数字区域地质调查系统技术研究

数字区域地质调查是地质调查主流程信息化迫切需要解决的问题。也是世界先进国家区调工作的普遍趋势，根据世界先进国家在野外地质调查与填图采集技术方面的研究现状，结合我国实际，基于3S技术野外地质调查与填图信息化的新一代野外数据采集（器）技术，从改变传统的填图手段、提高研究精度和程度、加快研究周期、改变成果表现形式的技术方法着手，对野外地质调查与填图数字化采集技术、数据模型、技术流程、实现的工具与方法等进行了初步探讨。     

新构造-活动构造区填图技术方法初析——以宁夏1:50000红崖子、大坝站、青铜峡铝厂三幅新构造与活动构造区填图试点为例

在宁夏1:50000红崖子、大坝站、青铜峡铝厂三幅新构造与活动构造区填图试点的基础上,按照新构造、活动构造和构造地貌等几个方面,初步总结了新时期的新构造与活动构造区填图技术方法。新时期新构造与活动构造区的区域地质调查应满足国家与地方经济发展需要,多任务、多层次、多学科开展工作,面向大数据时代,形成海量数据、多方位、高效与高价值的成果。      

Application of ASTER remote sensing data to geological mapping of basement domains in arid regions: a case study from the Central Anti-Atlas,Iguerda inlier,Morocco

Satellite remote sensing is shown to provide critical support for geological and structural mapping in semiarid and arid areas. In this work, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data were used to clarify the geological framework of the Precambrian basement of the Iguerda Proterozoic inlier in the Moroccan Central Anti-Atlas. In this study, the interpretation of the processed digital data has been ground truthed with geological field data collected during a reconnaissance-mapping program in the Central Anti-Atlas. The Iguerda inlier offers a deeply eroded Precambrian massif dominated by a Paleoproterozoic basement composed of supracrustal metasedimentary units intruded by various Eburnian granitoids. Impressive mafic dyke swarms mainly of Proterozoic age crosscut this basement. Eburnian basement rocks are unconformably overlain by Lower Ediacaran volcanosedimentary rocks of the Ouarzazate Group and Upper Ediacaran–Lower Cambrian carbonates. The applied ASTER analyses are particularly effective in the lithological differentiation and discrimination of geological units of the Iguerda inlier. The spectral information divergence (SID) classification algorithm coupled with spectral angle mapper and maximum likelihood classification effectively discriminates between metamorphic rocks, granitoid bodies, and carbonate cover. SID classification improves geologic map accuracy with respect to the spatial distribution of plutonic bodies and metamorphic units. In addition, Paleoproterozoic granitoids have been well discriminated into separate distinct suites of porphyritic granites, granodiorites, and peraluminous leucogranite suites. This discrimination was initially identified via remote sensing analysis and later ground truthed in the field. This methodology enhances geological mapping and illustrates the potential of ASTER data to serve as a vital tool in detailed geologic mapping and exploration of well-exposed basement of arid regions, such as the Proterozoic of the Anti-Atlas Mountains of Morocco.     

Computer-composite mapping for geologists

A computer program for overlaying maps has been tested and evaluated as a means for producing geologic derivative maps. Four maps of the Sugar House Quadrangle, Utah, were combined, using the Multi-Scale Data Analysis and Mapping Program, in a single composite map that shows the relative stability of the land surface during earthquakes. Computer-composite mapping can provide geologists with a powerful analytical tool and a flexible graphic display technique. Digitized map units can be shown singly, grouped with different units from the same map, or combined with units from other source maps to produce composite maps. The mapping program permits the user to assign various values to the map units and to specify symbology for the final map. Because of its flexible storage, easy manipulation, and capabilities of graphic output, the composite-mapping technique can readily be applied to mapping projects in sedimentary and crystalline terranes, as well as to maps showing mineral resource potential.     

Computer aided analysis of rock slope stability

Summary A computer program is written in basic language on a micro-computer to carrying out kinematic analysis of rock slope stability. The program is capable of handling plane sliding, wedge sliding and toppling of rock slopes. Applications of the program are demonstrated by examples on opencast mine excavations and highway cuts. The computer output are presented in the form of tables and illustrations for ease of interpretation. As micro-computers are readily available in design offices nowadays, the present work provides an efficient means for engineers to analyse and design rock slope excavations.     

C1相干算法及其在三维地震资料处理解释中的应用

C1相干算法是计算每道的横测线和相邻纵测线的互相关，依据相干值来判断地层和岩性的横向不均匀性。根据互相关原理，提出了相干体算法中二维和三维C1算法的内容及其具体实现。通过对实际三维地震资料的处理，结合已知地质资料，证明C1相干技术在三维地震资料的断层解释方面有着明显的效果。     

工作面无线电波透视实测场强成像分析及应用

为提高坑透数据解释效果,通过对工作面无线电波透视磁场强度的理论分析与公式推导,表明在正常煤层范围,场强值的变化主要受观测点几何位置控制;而在观测点场强路径穿过地质异常区时,主要影响因素为地质异常区内路径长及电磁波能量吸收系数值。将场强值H与观测点路径长R的乘积命名为M,则正常煤层段M可视为常量,而在地质异常存在范围,M值显著降低。将工作面划分为若干小单元,进行M值层析成像反演,可求取工作面各单元M值,再除以工作面平均宽度,得到各单元格场强值,从而获得工作面实测场强成像图。张集矿探测表明,该方法较好地反映了工作面内地质异常区的平面分布情况,回采验证探测结果可靠。作为新的解释手段,正在实际坑透探测中广泛应用。     

Identification of sandstone body types by computer method

Three sandstone body types—progradational (coarsening upward), aggradational (coarsening downward), and block—can be identified by computer using the least-squares method. The basic data are the digital gamma () ray and sonic log data. Other logs such as SP and resistivity (or conductivity) may also be used with minor changes in the computer program. A statistical program to compute the percent of each of these three types in a specified geologic unit was also written and run for several wells in the Beaufort Basin, Canada. An areal mapping of these calculated results shows the features of progradational sedimentation in this area. The percentage of progradational sandstones increases northward in a seaward direction. The amount of sandstones usually decreases in this direction.     

Imposing geologic interpretations on computer-generated contours using distance transformations

Developing practical computer programs to impose geologic interpretations on computer-generated contours has proven to be difficult. Today, complex data transformations, tedious contour editing, or both are used to achieve that goal. This paper introduces a new program for incorporating high-quality geologic interpretations into computer contouring. The program is robust, easy to implement, and easy to explain to potential users. The computational complexity of the program is high, but the results are worth the price.     

地质图机助制图相关的几个问题

对地质图机助制图过程中地质信息数据库的建立、地质要素数字化、制图综合自动化、地质符号计算机管理４个方面作了详细论述。并重点提出了区调图幅数字化时的图层划分方案。     

地下多个异常体电磁散射的数值模型

本文针对地下两孔电磁法的实际,建立多异常体(包括非均匀异常体)散射的数值模型。给出一种使计算机程序具有一定通用性的处理分块序号与坐标关系的方法。用矩量法解体积分方程,并采用合适的近似公式,计算出不同工作频率下各种异常体散射的场分布。由计算结果可得出一些对解释实测数据有参考价值的结论。     

遥感地质解译在增生杂岩专题地质填图中的应用——以柴达木盆地北缘托莫尔日特增生杂岩为例

造山带内增生杂岩的准确识别和详细解剖不仅对确定古洋盆和古俯冲带存在具有直接的指示意义,而且对区域矿产资源勘探具有重要的指导意义.专题地质填图是识别和解剖增生杂岩的有效手段,然而,部分艰险地区海拔高,交通不便,给填图工作造成了一定困难.遥感地质解译可为专题地质填图提供重要参考,因此,本文尝试基于多光谱遥感数据对柴达木盆地...     

Application of mathematical and machine-computing methods to certain problems in geology and geophysics

Mathematical interpretation of data for computer (EDP) processing has not been studied, developed, and applied, as consistently in geology, as it has been applied to problems in seismology, seismic exploration, and oceanic hydroacoustics. The trend in “mathematical geology” is to reduce complex processes to simple models, thereby controlling the large number of accidental phenomena and statistically determining their relationships. The trend in geology is the construction and testing of expectancy models and development of “response-models” for processing experimental material by means of speeial program systems, e.g. for determining “geologic environment” and for analyzing paragenesis. -- IGR Staff.     

吉林省1∶25万基础地质调查中遥感技术的应用

2004-2006年吉林省开展了吉林市等八幅数字区域地质调查。其任务书中提到：“充分收集研究前人区域地质和物、化、遥资料,全面完成测区1∶25万地质填图任务”。本文从应用角度出发,探讨了吉林省中等植被覆盖区遥感地质填图的工作流程,包括遥感数据种类选择、遥感数据处理、遥感地质解译等。     

用空间解析几何法绘制矿脉迹线

利用空间解析几何法展绘地质设计中的中段及剖面地质图上的矿脉的理想迹线,将传统的图解推测矿脉法上升到定量计算推测法,为用计算机绘制地质设计图件打下基础。     

Hydrogeologic assessment—Figeh Spring,Damascus, Syria

Hydrogeological studies at Figeh Springs were directed to determine groundwater flow paths, research, storage and discharge units, and the maximum reliable yield. The project was designed to provide information upon which to base pumpage to augment low-season flows from the spring which is the major water supply for the city of Damascus, Syria.As a basis for conclusions and recommendations, work included extensive surface geologic mapping, air photographic interpretation, a detailed well and spring inventory, and a quality of water sampling program. Geologic structural work included mapping and jointing, faulting, and folding, and an analysis of their impact on groundwater movement.     

瑞利波探测在石炭井三矿的应用

针对石炭井三矿的具体地质、地球物理条件介绍了矿井瑞利波系统在井下的施工、数据采集、资料处理、解释推断等诸方面的方法技术。举例指出该探测系统在剩余煤层厚度探测、掘进巷道超前探测地质构造、石门揭煤判断煤层位置几个方面的地质效果。      

遥感地质解译在1:5万地质填图中的应用

在辽北1:5万地质填图中应用遥感技术提供超前地质信息,加强基础地质研究程度.根据遥感图象结合航磁资料,划分出以线性影象为主的太古宙变质上壳岩系,以环形影象为主的变质深成侵入体等影象地质单元,并解译出以细线纹为标志的韧性剪切带和片麻岩中面状构造的分布趋势.     

基于二维NLCG反演的水文地质结构辨识研究

地下水调查是草原水资源合理开发利用的前提,而探明水文地质结构对地下水调查尤为重要.笔者充分利用大地电磁法(MT)和地面核磁共振(SNMR)各自的优点,尝试采用MT和SNMR对水文地质结构进行探测,并通过二维非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)反演解译了电性与地层两者的对应关系;实现了典型层状含水层模型和局部含水层模型正反演试验;...     

Environmental benefits vs. costs of geologic mapping

Boone and Winnebago Counties, Illinois, U.S.A., were selected for this study, required by the Illinois State Senate, because mapping and environmental interpretations were completed there in 1981. Costs of geologic mapping in these counties in 1990 dollars were $290,000. Two estimates of costs of statewide mapping were made, one extrapolated from Boone and Winnebago Counties ($21 million), the other estimated on the basis of differences between the Boone/Winnebago program and proposed mapping program for the State of Illinois ($55 million).Benefits of geologic information come in the form of future avoided costs for environmental cleanup. Only the quantifiable data, available from a few sites, were included.Data collection, based on 55 personal interviews in Boone and Winnebago Counties, were grouped into four cumulative categories with increasing variability. Geologic maps alone cannot account for all avoided costs of future cleanup. Therefore, estimated benefits were reduced by 50, 75, and 90 percent in three scenarios. To account for delays in proper utilization of knowledge gained from a mapping program, a 10-yr delay in benefit realization was assumed. All benefits were converted to 1990 dollars.In benefit category 4, benefit-cost ratios for Boone/Winnebago Counties ranged between 5 and 55. Statewide projection of benefits was based on county areas and an aquifer contamination potential score for each county. Statewide benefit-cost ratio in benefit category 4 ranged from 1.2 to 14 ($21 million mapping costs) and from 0.5 to 5.4 ($55 million mapping costs).