青藏高原古里雅冰芯记录的轨道、亚轨道时间尺度的气候变化

研究了青藏高原冰芯与极地冰芯记录在轨道、亚轨道时间尺度上的气候变化特征及可能原因. 在青藏高原冰芯记录中, 轨道时间尺度上的气候变化基本超前于极地, 说明在以轨道变化驱动为起因的气候变化中, 青藏高原的变化(或反应)比极地来得更快. 太阳辐射变化是控制轨道时间尺度上的气候变化的主要因子. 但在亚轨道时间尺度上的许多气候变化, 青藏高原滞后于北极地区. 如Younger Dryas和Heinrich事件, 都是格陵兰冰芯记录的变冷早于古里雅冰芯记录. 可以认为, 这些亚轨道时间尺度上的气候变化可能受劳伦冰盖的影响. 因此, 冰盖对某些冰期气候内的亚轨道时间尺度上的气候变化具有决定性作用.     

古里雅冰芯中末次间冰期以来气候变化记录研究

通过对古里雅309m冰芯上部268m的研究,重建了末次间冰期以来的气候环境变化.根据对古里雅冰芯 δ~(18)O的研究,可以清楚地划分出阶段1(冰后期)、2(末次冰期冰盛期)、3(末次冰期间冰阶)、4(末次冰期早冰阶)和5(末次间冰期).阶段5又可分出a,b,c,d,e 5个亚阶段.古里雅冰芯δ~(18)O记录明确地显示了青藏高原温度变化和太阳辐射的密切关系.研究表明,太阳辐射是驱动青藏高原气候变化的主要因子.古里雅冰芯记录与北极格陵兰冰芯和南极Vostok冰芯的对比研究表明,这些相距遥远、不同地区冰芯所记录的大的冷暖事件变化是一致的.但不同地区气候变化幅度是不一致的.青藏高原地区变化幅度大于北极地区和南极地区.     

末次冰期南京石笋高分辨率气候记录与GRIP冰芯对比

对采自南京汤山洞穴一支长400余mm的石笋进行了高精度TIMS-U系定年和氧碳同位素测试,建立了末次冰期中晚期(54000～19000aBP)中国东部高分辨率的古气候变化时间序列.从石笋氧同位素变化曲线中,不仅检出东亚夏季风降水史中的Heinrich事件,而且首次发现了末次冰期东亚夏季风活动区气候变化同样存在着Dansgaard-Oeschger旋回,与极地GRIP冰芯记录有良好的对比关系.但明显的差别主要有(1)中国东部气候变化的干冷化趋势十分明显,由石笋氧同位素曲线构成的连续4个Bond旋回,迭覆在末次冰期长期变冷的气候背景上,可能与青藏高原MIS3阶段特强夏季风事件有关;(2)石笋气候曲线反映的干冷事件与GRIP冰芯中的对应事件存在1000～2000a的相位差,似有必要考虑不同测年方法相互校正问题.     

从会宁末次间冰期土壤看北大西洋气候不稳定性

会宁李家塬与新庄塬高分辨率黄土剖面的粒度分析表明,末次间冰期氧同位素阶段5e时期,黄土高原地区处于较为稳定的气候环境．该结果与格陵兰冰芯GRIP记录的气候变化过程不同     

高分辨率黄土剖面记录的末次间冰期东亚季风的不稳定性特征

选取高分辨率黄土剖面是深入研究末次间冰期东亚气候变化的首要前提. 通过对六盘山东、西部两个高分辨率S1地层记录的对比研究, 发现两剖面S1地层均发育5层古土壤、堆积4层黄土, 指示MIS5阶段存在5次强夏季风事件和4次强冬季风事件. 这些气候事件与东亚季风区的其他记录及NGRIP冰芯记录、北大西洋钻孔记录中的冷、暖事件呈现良好对应关系, 暗示在末次间冰期, 北半球气候存在较大的不稳定性. 地层中与5a, 5c亚阶段相对应的层位, 均发育有两古土壤亚层及堆积一黄土层, 与5e相比, 5a, 5c则表现出更大的波动幅度和更多千年尺度上的快速波动, 而5e亚阶段的气候则较为稳定.     

晚更新世季风-沙漠系统千年尺度的不规则变化及其机制问题

会宁李家塬晚更新世黄土高分辨率的磁化率、粒度分析结果初步表明:北半球高纬地区的Dansgaard-OeschSer(D-O)旋回在中国黄土中亦有记录,意味着在格陵兰冰芯中发现的气候不稳定性同时存在于中、低纬度地区.黄土的颗粒变化进一步表明:中、低纬地区的不稳定性是叠加在全球冰量总体变化之上的,这点与格陵兰冰芯记录不同。     

黔南洞穴石笋古气候变化记录及终止点Ⅱ的确定

通过对黔南地区三个大型石笋进行TIMS-U系测年和碳、氧稳定同位素分析, 获得了163~113.8 ka高分辨率的古气候记录. 石笋氧同位素的记录曲线揭示, 在万、千年尺度上, 研究区冰期的降温和间冰期回暖的波动特征, 可与冰芯、湖泊、黄土、深海岩芯记录相比较, 其记录的气候波动与全球具有一致性, 显示与北极地区存在着古气候的遥相关. 研究表明, 石笋记录所反映出的古季风环流变化的直接动力可能来自全球冰量变化, 即主要受北半球日照辐射强度、北大西洋冰漂碎屑带的扩张以及低纬度太平洋海表面温度变化等因素的影响. 根据d18O值进行了温度计算, 获得了研究区冰期(相当于深海同位素6阶段的中后期, 平均为8.1℃, 最低为－1.43~0.65℃)与间冰期(相当于深海同位素5E段, 平均为18.24℃)之间的年均温差达10℃左右(与冰芯记录的温度变化幅度大约为10℃, 大体相一致), 显示东亚夏季风与冬季风环流强度具有显著的差异. 通过对3个石笋的精确测年, 确定倒数第2次冰期的终止点Ⅱ的年龄为129.28±1.1 ka, 这一界线的年龄代表了末次间冰期开始的年代, 即是中更新世与晚更新世的分界年龄, 与冰芯和深海SPECMAP氧同位素曲线上末次间冰期的起始年龄相一致.     

青藏高原北部马兰冰芯记录的近千年来气候环境变化

根据青藏高原北部可可西里马兰冰芯记录, 重建了该地区1129A.D.以来的气候环境变化. 马兰冰芯中δ¹⁸O记录表明, 近千年来该地区暖季气温呈上升趋势, 20世纪升温在其自然变化范围之内, “中世纪暖期”和“小冰期”在该冰芯记录中均有表现. 在该冰芯记录时段内, 最暖的世纪是17世纪, 最暖的年代是1610 s. 马兰冰芯中污化层厚度比率是沙尘天气发生频率的良好指标, 据此建立了该地区近870 a来沙尘天气发生频率的变化过程, 并发现该冰芯记录的沙尘天气发生频率变化与气温变化之间在10¹~10² a时间尺度上存在显著的负相关关系. 通过对青藏高原北部相关冰芯、树轮等记录的综合分析, 揭示出温湿气候时期沙尘天气发生频率较低, 而冷干气候时期沙尘天气发生频率较高. 近200 a来沙尘天气发生频率呈现明显减少趋势.     

青海湖近900年来气候环境演化的湖泊沉积记录

通过对青海湖沉积物碳酸盐含量、磁化率、TOC等多环境指标的分析,探讨了青海湖地区近900年来的气候环境演变。结果表明青海湖地区近900年来气候变化属于暖干－冷湿的气候演替类型,经历了5次冷湿期和5次暖干期,中世纪暖期、小冰期以及20世纪以来的升温在该沉积岩芯有清晰的记录。沉积物的磁化率和沉积速率的变化忠实地记录了本世纪以来人类活动的影响。     

青藏高原达索普冰芯2 ka来温度与甲烷浓度变化记录

通过对喜马拉雅山达索普冰芯气泡中包裹气体的提取分析和对冰芯中氧同位素分析, 讨论了近2 ka来达索普冰芯记录的温度与大气甲烷浓度的变化. 结果表明, 该冰芯中d 18O记录所反映的温度变化事件与青藏高原北部的敦德冰芯记录的气候事件及中国东部乃至北半球的温度变化趋势十分相似, 近百年来的升温趋势同中世纪暖期时的升温趋势基本一致; 自工业革命以来, 达索普冰芯气泡中记录的甲烷浓度呈快速的增长趋势, 与全球大气甲烷浓度的变化趋势一致. 工业革命以前, 达索普冰芯记录的大气中甲烷浓度在825 nmol·mol-1上下波动, 是目前青藏高原大气中CH4浓度(2000±100 nmol·mol-1)的40%左右. 与南极及格陵兰同时代的冰芯记录相比, 达索普冰芯中记录的CH4浓度要高出15%~20%左右, 而且达索普冰芯甲烷浓度具有更强的波动性, 这种波动与温度变化关系紧密.     

过去2．5百万年间黄土与深海古气候变化周期的对比分析

过去２．５Ｍａ间宝鸡黄土粒度记录和深海氧同位素曲线的Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ功率谱分析结果表明：在１．６Ｍａ以上部分，两者的周期性相当一致；但在２．５-１．６Ｍａ时段，两者的周期记录差异很大．深海氧同位素曲线记录的全球大陆冰量变化周期以与地轴倾斜度有关的０．０４１Ｍａ为主，而黄土粒度曲线记录的内陆风力强度变化周期则以与偏心率有关的０．４Ｍａ和０．１Ｍａ为主．造成这种异同的原因是：在２．５-１．６Ｍａ时段，内陆风力强度变化主要受地球轨道变化驱动，而从１．６Ｍａ前开始，转而主要受全球大陆冰量变化驱动．     

The evolution of deserts with climatic changes in China since 150 ka B.P.

According to the bioclimatic zones, dune mobility and the fabric characteristics of stratigraphic sedimentary facies, the deserts in China are divided into Eastern, Western, Central and Northwestern deserts. Based on the records of stratigraphical facies, climatic proxies, historical data, etc. in each desert region, the evolution of deserts with climatic changes in time and space since 150 ka B. P. in China are dealt with; then the evolution of deserts in relation to the glacial climatic fluctuations caused by solar radiation changes, underlying surface variation and their feedback mechanism is discussed through comparison with global records; finally, in consideration of global warming due to increasing of greenhouse gases such as C0₂, the possible tendency of the evolution of deserts and the climatic changes is discussed.     

浅议中国黄土磁化率的物理意义

中国的陆相黄土地层连续地记录了第四纪以来的古气候变化。基于中国黄土磁化率曲线与深海氧同位素记录具有可比性这一事实，磁化率作为一种气候替代性指标在黄土研究中得到广泛的应用。但是，磁化率的物理意义仍不清楚。本文作者对陕西榆林蔡家沟剖面末次间冰期以来的风成沉积作了研究，指出黄土、古土壤的磁化率差异不仅与前人提出的碳酸盐淋失、空隙度变化、“就地”新生成磁性矿物等作用有关，而且还可能与有机质有重要关系。有机     

轨道调谐建立洛川黄土地层的时间标尺

对黄土高原中部洛川厚140m黄土剖面进行了黄土层间隔5cm、古土壤层间隔3cm的采样,在室内测量了全部样品的磁化率．以磁化率变化作为东亚夏季风气候变化的替代性指标,利用轨道调谐方法建立了黄土－古土壤序列的时间标尺．结果表明,B／M界线处的年龄是772KaB．P,午城黄土与离石黄土分界线的年龄为1348KaB．P,黄土堆积底界的年龄为2471KaB．P．．通过和古地磁场倒转点绝对年龄对比以及与太阳辐射量变化时间序列进行交叉谱分析,证明了新时间标尺的可信性．     

Characteristics of annual laminae gray level variations in a stalagmite from Shihua Cave, Beijing and its climatic significance (II)

The annual laminae gray level variations in the stalagmite TS9501 of Shihua Cave, Beijing are studied in detail. The environmental factors influencing the laminae gray level are also analyzed. The following conditions may be necessary to the study on the lamina gray level. A) The seasonal differences of climate in the studied area are strong. B) The cave has a rapid and simple hydrological connection with the surface, such that the gray level variation is great; therefore, climatic changes can be more clearly recorded in a stalagmite. C) No water from other sources due to lateral flow adds to the seepage over the cave. D) There are more organic impurities than inorganic ones, whose content changes distinctly with time in the sample. By comparison with the modern instrumental climate records, it was found that the gray level of laminae is mainly related to the air temperature, especially the summer mean temperature. Therefore, the gray level can be used as a proxy of the air temperature. The variation of the lamina gray level also represents the oscillation of Indian summer monsoon as identified in the modern climate records. The variability of the temperature in Beijing area over the last 1 ka is reconstructed. The results show that there are several cold periods corresponding to historical records. An important phenomenon is noticed that the climatic pattern before about 1400AD is different from that after about 1400AD. In Beijing area, before about 1400AD, low amplitude and high frequency temperature oscillations dominated the signal. The climate pattern is warm-dry and cold-wet. After about 1400AD, both the temperature and rainfall varied synchronously, temperature oscillated strongly and the Little Ice Age occurred. The climate pattern is cold-dry and warm-wet. This transition of the climate pattern is also observed in other worldwide paleoclimatic records, demonstrating that there was a global climate event at about 1400AD.     

Reconstruction of past climates from stable isotope records of palaeo-precipitation preserved in continental archives

Abstract

The potential of stable isotope ratios (²H/¹H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶0) of water as a modern tool for palaeoclimatic reconstructions on continents is reviewed. Examples of stable isotope records of palaeo-precipitation preserved in various continental archives (polar ice sheets, mid- and low latitude glaciers, lacustrine deposits, groundwater) are presented, and the methodology of their interpretation in terms of climatic changes is briefly discussed. To interpret quantitatively the isotope records preserved in continental archives, the response of the isotopic composition of precipitation to long-term fluctuations of key climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation amount, relative humidity) over the given area should be known. Further, the transfer functions relating the climate-induced changes of the isotopic composition of precipitation to the isotope record preserved in the given archive should be established. Since the isotopic composition of precipitation has been monitored only for the past three decades, alternatives ways of assessing the long-term climatic sensitivity of the isotopic signature of precipitation are being investigated. The isotope composition of precipitation should be viewed not only as a powerful proxy climatic indicator but also as an additional hydrometeorological parameter which should be explored as a diagnostic tool for the modelling of climate-induced changes in the water cycle, both on a regional and a global scale.     

The East Asian Monsoon since the Last Glacial Maximum: Evidence from geological records in northern China

The impact of global warming on the climate of northern China has been investigated intensively, and the behavior of the East Asian monsoon during previous intervals of climatic warming may provide insight into future changes. In this study, we use paleovegetation records from loess and lake sediments in the marginal zone of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) to reconstruct the EASM during the interval of warming from the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) to the Holocene. The results show that during the LGM, desert steppe or dry steppe dominated much of northern China; in addition, the southeastern margin of the deserts east of the Helan Mountains had a distribution similar to that of the present-day, or was located slightly further south, due to the cold and dry climate caused by a strengthened East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) and weakened EASM. During the last deglaciation, with the strengthening of the EASM and concomitant weakening of the EAWM, northern China gradually became humid. However, this trend was interrupted by abrupt cooling during the Heinrich 1(H1) and Younger Dryas(YD) events. The EASM intensified substantially during the Holocene, and the monsoon rain belt migrated at least 300 km northwestwards, which led to the substantial shrinking of the desert area in the central and eastern part of northern China, and to the large expansion of plants favored by warm and humid conditions. Paleoclimatic records from the marginal zone of the EASM all show that the EASM reached its peak in the mid-Holocene, and past global climatic warming significantly strengthened the EASM, thereby greatly improving the ecological environment in northern China. Thus, northern China is expected to become wetter as global warming continues. Finally, high resolution Holocene vegetation records are sparse compared with the numerous records on the orbital timescale, and there is a need for more studies of Holocene climatic variability on the centennial-to-decadal scale.     

一九八○年二月十六日云南日全食地磁效应的分析

1980年2月16日日全食期间,在云南瑞丽进行了地磁场的正常与快速两种记录,分析了地磁日变化、小扰动和地磁脉动的变化。结果表明:磁偏角偏东（-0.8′±0.2′）,水平强度有微小的变化（-2.9γ±1.6γ）;地磁小扰动的幅比减小;这与电离层E层的电子密度的变化相对应。     

FORMATION AND EROSION PROCESSES OF THE LOESS PLATEAU

IPROCESSANDZONINGOFLOESSACCUMULATIONLoessisatypicalkindofaeoliansediment,theprocessesofitsgeomorphicformationcanbesummarizedasfollows.l.lWell-distributedDustFalloutfromHighAltitudeThedustisdefinedasthefineparticles(<0.1mm)whichcanbeliftedandcarriedupasdustcloudsintheaiLIftheoriginallandsurfaceofaregionisanevenhighlandsurroundedbyriversandgullies,thefallingdustremainedonthesurfaceofthisevenhighland,butthedustfallingonslopesoftheriverandgullieswastransportedoutoftheregion.Onthet…     

巴基斯坦Bahawalpur黄土岩石磁学特征及磁化率变化机制研究

风成黄土是陆地上分布最广泛的沉积物之一,记载了各种古气候演化信息.目前巴基斯坦的黄土研究甚少,磁化率与气候对应的变化机制研究尚未开展.本文对位于巴基斯坦印度河平原Bahawalpur地区新发现的黄土-古土壤剖面进行系统的岩石磁学研究,结合粒度和漫反射光谱(DRS)数据,讨论巴基斯坦黄土的磁化率变化机制.实验结果显示:Bahawalpur(BH)剖面黄土层主要的载磁矿物为磁铁矿,同时含有少量磁赤铁矿和针铁矿,磁性颗粒以原生的MD和PSD颗粒为主.相对于黄土层,古土壤层则是以针铁矿为主,含有顺磁性矿物和少量磁铁矿.BH剖面磁化率与成土作用关系和中国黄土高原典型剖面相反,磁化率的变化可能存在一个阈值12.8×10^-8 m³·kg^-1,在阈值之上,强磁性矿物(磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿)占主导;阈值之下,以弱磁性矿物(主要是针铁矿)为主,这种磁性矿物的转变可能导致磁化率降低.本文可为今后利用磁化率解读该地区地层蕴含的古气候信息提供新线索.