阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系海相烃源岩生烃潜力

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系发育三种类型的烃源岩,其有机质丰度均不相同,上侏罗统海相高伽马值泥岩的最高,其次为海相泥灰岩,中下侏罗统海陆过渡相煤系泥岩相对偏低,烃源岩的等级分别属于好烃源岩、中等烃源岩和中—差烃源岩。对比表明,这三种烃源岩的有机质丰度高于中国含油气盆地的同类型烃源岩,说明盆地具有油气生成的较好物质基础。本区海相烃源岩干酪根微组分中腐泥组含量高,但干酪根中氢原子含量低,有机质主要来源于藻类等低等生物。根据干酪根H/C原子比、氢指数IH和碳同位素δ13C三项指标判断,上侏罗统海相烃源岩属于Ⅱ—Ⅲ型母质。上侏罗统高伽马值泥岩和泥灰岩已达生烃高峰阶段(Ro大多在0.8%~1.3%),有利于常规油、凝析油和湿气的生成,总烃/有机碳已达到15.88%~18.4%,接近Ⅱ型烃源岩液态烃的产烃率,说明侏罗系海相烃源岩具有较高的生烃能力。     

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系海相烃源岩生烃潜力

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系发育三种类型的烃源岩,其有机质丰度均不相同,上侏罗统海相高伽马值泥岩的最高,其次为海相泥灰岩,中下侏罗统海陆过渡相煤系泥岩相对偏低,烃源岩的等级分别属于好烃源岩、中等烃源岩和中—差烃源岩。对比表明,这三种烃源岩的有机质丰度高于中国含油气盆地的同类型烃源岩,说明盆地具有油气生成的较好物质基础。本区海相烃源岩干酪根微组分中腐泥组含量高,但干酪根中氢原子含量低,有机质主要来源于藻类等低等生物。根据干酪根H/C原子比、氢指数IH和碳同位素δ13C三项指标判断,上侏罗统海相烃源岩属于Ⅱ—Ⅲ型母质。上侏罗统高伽马值泥岩和泥灰岩已达生烃高峰阶段(Ro大多在0.8%~1.3%),有利于常规油、凝析油和湿气的生成,总烃/有机碳已达到15.88%~18.4%,接近Ⅱ型烃源岩液态烃的产烃率,说明侏罗系海相烃源岩具有较高的生烃能力。     

西藏南羌塘盆地侏罗系烃源岩地球化学特征

依据剖面露头样品的实验测试资料,通过Rock-Eval岩石评价、显微镜下观察、镜质体反射率、烃源岩可溶有机质特征、单体烃碳同位素等分析方法,对南羌塘盆地侏罗系烃源岩地球化学特征进行综合研究。研究结果表明:南羌塘盆地侏罗系烃源岩有机质丰度较低,总体上夏里组泥质烃源岩要好于布曲组和索瓦组碳酸盐岩烃源岩;烃源岩的有机质类型较好,主要为Ⅱ1型,并且反映出烃源岩形成于具一定盐度的较强还原环境,其有机质以海相低等水生生物为主;烃源岩的热演化程度总体较高,达到高成熟阶段。正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素分析表明,侏罗系各组烃源岩之间在母质输入上可能存在较大差异,该地区白云岩油苗与夏里组泥质烃源岩有很强亲缘关系。     

北羌塘盆地侏罗系布曲组烃源岩地球化学特征及意义

布曲组海相碳酸盐岩是北羌塘盆地发育的重要的烃源岩之一。笔者从有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度,尤其是生物标志物特征等方面揭示了北羌塘盆地侏罗系布曲组烃源岩地球化学特征。研究结果表明,该烃源岩的发育环境为海相还原环境,有机质母质主要为低等水生生物为主兼有一定高等植物的输入,有机质热演化程度高,处于高成熟阶段。     

东海盆地椒江凹陷古新统烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃历史

为揭示东海盆地椒江凹陷油气勘探潜力,基于地球化学和盆地数值模拟方法对古新统月桂峰组、灵峰组和明月峰组烃源岩开展生烃能力和生烃过程研究.结果表明,月桂峰组和灵峰组泥岩有机质丰度高,以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,为水生生物和陆源高等植物混合来源,且形成于偏还原环境.夹有薄层炭质泥岩和煤的明月峰组泥岩有机质丰度低,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,为陆源高等植物来源且形成于氧化环境.古新世至始新世,椒江凹陷大幅度沉降且古热流较高,是古新统烃源岩热演化程度增加的主要时期.受埋藏史和成熟度史共同控制,月桂峰组和灵峰组经历了2次生烃作用,第1次发生在古新世晚期,第2次发生在始新世中期至晚期,生烃强度高.明月峰组仅在始新世末期经历了1次生烃作用,生烃强度低.椒江凹陷古新统烃源岩生烃潜力强,具有广阔的油气勘探前景,应围绕生烃中心尤其是月桂峰组生烃中心选择形成于中新世之前的有效圈闭进行钻探.      

藏北羌塘盆地石炭系烃源岩的发现 及其油气地质意义

羌塘盆地的油气大多源于侏罗系,所以长期以来烃源岩的研究主要以侏罗系为重点。古生代烃源岩露头在羌塘盆地分布较少,因而其生烃能力一直未引起足够的重视。依据剖面露头样品的实验测试资料,通过 Rock-Eval岩石评价、显微镜下观察、镜质体反射率、烃源岩可溶有机质特征等分析方法 , 对羌塘盆地双湖地区新发现的石炭系烃源岩地球化学特征进行综合研究。结果表明,羌塘盆地石炭系烃源岩有机质丰度较高,烃源岩的有机质类型较好,主要为Ⅱ1型,并且烃源岩形成于具一定盐度的较强还原环境,其有机质以海相低等水生生物为主。烃源岩的热演化程度总体较高,达到过成熟阶段。石炭系烃源岩的发现填补了羌塘盆地古生代烃源岩领域研究的空白,为油气勘探指出了新地层和新领域,对整个羌塘盆地油气资源评价具有重要意义。     

伊犁盆地伊宁凹陷二叠系与三叠系主要烃源岩特征对比研究

重点对伊利盆地伊宁凹陷二叠系与三叠系主要烃源岩的有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度特征进行分析与对比。盆地二叠系主力烃源岩为铁木里克组,三叠系主力烃源岩为小泉沟群。该盆地二叠系铁木里克组烃源岩机质丰度较好,已处于成熟—高熟阶段,有利于油气的形成,是好的生油岩;盆地三叠系小泉沟群烃源岩表现为有机质丰度高,成熟度较低,生油能力较二叠系差,属于中等生油岩。二叠系铁木里克组烃源岩干酪根碳同位素δ13C介于-23.55‰~20.85‰,指示有机质母质类型为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型有机质。三叠系小泉沟群烃源岩δ13C介于-26.51‰~-20.45‰范围内,代表Ⅱ型有机质。通过镜质体反射率Ro、最高热解峰温、饱和烃轻重比、OEP值研究表明伊宁凹陷二叠系铁木里克组烃源岩有机质成熟度高,三叠系小泉沟群烃源岩成熟度相对低。总体评价认为二叠系铁木里克组烃源岩是伊犁盆地伊宁凹陷的主力烃源岩,生烃能力强,是盆地油气勘探的重点层位。     

柴东欧南凹陷石炭系烃源岩有机质富集的影响因素

柴达木盆地东部地区欧南凹陷是石炭系油气运聚成藏的有利构造单元,具有一定勘探潜力,但对有机质富集机理认识不清导致对优质烃源岩分布的预测缺乏有效指导,制约了油气勘探进程.基于地球化学分析、XRD、SEM等分析测试,对石炭系烃源岩矿物组分、 有机质丰度、 干酪根类型、 热演化程度、 形成环境、TOC与主要矿物关系等进行了综合...     

海相烃源岩有机质类型的“双重属性”初探——以安徽南陵——无为地区浅水台地相碳酸盐岩为例

普遍认为海相烃源岩的生烃母质以菌藻类为主,有机质类型好,其生烃潜力也高。新的研究认为这一观点有待商榷。南陵—无为地区上古生界和中生界海相地层烃源岩有机质表现出"双重属性":反映母质来源的评价指标干酪根镜下鉴定和碳同位素组成显示为腐泥型特征,有机质类型好;而反映生烃能力的评价指标干酪根元素比和岩石热解等参数则表现出其生烃潜力整体只相当于Ⅲ型有机母质的水平。对于海相烃源岩不能一概以生源优劣来直接代替有机质的生烃能力。认识到腐泥型的有机质成烃降解率并不总是很高,这对于客观地评价浅水台地环境沉积的碳酸盐岩生烃潜力是非常重要的。     

羌塘盆地拉雄错地区上二叠统热觉茶卡组烃源岩地球化学特征及油气潜力分析

羌塘盆地上二叠统热觉茶卡组烃源岩主要为一套深灰色—灰黑色薄层—极薄层泥岩,通过有机地球化学特征分析,结果表明:该套烃源岩的有机碳含量为0.31%~0.72%,并以差—中等烃源岩居多,有机质类型主要为II2型,有机质母质形成于具有一定盐度的还原环境,主要来源于海相浮游类和菌藻类等低等水生生物,并伴有一定量高等植物的输入,有机质热演化程度已达到高成熟阶段。羌塘盆地上二叠统热觉茶卡组烃源岩的发现进一步证实了古生界烃源岩具有良好的生烃潜力,为羌塘盆地油气资源评价提供了基础地质资料。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。