of the Dorset succession. As expected, the kaolinite/illite ratio correlates with the Th/K ratio deduced from gamma-ray spectrometry. However, significant departures from the correlation occur in OM-rich intervals, suggesting that Th may be partly adsorbed on to OM particles. Surprisingly, high magnetic susceptibility correlates with abundant kaolinite, not with Fe-rich clays, indicating either that kaolinite is accompanied by a soil-inherited magnetisable phase (possibly iron oxide) or that illite-rich rocks are more strongly diluted by carbonate than are kaolinite-rich strata.     

松辽盆地扶新隆起带北部扶余油层超低渗储层 粘土矿物特征及其对敏感性的影响

以储层敏感性流动实验为基础,结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜、铸体薄片等方法,对松辽盆地扶新隆起带北部扶余油层超低渗储层粘土矿物特征及其对储层敏感性的影响进行了研究,结果表明:扶余油层主要含有绿泥石、伊利石、高岭石和伊/蒙混层等4种矿物,其中伊利石含量最多,绿泥石和伊/蒙混层次之,高岭石最少。储层速敏性和碱敏性相对较弱,水敏性和盐敏性较强,对储层影响较大,勘探开发时应重点关注。粘土矿物对储层水敏性的影响主要有3个方面,其中粘土矿物绝对总量是扶余油层水敏性强弱的主控因素。     

海南岛周边海域表层沉积物中粘土矿物组合及其气候环境意义

X射线衍射分析结果显示,海南岛周边海域表层沉积物中粘土矿物主要由伊-蒙混层矿物、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石等组成,其含量分别为34.2%,27.3%,21.1%和17.4%。采用人工判别分区和Q型聚类分析分区相结合的方法,将研究区按粘土矿物的相对含量和分布水深,划分出3个粘土矿物组合区,各分区的矿物组合特点显示它们的赋存现状受控于各种粘土矿物本身的粒度、形态特征、水动力条件和水深等因素。在南海海域首次鉴别出有较高含量的伊-蒙混层矿物存在,根据前人对伊-蒙混层矿物、伊利石和高岭石所指示气候条件的研究结果和本研究区内这些表层粘土矿物的含量、组合特征,判断海南岛及周边区域1 500 a以来一直处于比较温湿的气候环境。     

Clay Minerals in an Active Hydrothermal Field at Iheya‐North‐Knoll,Okinawa Trough

Iheya‐North‐Knoll is one of the small knolls covered with thick sediments in the Okinawa Trough back‐arc basin. At the east slope of Iheya‐North‐Knoll, nine hydrothermal vents with sulfide mounds are present. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 studied Iheya‐North‐Knoll in September 2010. The expedition provided us with the opportunity to study clay minerals in deep sediments in Iheya‐North‐Knoll. To reveal characteristics of clay minerals in the deep sediments, samples from the drilling cores at three sites close to the most active hydrothermal vent were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The sediments are classified into Layer 0 (shallow), Layer 1 (deep), Layer 2 (deeper) and Layer 3 (deepest) on the basis of the assemblage of clay minerals. Layer 0 contains no clay minerals. Layer 1 contains smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 2 contains chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 3 is grouped into three sub‐layers, 3A, 3B and 3C; Sub‐layer 3A contains chlorite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral, sub‐layer 3B contains chlorite/smectite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and sub‐layer 3C contains chlorite and illite. Large amounts of di‐octahedral clay minerals such as smectite, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral are found in Iheya‐North‐Knoll, which is rarely observed in hydrothermal fields in mid‐ocean ridges. Tri‐octahedral clay minerals such as chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral in Iheya‐North‐Knoll have low Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios compared with those in mid‐ocean ridges. In conclusion, the characteristics of clay minerals in Iheya‐North‐Knoll differ from those in mid‐ocean ridges; di‐octahedral clay minerals and Fe‐poor tri‐octahedral clay minerals occur in Iheya‐North‐Knoll but not in mid‐ocean ridges.     

Normative mineral composition of high-temperature coal ashes from the Sydney basin coalfields,Australia

Chemical differences in the composition of high-temperature coal ashes of major economic seams of the Sydney Basin were studied using a normative analysis. All chemical data were recalculated to normative mineral assemblages consisting of: quartz, kaolinite and illite. Quartz and clay minerals, the principal constituents of mineral matter occurring in coals, account for most of the variations found in the chemical composition of high-temperature coal ashes between seams of various stratigraphic levels and/or geographic locations. Ternary diagrams based on the quantitative relation of quartz, kaolinite and illite were used to demonstrate these differences.     

准噶尔盆地南缘新生界粘土矿物分布及影响因素

根据粘土矿物的相对含量研究了准噶尔盆地南缘新生界砂岩粘土矿物类型、组合特征及纵、横向分布规律及其主要影响因素。划分出无序伊/蒙混层型、部分有序伊/蒙混层型、伊利石+伊/蒙混层型、蒙皂石型以及含坡缕石型等5类粘土矿物组合。按照伊/蒙混层相对含量的变化,粘土矿物纵向上演化呈正常转化型(伊/蒙混层相对含量降低)、反向转化型(伊/蒙混层相对含量增加)和“S”型(伊/蒙混层相对含量呈曲线变化)3种形式。平面上,伊/蒙混层和伊利石这两类主要粘土矿物从湖盆的边缘向中心分别呈现减少和增多的趋势,湖盆边缘相带以无序伊/蒙混层型、蒙皂石型和含坡缕石型为主,湖盆中心则为部分有序伊/蒙混层型和伊利石+伊/蒙混层型组合等类型。上述分布规律的控制因素主要有沉积环境、构造运动及层序发育等。     

上新世以来伊豆-小笠原海脊黏土矿物的来源与古气候意义

对伊豆-小笠原海脊(ODP 782A孔)上新世以来沉积物中黏土矿物的组成、含量及矿物学特征进行了分析,结果表明:黏土矿物以伊利石(42%)和蒙皂石(42%)为主,绿泥石的平均含量为14%,高岭石的含量最低,平均仅为2%。伊利石的结晶度较好,平均为0.25°Δ2θ;化学指数较低,平均为0.31;表明伊利石主要形成于干冷的气候环境。通过将ODP 782A孔黏土矿物组合特征和含量与周边可能源区对比,并结合伊利石和蒙皂石的矿物学参数特征,我们认为蒙皂石主要来源于伊豆-小笠原海脊周边岛弧火山物质;伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石主要来自亚洲大陆风尘。上新世以来(伊利石+绿泥石)/蒙皂石比值总体上呈增加的趋势,并且在5.3~3.6、3.6~1.6、1.6~0 Ma的三个阶段表现出不同的变化特征,该比值与全球深海δ¹⁸O值所记录的全球变冷、北太平洋ODP 885/886孔风尘通量和灵台黄土沉积速率,以及日本海U1430站伊利石/蒙皂石比值所指示的亚洲内陆干旱变化的总体变化趋势和阶段性变化的时间点大致同步,表明该比值敏感地响应了全球变冷和亚洲内陆的干旱。上新世以来(伊利石+绿泥石)/高岭石比值表现为高/低交替变化,分别与中国灵台黄土磁化率高/低变化相对应,由于黄土磁化率记录了亚洲内陆干/湿变化,因此该黏土矿物比值敏感地响应了亚洲内陆的古气候变化,因而可以作为可靠的亚洲大陆干/湿变化示踪指标。