汶川8．O级地震前后全国倾斜场变化初步分析

由于岩石介质的不均匀型,在易破区域会出现应力积累,伴随着倾斜会出现较大的变化。由岩石破裂实验可以看出破裂区在破裂前出现了体积变大（鼓包）或变小（凹坑）现象,如果在岩石表面放置倾斜仪器,我们不难得出各仪器的倾斜方向指向或背向破裂点。本文采用全国前兆台网地倾斜（水管）数据,使用5次曲面函数区域插值的方法,拟合出地倾斜场（图1）。     

岩石红外辐射温度随岩石应力变化的规律和特征以及与声发射率的关系

在实验室对不同岩性不同结构的岩石试件进行单轴加载至试件破裂试验，得出了如下主要结果：（１）岩石试件的红外辐射温度随应力增加而变化，温度变化的范围在０．２℃－０．８℃。（２）岩石试件临破裂前出现明显的岩石破裂温度前兆。（３）有一部分岩石试件临破裂前出现高温条带、高温区或低温条带、低温区。不久，试件沿高温条带、区或低温条带、区发生主破裂。（４）有一部分岩石试件在临破裂前出现温度脉冲，正脉冲达到２．８℃，负脉冲达到－１．０℃。（５）当应力增加时，岩石试件的辐射温度增加与声发射率增加呈互补关系。     

地震非均匀度物理意义的实验研究

资料表明某些强地震前中小地震的地震非均匀度（GL值）参数在强地震孕育进入中期或短期阶段出现明显异常变化, 显示出区域中小地震活动状态发生变化. 本文通过对含有障碍体的平直断层、 挤压型雁列式断层及Ⅲ型剪切裂纹等3种类型的岩石样本变形破坏过程声发射事件时间序列的分析, 讨论了GL值变化的物理意义. 计算结果表明, 这3种标本变形破坏过程中, 在应力应变处于非弹性阶段前夕或在岩石整体破裂失稳前破裂成核期间, GL值出现持续大于１的异常变化. 表明GL值能较好地刻画受压岩石破坏前的应变的非弹性变化, 具有一定的标本破裂指示意义.      

岩石破裂的两阶段模型

提出了岩石破裂的两阶段模型。在第一阶段，裂纹或局部的破坏是互不相关的，与以前含裂纹的负载相应，在岩石内随机萌生。随着岩石中损伤的累积，大丛集的空间上密集的裂纹和局部破坏区发育的可能性逐渐增大。在裂纹群扩展到足以形成更大一级破坏（第二阶段）岩石裂纹的地方先出现临界破坏密度。通过统计分析可知，空间上邻近的裂纹群内出现裂纹相互作用和协同裂纹时，裂纹群的最初发育是以业已存在的裂纹群中的随机变量为基础进行预测的。这样，模型中不稳定的第二阶段的开始可从随机的、不相关的破裂的产生中计算出来。本文提出的模型综合了固体强度的动力学概念（时间相关）岩石的分散等级结构及导致破裂增加的裂纹群。该模型的优点是对于包括地震过程在内的大范围尺度级别的破裂过程它都是正确的。引入了裂纹等级（裂纹大小）概念，提出了裂纹集结作用和破裂过程从一个级别向另一个级别的转变。     

远场和超远场前兆的模拟实验研究

在岩石试件、传压块体（包括岩石和钢块）和压机架上布设应变观测点，观测研究它们在岩石试样破裂孕育过程中的变化特征。结果发现，岩样临破坏前除岩样上各个测点都出现异常变化外，同时较远处的测力元件、传压块体和压机架上的应变也出现了突变或扰动前兆异常。岩石试样外部测点的应变特征变化在极临近主破裂时才有反映。而岩样上的测点除极临近主破裂时有突变和扰动外在离主破裂较早时已有反映。岩石试样外的测点距岩样约25－90cm，约为破裂尺度的3－10（多）倍。这表明在孕震区以外很远的地方都可能出现前兆异常。并初步探讨了形成远场前兆的原因。     

岩石破裂实验中的遥感观测与遥感岩石力学的开端

在岩石加载直到破裂的过程中,对岩石的红外辐射进行了遥感观测研究.使用的主要仪器有瞬态光谱仪、智能光谱仪、红外辐射温度计、红外光谱辐射计和红外热象仪.对26种岩石进行了实验.研究表明,岩石的红外辐射温度随应力的增加而增加;岩石的红外辐射波谱的幅值也随应力的增加而增加.岩石的红外热象的观测结果与岩石的红外辐射温度相一致.某些岩石样品破裂主断层形成前,在未来主断层的位置显示出条带状温度异常热象.本实验将遥感学中的最新技术引入岩石力学,以期在岩石力学中建立一个新的研究领域遥感岩石力学(或遥感岩石物理学).遥感岩石力学可望在地震预报,岩爆预报和岩体应力场的测量中得到应用.      

中强地震前地磁极化异常特征及其与后续地震的关系

基于国家地磁台网中心的地磁秒采样数据, 采用地磁垂直强度极化法, 计算了2019年1月1日至2020年7月31日全国各地磁台站的极化值, 对2019年中国大陆西部(110°E以西)极化异常进行了分析, 研究了2020年于田M_S6.4等中强地震前地磁极化异常变化特征及其与后续地震的关系。 研究发现: ①地磁极化异常具有空间成组特征, 即空间上多个地区可以同时出现地磁极化异常; 地磁极化异常一般被认为是震前震源区发生断层蠕动或岩石破裂导致的电磁辐射, 这意味着震前可能会有多个地区同时发生断层蠕动或岩石破裂, 这一现象似乎表明有一个“力源”在主导多区域同时发生断层蠕动或岩石破裂。 ②地磁极化异常的后续地震具有成组特征, 即一个地区出现极化异常后可能发生多次地震。 该现象对日常会商分析具有重要参考意义, 即此类异常发生预期地震后可能还会有类似地震的发生。 ③以往的一些研究认为地磁极化异常一般在震前2—3个月出现, 但本研究发现极化异常出现后10个月在异常区域仍然会发生地震, 这表明电磁辐射异常可能不仅仅是短临异常, 还可能具有中期指示意义, 即断层蠕动或岩石破裂发生时间可能在震前近1年左右便已开始。 这一发现对目前许多类似地震电磁异常研究仅仅分析异常后3个月左右内地震提出了挑战。     

岩石破裂中的电声效应

利用１６通道高速数据采集系统及三分量声发射换能器对多种岩石样品在单轴压缩及双剪破裂过程中产生的电磁辐射（ＥＭ）和声发射（ＡＥ）及其相互关系进行了实验研究．结果表明,岩样尺寸和岩石矿物成分对电磁辐射的产生及其特性都有较大影响．ＥＭ与ＡＥ的关系具有多样性,既有伴随ＡＥ出现的ＥＭ,还有不伴随ＡＥ出现的ＥＭ．这表明除微破裂产生的电磁辐射外,可能存在产生电磁辐射的非破裂机制．     

SF-1型岩石声发射测试仪

SF-1型岩石声发射测试仪是岩石力学实验研究的一种非常有用的测试仪器。它可以用来监测岩石或岩石样品在外力作用下,发生变化过程中由微破裂所产生的声发射现象。它不仅可以研究微破裂与应力、变形、波速、时间等的变化规律,而且还可以进一步研究微破裂与主破裂(大破裂)的关系。所以它在岩石或岩体的变形破坏实验研究中具有重要的意义。多年来,在进行岩石力学研究中一直缺少适用的声发射仪,从而影响了这方面工作的开展。为了当前     

倾斜扰动--一种可能的有效地震前兆

依据小地震时的倾斜记录和岩石破裂时的应变扰动记录提出，岩石破裂和微小地震可能引起倾斜扰动，这种扰动将可能是大地震的有效前兆。然而，如何区分干扰和前兆扰动还需仔细研究。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.