岩庄陨石中冲击成因的气成晶体

在宇宙空间受过强烈碰撞的岩庄球粒陨石中发现了与冲击变质有密切关系的气相成因晶体.这些气成晶体具有特殊的产状:(1)亚自形的低钙辉石产出在冲击温度高于1500℃的陨石熔体块内部孔洞壁上.(2)铁镍针(镍纹石)产在冲击温度850～1300℃的陨石部分熔融相区内裂隙中.(3)含丰富微孔道的陨硫铁形成在冲击温度小于850℃的陨石角砾化相区及弱变形球粒陨石相区裂隙中.气成晶体的产状和矿物特征表明,高能冲击作用可以导致陨石中矿物发生气化以及就地或近地少量的沉淀再结晶.     

菱铁矿热转变过程中岩石磁学性质基本特征

利用吉林大栗子铁矿纯菱铁矿样品,系统测量了菱铁矿在空气环境下热处理产物的磁化特征．揭示出其饱和等温剩磁（ＳＩＲＭ）、剩磁矫顽力（Ｈ（ｃｒ））和居里温度（Ｔｃ）随加热温度升高而发生的系列变化,美铁矿氧化过程中准稳定态磁性矿物磁赤铁矿（ｒ－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３）是中间产物之一,并且具有较高的热稳定性．Ｘ射线衍射和穆斯堡尔（Ｍｏｓｓｂａｕｅｒ）效应等分析结果证实了岩石磁学研究所揭示的菱铁矿氧化中磁性矿物转变过程．菱铁矿氧化过程中结晶结构的转变可能会影响其氧化产物的磁性特征．     

陨石磁学研究

陨石磁学研究是认识太阳系以及太阳系中星体的形成、演化以及生命起源等基础科学问题的重要研究内容.磁化率测量作为一种经济、快速、无损的手段被广泛应用于陨石分类,陨石中的磁性物质以及其携带的剩磁特征不仅为分析陨石的来源提供了约束,而且为研究早期太阳系磁场提供了重要信息.本文主要评述陨石磁学的重要进展以及存在的问题与对策.     

福州盆地全新世沉积物的磁学性质及其对环境变化的响应

福州盆地位于海陆过渡地带,在海陆变迁过程中,沉积物记录了高分辨率的环境信息,是揭示沉积特征对环境变化响应过程及模式的理想区域.本文选择位于福州盆地的FZ5钻孔进行岩石磁学、环境磁学和古地磁学方面的研究,以期阐明该区域沉积物磁学性质对陆源碎屑输入、海平面变化和成岩作用的响应.岩石磁学结果表明钻孔沉积物以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主体,但是在不同的环境变化阶段,磁性矿物的类型有较大变化.在9~3 cal. ka BP的海侵过程中,沉积物中以磁铁矿为主体,存在菱铁矿和铁硫化物等还原性矿物.硫化作用使细粒磁铁矿溶解形成胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿,其峰面随碎屑磁性矿物的浓度变化而迁移.但硫化作用没有完全消除磁铁矿携带的特征剩磁和陆源碎屑输入量以及海平面升降对该阶段沉积物磁性的控制.在~3 cal. ka BP以来随着海平面下降、沉积环境向陆相氧化环境转化,虽然早期还原作用仍然存在,但后期氧化作用使磁性矿物向高矫顽力的赤铁矿等矿物转变,氧化作用基本扰乱了磁铁矿携带的剩磁.沉积及其后期成岩作用过程中,发生在约~8.2、~7.7、~7.5、~2.7、~1.5、~0.5 cal. ka BP六次强烈的古氧化界面反映了福州盆地当时异常干旱或湿热的气候事件.     

黄铁矿热转化矿物相变过程的岩石磁学研究

对天然黄铁矿样品在氩气和空气环境中受热发生的矿物相变过程进行了系统的岩石磁学研究,结果表明：氩气环境（还原环境）下,黄铁矿受热分解转化的产物是磁黄铁矿,其粒度为单畴,矫顽力和剩磁矫顽力分别约为20和30mT,它在还原环境中是稳定的．而空气环境（氧化环境）中黄铁矿受热分解、转化后的最终产物为单畴赤铁矿,FORC图显示其矫顽力高达1400mT,相应的热转化序列为：黄铁矿→磁黄铁矿→磁铁矿→赤铁矿．上述结果对于理解还原环境沉积物的磁性、岩石次生化学剩磁和陨石磁学性质都具有重要参考意义．     

铁硫化物在古地磁学和环境学中的应用

铁硫化物在古地磁学研究中日益受到人们的重视。本文介绍了亚铁磁性铁硫化物的磁性特征,概述了沉积物中铁硫化物在古在磁学和环境磁学的应用前景,探讨了铁硫化物学剩磁（ＣＲＭ）记录地球磁场的可靠性,并结合最新成果提出了未来的研究方向。     

甘肃西山坪遗址岩石磁学性质及其研究意义探讨

对甘肃西山坪遗址剖面样品进行磁化率、频率磁化率、热磁分析、非磁滞剩磁和等温剩磁等一系列岩石磁学实验测试,分析环境磁学参数特征变化,试图探讨西山坪遗址研究意义,为今后深入研究该沉积序列蕴含的古环境记录提供了岩石磁学基础.结果表明：西山坪遗址剖面沉积物中磁性矿物主要以低矫顽力的磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿为主,高矫顽力磁性矿物赤铁矿含量极其有限,越向剖面表层,强磁性矿物含量逐渐增加.磁性矿物颗粒表现出黄土的典型特征,以单畴、准单畴为主,含有一定量的超顺磁颗粒,颗粒度越向剖面表层越细.从物源上看,遗址沉积物主要来自近源的黄土风尘堆积,主要是风成堆积,并混合大量人类活动信息,给今后综合研究岩石磁学与人类活动特征的关系有一定借鉴意义.     

应力作用对岩石磁性的影响

应力作用对岩石磁性的影响对于地震磁效应、磁性构造学、下地壳与上地幔物质磁性结构及陨石磁学研究等具有潜在的意义.本文对上世纪50年代以来,有关应力作用下,岩石(或磁性矿物)的磁化率及其各向异性、剩磁、磁滞特征和磁性(高温、低温)转换点等磁性特性的变化特征及影响岩石磁性对应力作用响应特性的主要因素进行了系统地总结.结果表明...     

天山北缘新近系沉积物岩石磁学研究

岩石磁学研究表明, 天山北缘塔西河剖面新近系可划分为湖相沉积型、河流相沉积型和冲积扇沉积型三种类型, 分别对应于剖面的底部(沙湾组和塔西河组中下部)、中部(塔西河组顶部和独山子组中下部)和上部(独山子组顶部和西域组), 其中湖相沉积岩石磁学性质复杂, 除与沉积物物源密切相关外, 还可能受风化作用、原地磁性矿物自生或成岩作用以及生物活动的影响, 天然剩磁强度为10^-3~10^-2 A/m, 主要磁性矿物为磁铁矿, 高矫顽力磁性矿物可能为针铁矿. 磁性矿物颗粒由假单畴和单畴(PSD+SD)或单畴和超顺磁混合组成(SD+SP); 河流相沉积天然剩磁强度为10^-2~10^-1 A/m, 主要磁性矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿, 磁性矿物颗粒为假单畴(PSD), 450~580℃可获得稳定的特征剩磁方向, 特征剩磁载磁矿物为磁铁矿; 冲积扇沉积天然剩磁强度介于湖相和河流相沉积之间, 主要磁性矿物也为磁铁矿和赤铁矿, 580~680℃获得稳定特征剩磁方向, 特征剩磁载磁矿物为赤铁矿, 磁性矿物颗粒为假单畴(PSD).     

江西彭泽末次冰期风沙沉积序列的磁学特征及其古气候意义

江西彭泽红光沙山剖面是在约２５～１３ｋａＢＰ左右形成的风砂层夹１２个弱发育 古土壤层的沉积序列．详细的岩石磁学研究表明，该沉积序列的磁性矿物以磁铁矿为 主，并含少量磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿．与风砂层相比，弱发育古土壤层的磁性颗粒较小，低 矫顽力磁性组分的相对比例较大，且磁性矿物的含量明显增加．在该沉积序列中，从风 砂层到弱发育古土壤层，磁化率、非磁滞剩磁、饱和等温剩磁以及低－高矫顽力磁性矿 物的比率等磁学参数显示一定的渐变性；而从弱发育古土壤层到风砂层，这些磁学参 数表现为急剧的变化．低矫顽力磁性组分的含量在该序列最底部倒数第二个风砂层中 最低，向上至层序顶部，风砂层中的低矫顽力磁性矿物的含量大体上缓慢递增．这些磁 学特征反应了末次冰期盛冰期区域性气候的变化．     

Magnetic properties of a freshly fallen LL ordinary chondrite: the Bensour meteorite

A comprehensive rock magnetic, magnetic anisotropy and paleomagnetic study has been undertaken in the brecciated LL6 Bensour ordinary chondrite, a few months only after its fall on Earth. Microscopic observations and electronic microprobe analyses indicate the presence of Ni-rich taenite, tetrataenite and rare Co-rich kamacite. Tetrataenite is the main carrier of remanence. Magnetization and anisotropy measurements were performed on mutually oriented 125 mm³ sub-samples. A very strong coherent susceptibility and remanence anisotropy is evidenced and interpreted as due to the large impact responsible for the post-metamorphic compaction of this brecciated material and disruption of the parent body. We show that the acquisition of remanent magnetization postdates metamorphism on the parent body and predates the entering of the meteorite in Earth’s atmosphere. Three components of magnetization could be isolated. A soft coherent component is closely related to the anisotropy of the meteorite and is interpreted as a shock remanent magnetization acquired during the same large impact on the parent body. Two harder components show random directions at a few mm scale. This randomness is attributed either to the formation mechanism of tetrataenite or to post-metamorphic brecciation. All components are likely acquired in very low (≈μT) to null ambient magnetic field, as demonstrated by comparison with demagnetization behavior of isothermal remanent magnetization. Two other LL6 meteorites, Kilabo and St-Mesmin, have also been studied for comparison with Bensour.     

有机质对纳米级磁铁矿热稳定性的影响

单畴磁铁矿颗粒是地质样品中最重要的磁性载体,其稳定性一直备受关注.为了认识有机质对纳米级磁铁矿颗粒热稳定性的影响,本文对比研究了趋磁细菌AMB-1合成的单畴磁铁矿分别在全细胞中和经去胞提纯后的纯化磁小体中的热磁性质,以及热处理后样品的磁滞参数和低温磁性的变化.发现仅有磁小体膜包裹的纯化磁小体中单畴磁铁矿热稳定性极强,而全细胞中的单畴磁铁矿加热过程中发生了显著的热变化:磁铁矿在约270℃即开始转化,400℃以前几乎完全被有机质还原为顺磁性物质;同时在400℃以前,有机质的还原作用与有机质热分解引起磁小体链的坍塌,共同导致了样品矫顽力(B_c)、剩磁矫顽力(B_cr)和剩磁比(M_rs/M_s)的减小,以及矫顽力比(B_cr/B_c)的增加. 我们的实验结果清楚地表明,当地质样品中含有较多有机质组分并受热事件影响时,其中的单畴磁铁矿难以得到保存.     

Magnetic properties related to thermal treatment of pyrite

Detailed rock magnetic experiments were conducted on high-purity natural crystalline pyrite and its products of thermal treatments in both argon and air atmospheres. In argon atmosphere (reducing environment), the pyrite is altered by heating to magnetite and pyrrhotite; the latter is stable in argon atmosphere, and has coercive force and coercivity of remanence of ～20 and ～30 mT, respectively. Whereas in air, the pyrite is ultimately oxidized to hematite. First order reversal curve (FORC) diagram of the end product shows that the remanence coercivity of hematite is up to ～1400 mT. The corresponding thermal transformation process of pyrite in air can be simply summarized as pyrite→ pyrrhotite→magnetite→hematite. These results are helpful for understanding of sedimentary magnetism, secondary chemical remanence and meteorolite magnetic properties.     

Thermomagnetic analysis of meteorites, 3. C3 and C4 chondrites

Thermomagnetic analysis was made on samples of all known C3 and C4 chondrites in a controlled oxygen atmosphere. Considerable variation was noted in the occurrence of magnetic minerals, comparable to the variation observed earlier in the C2 chondrites. Magnetite was found as the only major magnetic phase in samples of only three C3 chondrites (2–4 wt.%) and the Karoonda C4 chondrite (7.7 wt.%). The magnetite content of these three C3 chondrites is only about one-third that observed in the C1 and C2 chondrites which were found to contain magnetite as the only magnetic phase. Five C3 chondrites were observed to undergo chemical change during heating, producing magnetite: this behavior is characteristic of troilite oxidation. Upper limits on initial magnetite content of about 1–9% were established for these meteorites. Samples of the remaining five C3 chondrites and the Coolidge C4 chondrite were found to contain both magnetite and metallic iron. In two samples, iron containing ≤2% Ni was observed, while in the other four, the iron contained 6–8 wt.% Ni. In addition to containing both magnetite and iron metal, three of these samples reacted during heating to form additional magnetite. Variations in the magnetic mineralogy and, hence by inference bulk mineralogy, of C3 and C4 chondrites indicate a more complex genesis than is evident from whole-rock elemental abundance patterns.     

Magnetic particles in indoor dust as marker of pollution emitted by different outside sources

The potential relation between outdoor pollutants and the quality of indoor air was evaluated. A case study was carried out in the small town of Zyrardow situated south-west of Warsaw, Poland. The indoor dust from 20 apartments from several parts of the town that are anticipated to be exposed to various levels of pollution was investigated: a mildly polluted area (suburban), a heating plant area, a post-industrial area and the city center. For evaluation of indoor dust several magnetic parameters (mass-specific magnetic susceptibility χ, its temperature dependence, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, hysteresis loop parameters) were applied. Analysis of magnetic properties was supplemented by analysis of chemical elements: Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Depending on the location of apartments, large variations in concentration, mineralogy and grain-size of magnetic particles were detected. The thermomagnetic analysis revealed magnetite as a primary magnetic phase. In indoor dust, the Curie temperature of ~760°C and soft hysteresis loops with relatively low coercivity values of ~1.5-5 mT are an attribute of metallic iron. The dust collected from apartments located near the local heating plant area, in contaminated post-industrial and suburban areas contains mainly magnetite and only a small amount of metallic iron. Mass-specific magnetic susceptibility is in the range from 40 to 200 × 10^-8 m³kg^-1 and linearly correlates with concentration of individual heavy metals: Ni, Cr, Co and Zn. Magnetic fraction of dust from the city center mainly consists of magnetite and variable amounts of metallic iron. Magnetic susceptibility shows linear correlations with concentration of Fe and concentration of individual heavy metals (Zn, Ni and Co) considered as traffic-related. The study demonstrates that metallic iron present in indoor dust is a potential marker of trafficrelated sources and it makes it possible to use magnetic methods as a tool for evaluation of traffic-related impact on indoor air levels.     

Transmission electron microscope and rock magnetic investigations of remanence carriers in a Precambrian metadolerite

A Precambrian metadolerite dyke has two distinct types of remanence carriers; those with medium/high coercivities (unblocking fields of 20–120 mT) and those with low coercivities (unblocking fields of <15 mT). Optical examination reveals numerous submicron probably opaque inclusions in the plagioclase feldspar and also large opaque grains consisting of coarse oxidation-exsolution intergrowths of magnetite and ilmenite. All opaque phases have been examined using transmission electron microscopy together with microanalysis and electron diffraction. The submicron inclusions in the plagioclase are titanomagnetites(0 < x ≤ 0.14) with a size range between about 0.01 and 0.5 μm and axial ratios between 1 (equidimensional) and about 0.3. Many of these inclusions fall in the single-domain field but some are probably pseudo-single-domain. The large opaque grains contain almost pure magnetite and ilmenite and show no fine-scale exsolution; the magnetite regions of the intergrowths are of multidomain size and reveal multidomain structure under Lorentz electron microscopy. There are also some primary ilmenites containing very fine exsolved haematite, and there are very fine plates of ilmenite and very elongate needles of magnetite within the augite. Experiments on artificial samples containing very carefully prepared separates of plagioclase and large opaque grains show that the pure plagioclase acquires a remanence with unblocking fields of 20–140 mT and blocking temperatures of 390–590°C and the large opaque grains acquire a remanence with unblocking fields of less than 15 mT but a wide range of blocking temperatures up to about 570°C. It is concluded that the medium/high coercivity component of remanence in the rock is carried largely or possibly entirely by the submicron magnetites within the plagioclase and that the low coercivity component is carried largely or entirely by the multidomain magnetites in the large opaques. The contribution of the magnetite needles in the augite is uncertain as the rock does not contain any detectable component of remanence with the extremely high coercivities expected from their very elongate shape.     

Magnetic properties of the Olivenza meteorite—possible implications for its evolution and an early solar system magnetic field

The magnetic properties of samples of the Olivenza chondrite (LL5) obtained from four collections have been investigated. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) consists of a very stable primary component, which is randomly scattered in direction on a scale of 1 mm³ or less within the samples, and a secondary magnetization widely varying in intensity, and probably also in direction. The origin of the secondary NRM is not clear, and may be of terrestrial origin. It is concluded that the NRM is carried by the ordered nickel-iron mineral, tetrataenite. The origin of the primary NRM could be a magnetic field associated with the solar nebula, out of which the metal grains condensed and acquired a thermo-remanent magnetization (TRM), or Olivenza could be a fine-grained breccia, the constituent fragments possessing randomly directed magnetization. The implications for the origin and evolution of Olivenza and its parent body if the former magnetizing process has occurred are discussed.     

Ancient magnetic field determinations on selected chondritic meteorites

Paleofield intensity determinations involving a comparison of the stable natural remanence (NRM) component with a laboratory thermoremanence (TRM) were carried out on nine chondrites selected in Brecher and Fuhrman (1979a, this issue, hereafter called Paper I), as well as on two manifestly unsuitable controls. To judge their reliability: (1) heat-alteration was monitored by comparing saturation coercivity spectra before and after heating; and (2) the NRM and TRM intensity and stability were compared to those of residual magnetization following zero-field cooling (TRM₀) from above the Curie point of kamacite (Ni---Fe). The latter criterion separates the role of an external magnetic field (of 0.43 Oe) at cooling from intrinsic contributions to magnetic grain alignments, due to accretionary, metamorphic or shock-oriented petrofabrics.

In some chondrites (e.g., Brownfield, H3B; Holyoke, H4C; Farley, H5A), a surprisingly large (10% NRM) and stable TRM₀ proved so similar to NRM and TRM, that sizeable spurious “paleofields” — comparable to paleointensities obtained — were derived by the standard method for zero-field cooling. In other chondrites, with negligible TRM₀ (1% of NRM) and irregular AF demagnetization curves, more reliable paleofield strengths in the range 0.01–0.09 Oe were obtained (e.g., Cavour, H6C). These seem representative of magnetic fields at the end of metamorphism intervals (10⁷ years after accretion) and/or at post-shock cooling. Thus, field strengths obtained from ordinary chondrites are typically weaker (by factors of 10–100) than those reliably determined from carbonaceous chondrites and ureilites, suggesting temporal decay of nebular magnetic fields, from the end of accretion until the end of metamorphism and early catastrophic-collisional stages.     

The A.R.M. correction method of paleointensity determination

A new method has been developed for recovering paleointensities from igneous rocks which requires only a single heating to the Curie temperature, utilizing partial ARM acquisition measurements before and after the heating to carefully separate distortions of the coercivity spectrum, caused by the heating, from viscous components present in the natural remanence. In addition, the changes in the partial ARM curves may be used to correct to some extent for chemical alterations that occur during the heating. As a result, the method allows one to use a number of samples for paleointensities that would normally be rejected by the Thellier-Thellier method, especially those contaminated by strong viscous overprints. The key to this process is the high sensitivity to changes in the TRM and ARM acquisition spectrum (and hence the coercivity spectrum) of partial ARM acquisition curves, which may be obtained at room temperature.Paleointensity results from recent historic Hawaiian lava flows have demonstrated the reliability of the ARM correction method.