利用地下流体氦同位素比值估算大陆壳幔热流比例

地下流体中的氦同位素 3He来自地幔的排气作用 ,4He则是铀、钍衰变的产物 .由于铀、钍元素在大陆地壳中富集 ,4He通量与地壳热流呈正相关关系 ;同时 3He通量与地幔热流之间呈正相关 .所以地下流体的氦同位素比值 （3He / 4 He）与大陆壳幔热流比值 （qc/qm）呈反相关关系 .根据欧亚大陆和加拿大地盾的地下流体氦同位素比值数据和相应的壳幔热流比值数据 ,统计出 qc/ qm 与 3He / 4 He之间的回归关系 :qc/ qm =0 81 5- 0 30 0ln（3He / 4 He） ;此处 3He/ 4 He的单位是RA（大气的 3He/ 4 He比值 ） .有了地表热流值和壳幔热流比值即可得到地壳热流和地幔热流 .利用该公式以及热流值估算了中国主要盆地的壳幔热流值 ;根据这些数值得出的热岩石圈厚度和地壳平均生热率结果与地震学研究成果一致 .氦同位素比值是区分大陆热流中地壳热流值和地幔热流值的有用参数 .     

大别山榴辉岩的氦、氩同位素组成及其岩石成因

论述了石榴石和绿辉石的氦、氩同位素地球化学特征,并讨论了大别山榴辉岩的成因。测得3 He/4He 值为(1-19 ～4-63) ×10 - 7 ,40Ar/36Ar 值为1209 ～4416 ,4 He/40Ar 值分布在0-07 ～1-39 范围内,3 He/36 Ar 值的变化范围为(0-59 ～2-85) ×10 - 4 。大别山榴辉岩中保留了原始的稀有气体同位素, 但是退变质作用使氦同位素优先丢失。氦、氩同位素地球化学资料表明,榴辉岩可能形成于亏损的地幔或者是一种亏损型“地幔岩”中     

黄骅坳陷含油储层包裹体中幔源氦的发现及其地质意义

测试了黄骅坳陷孔西潜山带奥陶系碳酸盐岩含油储层包裹体氦同位素值, 并通过与鄂尔多斯盆地和塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩包裹体氦同位素对比, 探讨了氦的来源和地质意义. 研究表明, 孔西潜山带孔古3井和孔古7井储层包裹体均不同程度地具有幔源氦的介入, 其中, 孔古7井储层包裹体³He/⁴He和R/R_a平均值分别高达2.54×10^-6(3)和1.82(3), 幔源氦份额平均高达23.0%(3); 孔西潜山带幔源氦侵入时期应为晚三叠世或早第三纪. 孔西潜山带幔源氦的发现表明, 该区存在深部壳幔相互作用和深大断裂活动, 大地热流值较高, 具有幔源无机成因气成藏的可能性. 含油储层幔源氦的发现为研究幔源物质活动及其相关地质问题提供了新的途径.     

东部油气区天然气中幔源挥发份的地球化学——Ⅰ.氦资源的新类型:沉积壳层幔源氦的工业储集

讨论了世界首例幔源氦在沉积壳层的工业储集.通常氦资源均由沉积壳层中铀、钍的α衰变形成的~4He经储聚而形成工业氦气藏,因而具有很低的~3He/~4He值,一般在10~(-8)量级.中国东部油气区的一些气井,氦的浓度达到或超过了0.05%～0.1%,如松辽盆地的万金塔气田、苏北盆地的黄桥气田和三水盆地的一批气井,从而构成了工业氦气井(藏).研究表明,其~3He/~4He值达(3.7～7.2)×10~(-6)的量级,即在这些气井氦的总浓度中幔源氦的贡献达33.5%～65.4%.这样,就形成了壳-幔二元复合或以幔源为主的氦气藏,成为氦资源的一种新的类型,其成藏主要与超壳深断裂分布区相关.     

南海北部大陆边缘盆地地热特征与油气富集

本文报道了莺歌海盆地、北部湾盆地共148个新测热导率数据,根据收集的钻井温度数据新增计算65个大地热流数据;结合前人研究成果绘制了南海北部大陆边缘沉积盆地的地温梯度图、大地热流分布图;系统归纳了南海北部大陆边缘油气勘探成果.结果表明,南海北部大陆边缘珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地、北部湾盆地、莺歌海盆地的平均热流值分别为68.7±11 mW/m²、71.1±13 mW/m²、65.7±8.9 mW/m²、74.7±10 mW/m²,属于典型的“热盆”.热流区域分布特征总体上受大地构造背景控制,随地壳厚度从北向南,由陆架到陆坡区逐渐减薄而增高,水热活动与岩浆活动等是引起局部高热流异常的原因.盆地地温场的差异控制和约束了油气分布富集规律,从研究区油气勘探成果中可以发现,该区域的气田多发育于高热流盆地（凹陷）,而中-低热流盆地（凹陷）则多孕育油田,油气田具有“北油南气”的分布特征.     

中国不同类型断裂带的地幔脱气与深部地质构造特征

以氦同位素为主, 辅以CO₂/³He和CH₄/³He及⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar等指标, 结合地质构造等资料, 对中国大陆不同类型断裂带的地幔脱气及其深部地质构造特征进行了综合示踪研究. 据此识别并划分出4种具代表性的断裂带: (1) 伸展性构造环境中的岩石圈断裂, 地壳厚度小, 具低CH₄/³He-高R值和低CO₂/³He值-高R值体系, 以幔源流体为主, 地幔脱气作用最强, 以郯庐断裂带为代表; (2) 强烈挤压构造环境中的岩石圈断裂或俯冲带, 如班公湖-怒江断裂带, 地壳巨厚, R/Ra值为0.43~1.13, 幔源氦约占总氦的5%~14%, 地幔脱气作用较弱; (3) 造山带山前(盆缘)深断裂带, R值为10^-7量级, CH₄/3He值为10⁹~10¹⁰, CO₂/3He值为10⁶~10⁸, 具微弱的地幔脱气作用; (4)造山带内壳层断裂带, 如窑街F19等断裂带, 具有高CH₄/3He值-低R值(10^-8)和高CO₂/³He值-低R值体系, 无明显的地幔脱气作用. 研究表明: 大型深断裂带是地幔脱气的主要构造通道; 控制地幔脱气强度的主要因素为断裂深度、构造环境性质和地壳厚度; 地幔脱气作用强度可反映断裂带的深度及其深部构造状态, 而气体地球化学示踪则可成为其研究的新的途径; 地球深部热流体上侵活动可能是深大断裂带形成演化的动力源之一; 山前断裂带是深部构造活动方式和壳幔结构转换的部位, 对于认识造山带和盆地的形成机理有重要科学意义.     

山东半岛第三纪基性火成岩He-Ar同位素与岩浆起源

应用高温熔融样品释气和静态同位素比值质谱技术, 测定了山东半岛济阳盆地及其周边山旺和栖霞第三纪基性火成岩的He-Ar同位素组成. 结果表明: 古近纪的盆地火山岩和辉绿岩⁴He丰度变化较大, 为(73.70~804.16)×10^−8 cm³ STP·g^−1, ³He/⁴He比值(0.374~2.959 Ra)低于MORB但明显高于大陆地壳值; 新近纪碱性玄武岩⁴He丰度为(42.34~286.72)×10-8 cm³ STP·g^−1, 具有“陆壳型”的3He/ 4He比值(0.013~0.074 Ra). 样品还有略高于大气的40Ar/36Ar比值(395.4~1428.3), 反映着大气型Ar的混染主要发生在地幔源区. 基性火成岩低的³He/⁴He比值主要与样品中放射性4He富集有关, 但富集的放射性⁴He主要还是继承了地幔源区的特点, 说明样品的He-Ar体系可解释为地幔源区MORB型、大气、富放射性⁴He组分的三端元混合, 由此揭示山东半岛第三纪基性火成岩所反映的地幔源区总体具有低于MORB的He同位素比值. 这样的He-Ar同位素特征表明华北东部新生代以碱性玄武岩为主的火成岩不是地幔柱活动产物, 而是叠加了不同程度富集地幔组分(EMI)的亏损软流圈地幔部分熔融的产物.     

南海北部陆缘珠江口盆地岩石圈热结构

沉积盆地岩石圈热结构特征是岩石圈构造-热演化过程的综合反映和盆地热史恢复的约束条件,对盆地动力学研究和油气资源评价具有重要意义.由于海洋勘探难度大、勘探程度低,相对于大陆地区,边缘海盆地比较缺乏岩石圈热结构方面的研究.本文在收集整理珠江口盆地及邻区大地热流数据的基础上,补充收录了自2003年以来发表的新数据,绘制了研究区最新版的大地热流等值线图;基于中美合作双船地震剖面揭示的深部地壳结构计算了研究区的壳-幔热流、深部温度以及"热"岩石圈厚度.研究表明,珠江口盆地地壳热流介于18.7~28.6 mW·m^-2,地幔热流介于36.9~91.4 mW·m^-2,壳幔热流比值0.23~0.75;由陆架、陆坡至中央海盆,在地壳热流逐渐减小的情况下地表热流逐渐递增,说明地表热流分布主要受深部热作用控制;盆地"热"岩石圈厚度介于34.0~87.2 km,平均65.5 km,反映出显著拉张减薄的特征.     

金顶超大型铅锌矿床氦、氩同位素地球化学

对金顶超大型铅 锌矿床成矿阶段形成的黄铁矿中流体包裹体的氦、氩同位素的研究结果表明 ,成矿流体的40 Ar/ 3 6Ar≈ 30 1 .7～ 385 .7,3 He/ 4 He≈ 0 .0 3～ 0 .0 6Ra,成矿流体属于饱和空气的表生水 .在此基础上 ,对氦、氩、硫、铅同位素耦合关系的研究进一步确定出该矿床成矿流体的形成演化过程为 :饱和空气的大气成因地下水下渗增温→通过水 岩作用从盆地地层中获取硫和氯以及放射成因的氦和氩→浸取盆地底部幔源火成岩中的铅和锌→含矿流体回返上升成矿 .由于这一过程的结果 ,而使成矿流体留下了地壳放射成因氦、(叠加有部分放射成因40 Ar的 )大气氩、地壳成因硫和幔源铅的同位素组成特征 .     

中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第四版)

大地热流是表征地球内部热状态的重要参数,也是进行岩石圈热结构、地球动力学研究和区域地热资源潜力评价的必要参数.大地热流的测量和数据汇编是地热学研究的一项重要的基础性工作,目前我国已经分三版公开发表中国大陆地区大地热流数据862个,本文在第三版热流数据汇编的基础上,共计收集整理公开发表的热流数据345个,并在空白区开展了大地热流数据补充性测量,获得大地热流数据23个.本文将2001年以来新增的368个数据及第三版热流数据构建成中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第四版).截止目前已汇编我国大陆地区热流数据1230个,其中A、B、C和D类数据分别占49.3%、34.2%、12.6%和3.9%,较第三版热流数据A类数据比重增加了2.9%.基于现有汇编数据更新了中国大陆地区大地热流测点图并进行了统计分析.相较于第三版汇编数据,热流测量空白区面积已显著减小,热流测点覆盖率低和平面分布不均一的缺陷得到改善,本次汇编填补了西藏阿里、贵州省、广西省以及吉林省的热流测量空白区.新版热流数据统计表明,中国大陆地区(含渤海海域)热流值范围为23~319mW·m~(-2),平均值61.5±13.9mW·m~(-2);除去受地下水活动影响强烈的D类数据,热流值范围30~140mW·m~(-2),平均值60.4±12.3mW·m~(-2).本次大地热流数据汇编结果显示,我国大陆地区热流分布格局总体仍表现为:东高、中低,西南高、西北低.在西太平洋板块俯冲远程效应影响下,中国东部表现为一个高热流带,自东南沿海向东北方向一直延伸到东北地区的松辽盆地、长白山一带;受控于新生代欧亚板块和印度板块碰撞影响,青藏高原高热流区主要集中在雅鲁藏布江缝合带和南北向展布的裂谷带,总体热流值向北逐渐降低,并伴随局部的高热流区,如东北缘的共和盆地;中部地区新生代以来构造活动相对微弱,为中-低热流背景.     

中国火山温泉气体地球化学特征及其在火山监测中的应用

中国火山温泉主要分布在吉林长白山、云南腾冲和黑龙江五大连池等火山区。这些火山虽然处于休眠状态,但大面积的温泉分布指示着岩浆房存在的可能性。本文总结了前人研究成果,分析了中国主要火山区温泉气体地球化学特征,并探讨了温泉气体在火山监测中的应用。长白山、腾冲和五大连池火山区温泉气体地球化学性质类似,都以CO₂为主要气体,含量在80%以上,最高可达99%以上,其它气体组分包括CH₄、N₂、O₂、SO₂、H₂S、He和H₂等。长白山火山温泉气体中氦同位素比值（3He/4He）最高,约为4—6R_A,CO₂中碳同位素比值（δ13C）为-7.9‰—-1.3‰,CH₄中碳同位素为-48.0‰—-28.7‰;腾冲火山温泉气体氦同位素比值为3—5.5R_A,CO₂中的碳同位素为-6.49‰—-2.07‰,CH₄中碳同位素为-23.5‰—-9.3‰;五大连池火山温泉气体氦同位素比值约为3R_A,CO₂中的碳同位素比值为-9.6‰—-3.1‰,CH₄中碳同位素为-47.2‰—-44.4‰。3个火山区的温泉气体均显示地幔来源的岩浆气体特征,并在上升运移过程中受地壳或古俯冲物质的影响。     

Discovery and its geological significance of the mantle-derived helium in the inclusions of the Ordovician oil-bearing reservoir rocks in the Huanghua depression,China

The values of the helium isotopes in the inclusions of the Ordovician reservoir rocks in the Kongxi buried hill belt in the Huanghua depression were first measured and the source of helium and its geological significance were investigated in comparison with those of the helium isotopes in the conclusions in the Ordovician rocks in the Ordos basin and the Tarim basin. The input of the mantle-derived helium into the inclusions in the carbonate reservoir rocks was found from the Konggu 3 well, the Konggu 4 well, and the Konggu 7 well in the Kongxi buried hill belt. The 3He/4He and R/Ra in the conclusions in the Ordovician oil-bearing reservoir rocks in the Konggu 7 well average 2.54×10-6(3) (sample quantity, the same below) and 1.82(3), respectively. The percent of the mantle-derived helium in the inclusions of the reservoir rocks in the Konggu 7 well reaches up to an average of 23.0%(3). The age of the contribution of the mantle-derived helium to the inclusions in the Kongxi buried hill belt is in the La     

Noble gas isotopic composition of deep underground water in Osaka plain, central Japan: Evidence for mantle He and model for new volcanism

Abstract Elemental and isotopic compositions of noble gases extracted from the bore hole water in Osaka plain, central Japan were examined. The water samples were collected from four shallow bore holes (180-450 m) and seven deep bore holes (600-1370 m) which have been used for an urban resort hot spring zone. The water temperatures of the deep bore holes were 22-50°C and that of the shallow bore holes, 13-23°C. The elemental abundance patterns show the progressive enrichment of the heavier noble gases compared with the atmospheric noble gas composition except for He, which is heavily enriched in deep bore hole water samples. ³He/⁴He ratios from the bore holes reaching the Ryoke granitic basement were higher than the atmospheric value (1.4 × 10⁻⁶), indicating a release of mantle He through the basement. The highest value of 8.2 × 10⁻⁶ is in the range of arc volcanism. On the other hand, the bore holes in sedimentary rocks overlying the basement release He enriched in radiogenic ⁴He, resulted in a low ³He/⁴He ratio of 0.5 × 10⁻⁶. ⁴He/²⁰Ne and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios indicate that the air contamination is generally larger in shallow bore holes than in deep ones from each site. The helium enriched in mantle He is compatible with the previous work which suggested up-rising magma in 'Kinki Spot', the area of Osaka and western Wakayama, in spite of no volcanic activity in the area. A model to explain an initiation of magma generation beneath this area is presented.     

A Portable Membrane Contactor Sampler for Analysis of Noble Gases in Groundwater

To enable a wider use of dissolved noble gas concentrations and isotope ratios in groundwater studies, we have developed an efficient and portable sampling device using a commercially available membrane contactor. The device separates dissolved gases from a stream of water and collects them in a small copper tube (6 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length with two pinch‐off clamps) for noble gas analysis by mass spectrometry. We have examined the performance of the sampler using a tank of homogeneous water prepared in the laboratory and by field testing. We find that our sampling device can extract heavier noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe) more efficiently than the lighter ones (He and Ne). An extraction time of about 60 min at a flow rate of 3 L/min is sufficient for all noble gases extracted in the sampler to attain equilibrium with the dissolved phase. The extracted gas sample did not indicate fractionation of helium (³He/⁴He) isotopes or other noble gas isotopes. Field performance of the sampling device was tested using a groundwater well in Vienna and results were in excellent agreement with those obtained from the conventional copper tube sampling method.     

我国大陆地区大地热流与地壳厚度的变化

本文从我国大陆地区现有的热流观测和深部地球物理资料出发,对1°×1°网格平均热流值（q）与地壳厚度值（M）进行回归分析.结果表明,中国大陆地区作为一个整体,q-M之间存在良好的正相关关系;在111°E以东地区特别是在华北盆地,两者呈显著负相关关系.按地壳厚度分组和按热流值分组的统计结果具有相似的特征,在所有“一分为二”（即只分成小于和大于等于某一指定值）的分组系列中,高值范围的算例都呈显著正相关,回归直线斜率在0.4-2.8mW/（m²·km）的范围内,与国内外报道的地表岩石生热率值一致;而低值范围的算例均给不出清晰的相关关系.作者认为,上述统计结果是地壳岩石放射性生热贡献和来自深部的地幔热流在大地热流二元结构中所起的作用在不同情况下有所不同的体现.     

准噶尔盆地大地热流特征与岩石圈热结构

沉积盆地现今大地热流和岩石圈热结构特征是岩石圈构造-热演化过程的综合反映和盆地热史恢复的约束条件,对盆地动力学研究和油气资源评价具有重要意义.作者系统分析了准噶尔盆地2000年以来新增的102口钻孔的系统测井温度和400余口钻孔的试油温度资料,采用光学扫描法测试了15口钻孔共187块代表性岩石热导率,首次建立了准噶尔盆地岩石热导率柱,新增了11个高质量的(A类)大地热流数据,分析了准噶尔盆地大地热流分布特征,并揭示了其岩石圈热结构.研究表明,准噶尔盆地现今地温梯度介于 11.6~27.6℃/km,平均21.3±3.7℃/km,大地热流介于23.4~56.1 mW/m²,平均42.5±7.4 mW/m²,表现为低地温梯度、低大地热流的"冷"盆特征.准噶尔盆地大地热流与地温梯度分布规律基本一致,主要受控于基底的构造形态,东部隆起最高,陆梁隆起次之,乌伦古坳陷、中央坳陷和西部隆起较低,北天山山前坳陷最低.准噶尔盆地地壳热流介于18.8~26.0 mW/m²,地幔热流介于16.5~23.7 mW/m²,壳幔热流比值介于0.79~1.58,属于典型的"冷壳冷幔"型热结构.准噶尔盆地地幔热流值与莫霍面起伏一致,隆起区地幔热流高,坳陷区地幔热流低.     

A helium stratified and ingassed lower mantle: resolving the helium paradoxes

It is generally believed a variation of 3He/4He isotopic ratios in the mantle is due to only the decay of U and Th,which produces4 He as well as heat.Here we show that not only3He/4He isotopic ratios but also helium contents can be fractionated by thermal diffusion in the lower mantle.The driving force for that fractionation is the adiabatic or convective temperature gradient,which always produces elemental and isotopic fractionation along temperature gradient by thermal diffusion with higher light/heavy isotopic ratio in the hot end.Our theoretical model and calculations indicate that the lower mantle is helium stratified,caused by thermal diffusion due to*400℃temperature contrast across the lower mantle.The highest3He/4He isotopic ratios and lowest He contents are in the lowermost mantle,which is a consequence of thermaldiffusion fractionation rather than the lower mantle is a primordial and undegassed reservoir.Therefore,oceanicisland basalts derived from the deepest lower mantle with high3He/4He isotopic ratios and less He contents—the long-standing helium paradox,is solved by our model.Because vigorous convection in the upper mantle had resulted in disordered or disorganized thermal-diffusion effects in He,Mid-ocean ridge basalts unaffected by mantle plume have a relatively homogenous and lower!3He/4He isotopic compositions.Our model also predicts that 3He/4He isotopic ratios in the deepest lower mantle of early Earth could be even higher than that of Jupiter,the initial He isotopic ratio in our solar system,because the temperature contrast across the lower mantle in the early Earth is the largest and less4 He had been produced by the decay of U and Th.Moreover,the early helium-stratified lower mantle owned the lowest He contents due to over-degassing caused by the largest temperature contrast.Consequently,succeeding evolution of the lower mantle is a He ingassed process due to secular cooling of the deepest mantle.This explains why significant amount of He produced by the decay of U and Th in the lower mantle were not released,another long-standing heat–helium paradox.