黑鯛对Ca,P，K,Mg和Mn的营养需求

矿物质是鱼类必需的营养素之一。海水中含有大量的无机盐,海水鱼类虽可通过饮用海水直接摄取,但是这些矿物质并不能满足鱼类的全部需求,在饲料中还必需予以添加,因此研究海水鱼类对矿物质的需求具有重要的意义。 黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)是我国北方最有价值的海水养殖鱼类之一,目前黑鲷养殖业已经逐步发展起来,开展黑鲷营养需求和人工配合饲料的研究已成为当务之急。本文报道了黑鯛对Ca,P,K,Mg和Mn的需求研究结果。     

夏、冬两季黑鲷消化酶活力的比较

为从黑鲷季节变化规律中循找其饵料配置的科学依据,试验研究了黑鲷胃、肠及肝胰脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶等3种主要消化酶在不同季节、不同反应温度下的活力变化.酶学分析结果表明：夏、冬两季3种主要消化酶活力变化趋势基本相似,均为冬季比夏季低,其中蛋白酶的活力冬季比夏季低1个数量级,淀粉酶的活力冬季比夏季低1.2～1.8倍,脂肪酶的活力冬季比夏季低3.3～8.4倍.这可能是由于温度的影响所致.在一定反应温度范围内,黑鲷蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力随反应温度的升高而增大,其最适反应温度分别为50℃,40℃和30℃.     

热废水对大亚湾三种经济鱼类 热效应的研究

对大亚湾3种重要经济鱼类包括黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus、平鲷Rhabdosargus sarba和细鳞Therapon jarbua的多项温度指标进行室内热效应模拟研究。结果表明在驯化温度为25—33℃条件下,黑鲷、平鲷和细鳞3种鱼类的起始致死温度分别为34.96—36.42,34.78—35.62、38.75—39.39℃;最高起始致死温度分别为36.35,35.52℃和39.32℃;临界热最大值分别为38.08—40.50,38.28—40.40℃和42.40—43.64℃;最适生长温度分别为28,28℃和32℃;生长的最高周平均温度分别为30.78,30.51℃和34.44℃;短期暴露最高温度分别为34.04,33.57℃和37.90℃。根据黑鲷、平鲷和细鳞的多项温度指标,结合这些鱼类的生活习性分析和大亚湾基本环境特征的调查资料,就大亚湾核电站温排水对渔业资源影响的热效应问题进行初步探讨。     

海水养鱼的优良品种——黄鳍鲷

黄鳍鲷(Sparus latus Houttuyn)又名阔黑鲷,隶属于(鱼户)亚目Pencoidei,鲷科Sparidae,鲷属Sparus。俗称黄脚(鱼立)、黄翅嘉腊、赤翅。台湾省等地称之为乌(鱼宗)(乌格仔)(Acanthopagrus latus Houttuyn)的鱼,认为与黄鳍鲷是同一种。     

饲料中添加尿素对黑鲷生长的影响

尿素中非蛋白氮的含量高达46.7％。有人用它来代替饲料中部分蛋白质饲养鲤鱼,取得了较好的结果。在海水鱼类的养殖中,有关尿素的使用尚未见过报道。为此,我们进行了饲料中添加尿素对黑鲷生长的影响研究。 l 材料与方法 黑鲷Sparus macrcocephalus试验鱼为中国科学院海洋研究所黄岛养殖试验站繁殖培育的当年黑鲷苗。养殖试     

湛江海域养殖与野生鱼类肌肉中5种激素含量的分析和比较

采用放射免疫分析法测定了养殖与野生黑鲷Sparus macroccephalus、花尾胡椒鲷Plectorhynchus cinctus、军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum、青鲈Nibea japonica、白鲳Pampus argenteus5种湛江海域常见养殖鱼类肌肉中生长激素、雌二醇、孕酮、睾酮及绒毛膜促性腺激素的含量。结果表明,同一种激素含量依鱼种类的不同而有差异。5种激素在5种养殖与野生鱼类中的含量是,生长激素以养殖与野生青鲈最高,雌二醇以养殖黑鲷、野生军曹鱼最高,孕酮以养殖与野生军曹鱼最高,睾酮以养殖与野生白鲳最高,绒毛膜促性腺激素以养殖青鲈、野生花尾胡椒鲷最高。同一种激素含量在同种的养殖与野生鱼类中有显著差异(p<0.01),养殖黑鲷肌肉中5种激素含量分别是野生黑鲷的6.94、4.01、2.81、2.42、2.99倍;养殖花尾胡椒鲷分别是野生花尾胡椒鲷的5.68、2.51、2.15、2.13、1.93倍;养殖军曹鱼分别是野生军曹鱼的46.11、1.71、1.63、5.50、2.91倍;养殖青鲈分别是野生青鲈的6.60、2.75、2.83、3.58、5.38倍;养殖白鲳分别是野生白鲳的2.55、2.67、2.49、2.52、2.70倍。实验结果提示,放射免疫分析法可作为检测水产品中激素含量的有效手段。     

平鲷不同发育类型的染色体核型分析

研究了平鲷（Rhabdosargus sarba）自然群体和人工诱导雌核发育的染色体核型,结果表明：平鲷自然群体和雌核发育二倍体的染色体没有明显的形态结构差异,数目均为2n=48,中部着丝点染色体2对,亚中部着丝点染色体1对,亚端部着丝点染色体2对,端部着丝点染色体19对,其核型公式为4m＋2sm＋4st＋38t,染色体总臂数（NF）54,染色体上未见随体、次缢痕,也未发现有明显异形的性染色体;雌核发育单倍体染色体数目n=24,中部着丝点染色体有2条,亚中部着丝点染色体1条,亚端部着丝点染色体2条,端部着丝点染色体19条,核型公式为2m＋1sm＋2st＋19t,染色体总臂数（NF）27,单倍体染色体数量是其二倍体染色体的一半,其形态和结构与同源的另一套染色体相似.根据鲷科几种主要鱼类的核型,结合它们之间的杂交后代的性状表现和遗传亲和力、个体发育及其基本生物学特征分析,在分类学上平鲷可以归入鲷属,与黑鲷（Sparus macrocephalus）和黄鳍鲷（Sparus latus）同为一属.     

饵料对花尾胡椒鲷仔鱼消化酶的影响

饵料是海水鱼种苗培育的关键因素之一。迄今,在海水鱼早期发育的特定阶段,配合饲料还无法替代活饵料,虽然早在仔鱼开口期就已能检测到大多数消化酶的存在,有些笔者认为仔鱼不能利用配合饲料是因为消化酶活性低[1,2],而活饵料体内的消化酶能弥补这种不足[3,4],但Tadahide Kurokawa等[5]的实验表明来自活饵料的蛋白酶对仔鱼消化的直接贡献不显着。目前国内对海水仔稚鱼的消化酶研究开展的很少[6,7].我们选用不同活饵料投喂花尾胡椒鲷仔鱼,研究活饵料对仔鱼消化酶活性的影响,以期了解饵料与消化酶之间的关系。本研究可望为花尾胡椒鲷种苗生产中饵料的选用提供参考。     

温度和pH对条石鲷幼鱼消化酶活力的影响

研究了温度和pH对条石鲷Oplegnathus fasciatus幼鱼胃、肠、肝内3种主要消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶)活力的影响.结果表明,1)肠和肝的蛋白酶最适温度均为25℃,而胃蛋白酶最适温度为28℃;胃和肝淀粉酶最适温度是22℃,肠淀粉酶的最适温度为19℃;各消化器官的脂肪酶在16℃时活力最高.当温度在16-28℃之间时,条石鲷幼鱼的脂肪酶和蛋白酶活力较高,淀粉酶活力较低.2)胃蛋白酶最适pH为3.2,淀粉酶最适pH是7.6,脂肪酶最适pH为4.2;肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶最适pH分别是8.6、6.6和6.6;肝蛋白酶最适pH是7.6,肝淀粉酶和脂肪酶最适pH均为6.6.     

热废水对大亚湾三种经济鱼类热效应的研究

对大亚湾3种重要经济鱼类包括黑鲷Sparusmacrocephalus、平鲷Rhabdosargussarba和细鳞Theraponjarbua的多项温度指标进行室内热效应模拟研究。结果表明：在驯化温度为25—33℃条件下,黑鲷、平鲷和细鳞3种鱼类的起始致死温度分别为34．96─36．42,34．78─35.62,38．75─39.39℃;最高起始致死温度分别为36.35,35.52℃和39.32℃;临界热最大值分别为38．08─40.50,38．28─40.40℃和42.40─43.64℃;最适生长温度分别为28,28℃和32℃;生长的最高周平均温度分别为30．78,30.51℃和34．44℃;短期暴露最高温度分别为34.04,33.57℃和37．90℃。根据黑鲷、平鲷和细鳞的多项温度指标,结合这些鱼类的生活习性分析和大亚湾基本环境特征的调查资料,就大亚湾核电站温排水对渔业资源影响的热效应问题进行初步探讨。     

Effects of seawater acidification on hydrolytic enzyme activities

We have investigated the effects of seawater acidification on the activities of leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase), β-glucosidase (BGase), phosphatase (P-ase), α-glucosidase (AGase), and lipase (L-ase), which are important promoters of degradation of marine organic matter, including proteins, carbohydrates, organic phosphorus compounds, and lipids. Seawater samples were collected from a eutrophic coastal area, from Tokyo Bay, and from oligotrophic pelagic waters outside the Kuroshio Current. Enzyme activities were measured using fluorogenic substrates added to the seawater samples, which were acidified from pH 8.2 to 5.6 by a chemical buffer. Spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrates was shown to be negligible in heat-inactivated control samples, thus validating our results. LAPase was the most sensitive to acidification; enzyme activity rapidly decreased from pH 8.2 to 7.8, corresponding to a realistic scenario of ocean acidification. L-ase activity also decreased with acidification. Activities of P-ase and BGase were relatively constant across the pH levels examined, suggesting that their activity is not appreciably influenced by acidification. The effect of acidification on P-ase activities differed between the coastal and semipelagic samples, and this was likely due to freshwater influence at the nearshore station. Because of the low activity of AGase in the sample, the effect of acidification on this enzyme could not be examined. The effects of acidification on enzyme activity appear to vary depending on enzyme type and location, but we conclude that acidification will cause changes in the cycling of organic matter in marine ecosystems, in particular to proteinous and lipid substances.     

海洋木栖真菌抗菌活性的初步研究

从福建厦门海沧、集美及漳州浮宫等地采集到的红树林等海洋潮间带的各种腐木样品中分离得到176株海洋木栖真菌,对其进行抗菌活性检测.其结果表明共有96株海洋木栖真菌对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌及白色假丝酵母中的一种或多种拮抗指示菌具有抑制作用,占供测菌株总数的54.5%.在这些活性菌株中,红树源菌株拮抗比例为30.2%,非红树源菌株拮抗比例为69.8%.具有抗菌活性的菌株主要分布于15个属中,包括木霉Trichoderma、青霉Penicillium、拟青霉Paecilomyces和一些不产孢的分类群.某些稀有真菌如盘多毛孢Pestalotia、茎点霉Phoma也具有一定的抗菌活性.     

褐藻多糖的药理作用与制备

阐述了褐藻糖胶的化学组成和结构。从褐藻中提取分离得到的褐藻糖胶具有显著的抗癌、抗凝、降脂、免疫调节和抗衰老作用,既可作为保健食品,也可作为治疗药物。目前,我国制备褐藻糖胶,主要采用60%乙醇沉淀法和CPC沉淀法从海带水碱凝沉物中提取,或用稀酸直接从海带中提取,并用乙醇分级法和色谱法对褐藻糖胶进行纯化。     

Reflections on integrating operation and maintenance activities of offshore wind farms and mariculture

Offshore waters are in a process of transition, revealing diverse and heterogenic interests in marine resources. This increasing complexity leads to limits in developing and managing the different and often spatially overlapping maritime activities independently of one another. On a showcase basis we discuss ways and manners as well as the preconditions of an offshore co-management approach for the fledgling actor groups offshore wind farmers and mariculturists. Both groups may benefit through the integration of operation and maintenance (O&M) activities. Their resources in terms of offers, needs and constraints characteristics and thereof deduced potentialities for interaction is a prerequisite for initiating a co-management process. This process is more likely to develop and succeed if an interface management that acts as a moderator, disclosing the interests of the actor groups and offering possibilities for concerted action, guides it. It is concluded that such an institutional arrangement may in the long term contribute to a sound methodological tool for a co-management approach between different offshore maritime sectors.     

镉胁迫对凡纳滨对虾血清中一氧化氮合成酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度Cd2 (0.05、0.5和5mg·L-1)对凡纳滨对虾Litopeneaus vannamei血清中的总一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明,镉胁迫促使总NOS活力升高依剂量而异,中(0.5mg·L-1)、低(0. 05mg·L-1)剂量组凡纳滨对虾血清中总NOS活力在24-48h显著高于对照组,而高剂量组(5mg·L-1)在12-48h血清中总NOS活力与对照组相比无显著差别; iNOS活力变化趋势与总NOS活力相似,但中、低剂量组之间iNOS活性无显著差异.镉胁迫促使凡纳滨对虾血清中SOD活力短暂升高,但高剂量在24-48h对SOD活力呈明显的抑制效应.     

Growth hormone effect on xenobiotic-metabolizing activities of rainbow trout

In recent years several studies reported the regulation by growth hormone (GH) of the expression of a variety of P450 forms in mammals. However the effect of GH on the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes of fish are still unknown. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of ovine GH—a growth hormone known to be efficient in trout—on the cytochrome P450 level and on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, aminopyrine-N-demethylase, glucuronyl transferase and glutathione transferase activities in trout. The GH-implanted trout (n = 50) each received a single cholesterol pellet containing ovine GH and were compared to control animals (n = 50) receiving a single cholesterol pellet without GH. After 15 days fish were killed and the liver and gills were excised for the measurement of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities. GH treatment significantly decreased the level of hepatic cytochrome P450 and the activities of cytochrome P450 dependent monooxygenases. In contrast, no significant effect of the treatment was observed on the glutathione transferase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities. Moreover, GH treatment had no effect on branchial phase I and phase II enzyme activities. This study provides evidence that GH level significantly affects the expression of several members of the hepatic cytochrome P450 family in trout.     

盐度对日本鳗鲡生长及非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

利用实验生态学和酶学方法,在浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所清江试验场研究了盐度对平均体长为25．1±5．6cm的日本鳗鲡（Anguillajaponica）生长及其血清溶茵酶（LZM）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性的影响,实验持续60d．实验设置了5个盐度梯度（盐度5、10、15、20、25）和对照组（盐度0）,每梯度设3个平行组,各组盐度和pH值保持一致．日本鳗鲡血清中免疫酶活力指标：碱性磷酸酶、溶茵酶、超氧化物歧化酶在实验的第7天和第14天测定．实验结果表明,盐度5组相对增重率最高（279．78％±28．37％）,其次是盐度10组（278．74％±22．25％）,盐度15、20、25组相对增重率分别为234．39％±21．28％、230．28％±26．31％、228．01％±29．29％．对照组相对增重率为233．20％-4-25．18％,盐度5和10组与对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）,其余各组与对照组差异不显著．第7天和第14天,盐度10组碱性磷酸酶活性最高,分别为225．05U／dm。和251．11U／dm’,其次是盐度5组,分别为221．76U／dm。和236．01U／dm。,显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）．第7天和第14天盐度20、25组溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）．超氧化物歧化酶随着盐度的升高呈逐步上升趋势．第14天,盐度20、25纽溶菌酶活性仍保持较高水平,SOD回落至对照组水平,而各组AKP较第7天略有上升．     

泉州湾围海工程对海洋环境的影响

采用现场调查资料与历史资料对比的方法,从海岸和海底地貌、水环境质量、海洋生物种类和群落结构等几方面分析了近几十年来福建泉州湾围海工程的环境效应.结果表明,围海工程促进了海滩的淤浅,减小了内湾的纳潮量和环境容量,使得泉州湾内湾水质恶化;其最终后果为围海工程附近海区生物种类多样性普遍降低,优势种和群落结构发生改变.