冻融试验对土中含水量分布的影响

The silty clay and silty loam are two typical soil types obtained from two test sites along the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The two types of soil have been designed various initial dry densities, water eontents, temperature conditions in repeated freezing and thawing tests with free access to water at the bottom. Afterfreeze-thaw cycles, the moisture content in the freeze-thaw zone increases more than that in the unfrozen zone to the peak approximately at the top of the samples. With comparison of the water contents in the frozen and thawed states, the moisture content in the upper freeze-thaw zone in the frozen state is greater than that in the thawed state, while that in unfrozen zone in the frozen state is smaller than that in the thawed state. Within the region of the frost front, the water content in frozen state is smaller than that in thawed state. These findings help to study the freeze-thaw mechanisms deeply and perfect the forecasting module of moisture transferring in freeze-thaw cycles.     

寒区路面

The article mainly discusses several essential problems of cold region pavement, including thermal cracking of asphalt concrete, cracking deterioration and heaving, frost heave, seasonal and long term roughness induced by different frost heave, frost heave cracking, bearing capacity loss during spring thaw. The reason for these problems is that cold region pavements are subjected to intense solicitation by climatic and environmental factors. The author offers several models corresponding to the solicitation. Furthermore in conclusion of the article the author indicates future research for cold region.     

一种新的分层冻胀量观测方法及其在季节冻土区的应用

Observation of delamination frost-heave is of significance in the study of foundation frost damage. The three main methods of observing delamination frost-heave, which are mono-frost-heave-ruler method, multi-frost-heave-ruler method and magnetic-loop method, are briefly introduced in this paper at first. Their respective advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. And then, according to the mechanism of frost-heave and the law of water migration and ice-forming in the freezing soil, a new approximate indirect method of observing the delamination frost-heave, which is antitheses, is brought forward by comparing surface frost-heave and frost-depth. On the basis of observation result in Chengyu Expressway and Daqing, its applicability is analyzed from three aspects under different groundwater level and soil property in seasonal frozen area. The result shows that this method is applicable for these two areas.     

类石材料--灰泥的冻融过程

Serious failure on the slope of rock ground can be caused by a cyclic action of freezing and thawing in the cold regions. The frost susceptibility and the effect of freezing and thawing onthe rock material, however, have not been well investigated. In order to find out the freezing effect on the rock materials, mortar specimens are frozen as a pseudo-rock material under the constant rate of freezing by means of controlling the temperature of both ends of specimen. The freezing process is given one-dimensionally to the cylindrical samples in the laboratory to simulate the in-situ freezing phenomena in the natural ground. Formation of ice lens, frost heave and water intake during freezing process are observed on the mortar specimen under constant freezing rate, which probably causes cracks or large deformation in the real rock ground. The values of the velocity of elastic wave propagation are compared before and after freezing process to estimate the degree of weathering due to freezing and thawing.     

Study on frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions北大核心CSCD

At present,artificial freezing method has become one of the effective methods for coal mine shaft to pass through water-rich soft rock strata,which can stop the movement of groundwater and limit the deformation of surrounding rock. In order to study the frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions,frost heaving tests of saturated and dry Cretaceous red sandstone samples under different freezing rates （10 ℃·h-1,5 ℃·h-1,2 ℃·h-1,1 ℃·h-1）and different confining pressures（5 MPa,10 MPa,15 MPa,20 MPa,25 MPa）were carried out by using GCTS（Geotechnical Consulting & Testing Systems）servo-controlled low temperature and high pressure triaxial rock testing system. In this paper,based on the existing theory of physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil,we studied the frost heaving law of sandstone under different freezing conditions and explored the frost heaving mechanism. The result shows that in the process of cooling,the dry rock sample always produce cold shrinkage deformation,while the saturated rock sample first produce cold shrinkage deformation,then produce frost deformation,and finally the deformation tends to be stable. The deformation of saturated rock samples is much larger than that of dry rock samples. The larger the stress level of rock samples at the same temperature is,the smaller the frost deformation is,which shows a linear negative correlation,mainly because the high confining pressure limits the volume expansion of the water phase in the pore inside the rock samples when it becomes ice. The frost deformation of rock samples is mainly affected by confining pressure and water content,while the frost heaving rate is mainly affected by cooling rate. Under this test condition,the higher the cooling rate of sandstone is,the higher the frost heaving rate is,and the relationship between them is approximately linear. For saturated rock samples,the confining pressure reduces the rock frost heaving by limiting the expansion during the phase transformation of ice water,and the temperature affects the rock frost heaving by affecting the freezing rate of pore water and the thermal expansion and cold contraction of rock skeleton. For dry rock samples,the deformation is mainly due to the volume contraction of rock mineral particles caused by thermal expansion and cold contraction effect,and the greater the temperature change,the greater the deformation. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis method,a calculation formula of rock frost heaving considering the influence of confining pressure was established. By calculating the frost heave of sandstone samples under different confining pressures,it is found that the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover,according to the calculation formula of frost heaving,the influence factors of rock frost heaving during freezing can be divided into two categories：internal cause and external cause. The internal cause includes porosity,saturation,volume modulus of ice and rock skeleton,and the external cause includes temperature and confining pressure. For saturated rock,the frost heaving is mainly affected by factors such as confining pressure,temperature and porosity. When the saturation,porosity and freezing rate are low,the rock may only produce shrinkage deformation,because these indicators determine whether the rock produces frost heave or freeze shrinkage. The mechanism of rock frost heaving is very complicated due to the interaction and restriction between the internal and external factors and the dynamic changes of rock micro-structure and mechanical properties during the process of frost heaving. The research results can provide theoretical reference for freezing construction scheme design of deep coal seam mine construction,and also provide a theoretical basis for the study of physical and mechanical properties and engineering application of soft rock in frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

试论地下热水的铀成矿作用

The studies uranium deposit occurs in a geothermally abnormal area. It has the following four features: 1. Uranium mineralization is observed in a certain temperature zone. 2. The uranium deposit occurs in an area characterized by relatively low but highly varying radioactivity in a regionally high radioactive field. 3. Uranium closely coexists with cubic pyrite of hot water origin. 4. Pitchblende is characteristic of hot water origin. This paper focuses on the relationship between ground hot waters and uranium mineralization. Uranium in the deposit is considered to have come from the host rocks, The possible explanation of the formation of this uranium deposit is that uranium was first leached out of the host rocks by ground hot waters and then transported to where uranium enrichment and deposition were favoured, forming uranium deposit under certain conditions. Based on this explanation, this uranium deposit is believed to be the product of hot water activity in the regionally geothermal abnormal zone.     

Introduction of Simulating the Motion of Rigid Ellipsoidal Objects in Ductile Shear Zone Based on the Jeffery’s Theory

<正>Rigid ellipsoidal objects(gravels and porphyroclasts)in ductile zone is an important factor to indicate the kinematics and dynamics.Jeffery’s theory(Jeffery G,1922),a quantitative research method,for the rotation ofthe rigid objects(no deformation)in the Newtonian fluid of the simple deformation field has been widely applied by geologists to the study of fabrics in rocks.The theory     

应用"天然冷"维护寒区环境

The changes of frozen ground caused by the rising temperature will destroy the heat balance of frozen ground and then damage the roadbeds and foundations in cold area. It is a new idea to collect and store the "natural cold" as a resource and apply it to keep the frozen ground frozen permanently and regulate the summer temperature in cities. This paper introduces the principles and systems used in collecting, storing and transmitting the natural cold , analyses the techniques which keep the frozen ground unchanged and protect the roadbed. The paper also studies the systems and techniques by which the natural cold is used for temperature regulation in cities. And the theories involved in this subject and the prospect of industrializing those techniques are presented as well by the author.     

Research status and prospect of tensile strength of frozen soil北大核心CSCD

A comprehensive grasp of the research status of tensile strength of frozen soil is the basis for further research. Firstly,the typical methods that can be used to test the tensile strength of frozen soil are introduced,and the test conditions,sample forms and stress mechanism of different test methods are described in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of typical tensile strength test methods are compared and listed. Secondly,the research work and shortcomings based on different test methods are summarized. Then,the latest research progress of the influence of temperature,water content,loading（deformation）rate,soil quality and sample size on the change law of frozen soil tensile strength is comprehensively analyzed. Finally,it is proposed to develop and improve the research method and system of frozen soil tensile strength,and increase the testing research of warm frozen soil tensile strength,so as to obtain the prospect of more accurately simulating the tensile failure behavior of frozen soil. It is pointed out that the internal cause of the formation of the tensile strength and the tensile failure mechanism of frozen soil should be thoroughly revealed by combining the research methods of microstructure and digital image technology of frozen soil. Based on the multi-factor test,a more perfect prediction method of frozen soil tensile strength is explored. Meanwhile,expand the in-situ test research on the tensile strength of frozen soil,and strengthen the parallel research ideas of indoor and outdoor double tracks. Through the analysis of the research status and development trend at home and abroad,it provides reference and guidance for the experimental study of frozen soil tensile strength,the improvement of theoretical model of frost heave,geotechnical engineering design in cold regions and artificial freezing reinforcement engineering. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Simulation and assessment of soil temperature and moisture in seasonally frozen soil regions of the Tibetan Plateau based on SHAW model北大核心CSCD

In recent years,more and more attention has been paid to the problem of the cryosphere changes on the Tibetan Plateau,and it has gradually become a hot issue for scholars. Known as the“water tower of Asia”,the Tibetan Plateau is the source of many major rivers in Asia. Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities,water resources on the Tibetan Plateau have undergone profound changes,especially soil water,as an important component of water resources,which plays an important role in regulating vegetation and crop growth,rainfall and runoff. However,global warming leads to the degradation of permafrost and seasonal⁃ ly frozen soil,which affects the original water cycle process and the spatial and temporal pattern of water re⁃ sources by changing the properties of soil water storage and water transport. In the Tibetan Plateau,where there are few data,it is difficult to directly study the soil water cycle process under freezing-thawing by using original data. Therefore,it is an important means to simulate the variation characteristics of soil water and temperature under freezing-thawing in seasonally frozen soil regions of the Tibetan Plateau by using coupling model of soil water and heat. Aiming at the key problem of the difference of soil temperature and moisture characteristics in typical seasonally frozen soil regions under different meteorological conditions,this paper simulated the charac⁃ teristics of soil moisture and temperature change in Maqu,Naqu（Nagqu）and Shiquanhe from 2017 to 2018 by using SHAW（Simultaneous Heat and Water）model and three soil moisture characteristic curve models. The simulation effect and variation characteristics of soil moisture and temperature under different meteorological conditions were analyzed,and the influence of soil moisture characteristic curve model on the simulation effect was studied. The results show that SHAW model can well simulate the temporal variation and vertical distribu⁃ tion of soil temperature and moisture under different meteorological conditions. The simulation effect of soil tem⁃ perature is better than that of soil moisture. The average NSE,R2 and RMSE of soil temperature are 0. 88,0. 96 and 2. 20 ℃,respectively. The mean NSE,R2 and RMSE of soil moisture are 0. 60,0. 72 and 0. 03 m3·m-3,respec⁃ tively. In terms of different meteorological conditions,the simulation effect of soil temperature in relatively dry region was significantly better than that in humid region,while the simulation effect of soil water in relatively hu⁃ mid region was significantly better than that in arid region. From different depths in soil,the simulation effect of soil temperature decreases gradually with the increase of depth,while the simulation effect of soil moisture in the middle and lower layers is better than that in the surface layer. From the view of different soil moisture character⁃ istic curve models,different soil water characteristic curve models have no significant effect on soil temperature simulation effect,but there are significant differences in soil moisture simulation effect. In addition,there are great differences and uncertainties in simulating soil temperature and moisture in different freezing-thawing stag⁃ es. With the increasing trend of climate warming,permafrost and seasonally frozen soil on the Tibetan Plateau may continue to degrade,may change the current water resources pattern,resulting in frequent extreme weather events. Therefore,from the perspective of numerical simulation,this paper verified the applicability of soil moisture and heat coupling model in soil temperature and moisture simulation under different meteorological con⁃ ditions,revealed the influence of precipitation and temperature on soil temperature and moisture simulation at different depths in seasonally frozen soil regions,and analyzed the differences in simulation effects of different soil moisture characteristic curve models. The results provide reference for the study of soil water resources vari⁃ ation under freezing-thawing conditions. © 2023 Chinese Journal of General Practitioners. All rights reserved.     

正冻土冻结缘研究现状及展望

湿土冻结过程中, 生长发育于冰透镜体与冻结锋面之间特殊的区间带称为冻结缘带。冻结缘作为温度场、 水分场和应力场三场耦合作用的结果, 是冰分凝的水源补给站, 冰水相变发生的剧烈区域以及水分迁移的必经之路, 具有重要的研究意义, 也是深入认识冻胀机理的基础。通过系统地阐述冻结缘的形成过程、 相关理论与试验、 微结构特征、 参数特征及冻结缘的模型构建等5个方面的研究进展及成果, 结合各个方向的发展趋势提出了冻结缘研究的重点, 即对冻结缘的研究应回归到试验研究, 利用新型测试技术深入对冻结缘微结构的观测, 结合物理参数及结构性参数变化构建耦合的冻结缘模型, 从而揭示其热力学机理, 为冻胀机制分析、 冻土精确预报提供理论支撑。     

土体冻结过程中的热质迁移研究进展

土体的冻胀，融沉问题归根结底是热质迁移问题，文章概述了近年来在国际上有关这方面研究的新成果，总体上讲，冻结缘的厚度，分凝冰形成温度以及冰透镜体形成条件等作为热质迁移试验研究的重点受到关注，质的迁移研究不仅仅限制在水分的迁移，而且对于矿物质，溶质，气体等的迁移以及对水分迁移的影响都有不同程度的研究，对于冻胀预报模型，已从经验型过渡到依据基本物理，力学，热动力学理论而建立的理论模型，今后的研究发展方向是加强室内参数测试水平以及对理论模型的普遍性验证。     

冻结缘和冻胀模型的研究现状与进展

为加深对冻胀机理的了解,首先研究与未冻水迁移密切相关的冻结缘是十分必要的。文章综述了冻结缘的微结构特征和冻结缘的特征参数（包括未冻水含量、导湿系数和冰、水相压力）。然后概述了各类冻预报模型的发展方向,并提出冻结缘和冻胀模型研究领域的工作重点是：继续加强冻胀机理的研究,深入测定冻结缘的特征参数和建立健全冻胀预报模型的综合评价。     

正冻土中冰透镜体形成力学判据的分析讨论

冻结缘是正冻土中从未冻区向冻结区过渡、并且非常薄的冰水共存带. 由于冻结缘在正冻土中位置的特殊性和其对冻胀的重要性, 从其概念的提出并在试验中得到证实后, 基于冻结缘的第二冻胀理论得到了快速发展. 通过分析近些年冻结缘的研究现状及冻结缘内冰-水压力关系基本可以发现, 由于受到现有观测和测试技术的限制, 描述冻结缘的很多参数大多来自于经验. 土体在冻结过程中, 在温度梯度小的情况下, 可以形成不连续的多层分凝冰. 只有了解冻结缘的特性才能更深刻了解分凝冻胀. 但关于分凝冰的形成判据却有很多种, 主要分为两类:一类是以热物理方面作为判据; 另一类是以力学方面作为判据. 通过对分凝冰形成的各种判据的综合分析和比较, 发现用冰压力和未冻水膜压力判断分凝冰形成是比较合理的, 而用孔隙压力则因为水压力概念的不清而显得模糊. 这些分析将为冻土冻胀理论的研究提供科学参考.     

利用图像数字化技术分析冻结缘特征

以开放系统饱水正冻土为研究对象,作不同土质和不同初始条件下的单向冻结实验。实验结束后立刻对试样做复形膜。随后将复形膜进行图像数字化处理,可反演分析冻结缘和冰分凝形成的时间、厚度、位置及冻结缘导湿系数。结果表明,图像数字化技术具有较高的分析精度和准确性,是一种实用的创新研究方法;在给定的试验条件下,冰分凝速度随试验持续时间呈幂函数形式减小。冰分凝温度在试验初期随冻深快速推移而降低,随后由于冻土段长度     

饱和软黏土中埋地管道冻结模型试验研究

为研究软土地区埋地管道在土体冻结过程中的管道受力机理, 开展了饱和软黏土中地埋管道冻结模型试验。通过人工冻结技术, 近似还原了管土受冻过程, 研究了人工冻结过程中土体温度场、 水分场、 位移场分布情况, 以及管道的力学特性。结果表明： 在冻结过程中, 土体温度场的变化直接影响着土中水分场的分布; 在冻结锋面前缘存在着剧烈的水分迁移现象, 大量的水分向冻结锋面迁移, 使得土体产生线性冻胀; 冻胀发展速率受外部荷载的直接影响; 当冻结发展到管道处时, 位于冻胀和非冻胀过渡段位置处的管身出现应力最大值。研究结果对于正冻土中管道的安全评估具有重要的意义。     

饱和粉土冻结过程中的水分迁移试验研究

改变边界温度和土样高度,对饱和粉土进行了冻结试验,研究其水分迁移、水分重分布、冻胀和冰透镜体的发展规律。试验结果表明：当温度稳定时,水分持续迁移到冻结锋面附近,含水率急剧增大,易形成冰透镜体。饱和粉土冰透镜体几何形态较为规则,无枝状交叉结构,已冻土为整体状且无网状裂隙。冻结过程中存在起始冻胀时间,在起始冻胀时间之前,土中水分被排出,冻胀发生之后水分补给到冻土中,且补给水分产生的冻胀量和总冻胀量数值接近。土样高度影响水分迁移量和冻胀量,土样越高,冻胀量越小,冻土含水率增量越小,但水分增量分布区域越分散,且起始冻胀时间越长。     

论季节冻土的冻胀沿冻深分布

本文根据甘肃省1979年以来的渠道冻胀试验成果,得出了4种冻胀沿深度分布的类型及其与地下水位和土质条件的关系。其分布规律可用水分迁移理论加以解释。所谓“主冻胀层”概念仅适用于封闭冻结系统。根据一个简化的水热迁移模型计算也证实了地下水热影响。     

一个基于行波解的冻结缘水流模型

在次级冻胀现象中,对处于已冻土和未冻土之间的冻结缘地带,研究其中的水分迁移是一个重要的课题.在已建立的次级冻胀数学模型的基础上,通过假设有行波解的存在,建立了一组新的方程和边界条件,就冰分凝和冻渗两种情况进行了讨论,并以试验数据为例,模拟了开放系统饱水土的入流量历时曲线.     

融沉系数在季冻区高速公路路基冻害研究中的应用

在季节冻土地区, 防治路基冻害问题, 强调较多的往往是室内冻胀指标, 而对融沉指标考虑的较少. 根据2000-2002年对吉林省几条高速公路所做的路基冻害钻探调查和现场观测获得的资料, 对融沉系数与含水量和干容重的关系进行了统计分析, 举例说明了春季冻害调查和融沉系数资料在估计现场融沉和冻胀大小、分析路基冻害原因、评价筑路材料的抗冻性能等方面的应用.