边界层参数化方案及海气耦合对WRF模拟东亚夏季风的影响

区域气候模式的边界层参数化方案很大程度上影响着陆地-海洋-大气间水汽、动量及热量的交换,该方案的不确定性会给模式结果带来明显误差.本文基于WRF区域气候模式中四种常用的边界层参数化方案(YSU,ACM2,BouLac和MYJ)分别对东亚夏季风进行模拟研究,分析了不同的边界层方案对东亚夏季风环流及降水模拟的影响.结果表明,局地湍流动能方案BouLac和MYJ对东亚夏季风的模拟结果相对于非局地闭合方案YSU和ACM2更接近于观测,前者能更好的模拟出中国东部中低空西南风气流和西太平洋副热带高压.对于东亚夏季风降水,无论是空间分布还是季节内演变,BouLac和MYJ方案都要明显优于YSU和ACM2.此外,通过对比YSU和BouLac两种方案的模拟结果,发现边界层方案对东亚夏季风的模拟在海洋区域的影响更为显著.造成不同方案模拟差异的主要原因是非局地方案YSU和ACM2的边界层垂直混合偏强,使得海表向上输送的潜热通量明显偏强,对流更活跃,导致降水偏多以及相应季风环流的异常偏差.进一步研究指出缺少海气反馈过程使得WRF模式由边界层方案引起的模拟误差在海洋区域更为突出,引入海气耦合可以减小海表热通量误差并明显改善东亚夏季风的模拟结果.     

两种边界层参数化方案模拟热带气旋Megi(2010)路径差异的机理分析

本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF,分别采用YSU和MYJ两种边界层参数化方案对2010年超强台风Megi的移动路径进行了模拟,研究了热带气旋(TC)路径模拟对边界层方案的敏感性,并从模拟TC尺度差异所造成的影响角度揭示了模式边界层方案影响TC路径的机理.结果表明:由于两种方案对边界层垂直混合作用过程的描述不同,两个试验模拟的低层水汽垂直输送存在差异.相对于能很好模拟出Megi路径的MYJ方案,YSU方案模拟的TC外围螺旋雨带更活跃,造成TC尺度增大,引起TC中心北侧外围气压梯度和径向风速增加,使得由副高向TC中心输送更多的质量,造成副高异常减弱,从而导致由副高主导的引导气流发生改变,最终使得采用YSU方案模拟的Megi路径出现提前转向.     

边界层参数化方案对边界层热力和动力结构特征影响的比较

本文利用高分辨率中尺度WRF模式,通过改变边界层参数化方案进行多组试验,评估该模式对美国北部森林地区边界层结构的模拟能力,同时比较了五种不同边界层参数化方案模拟得出的边界层热力和动力结构.结果表明：除个别方案外,配合不同边界层方案的WRF模式都能成功模拟出白天对流边界层强湍流混合特征和夜间稳定边界层内强逆温、逆湿和低空急流等热力和动力结构.非局地YSU、ACM2方案在白天表现出强的湍流混合和卷夹,相比于局地MYJ、UW方案,模拟的对流边界层温度更高、湿度更低、混合层高度更高、感热通量更大,更接近实际观测,这表明在不稳定层结下考虑非局地大涡输送更为合理,但局地方案在风速和风向的预报上存在一定优势.TEMF方案得到的白天局地湍流混合强度为所有方案中最弱,混合层难以发展,无法体现对流边界层内气象要素垂直分布均匀的特点.对于夜间稳定边界层的模拟,不同参数化方案之间的差异较小,但是YSU方案在一定程度上高估了机械湍流,导致局地湍流混合偏强,从而影响了其对稳定边界层的模拟能力.     

晴天及阴天条件下WRF模式中几种边界层参数化方案的对比分析研究

利用WRF模式中5种常用边界层参数化方案(ACM2、YSU、BouLac、MYJ和MYNN2.5)及美国能源部大气辐射观测试验(ARM)寿县综合观测数据(2008年8—12月),对比分析了晴天及阴天条件下,不同参数化方案对典型农田下垫面气象要素及边界层结构的模拟效果,结果表明:(1)模式对于云层状况的模拟,非局地方案ACM2和YSU方案优于局地方案.(2)对于近地层气象要素,晴天和阴天条件下均是ACM2方案对于2 m温度和比湿的模拟效果最好,MYJ方案对于风向风速的模拟效果最好.(3)对于位温及比湿垂直廓线的模拟,晴天和阴天条件下均是非局地方案(ACM2和YSU)对白天的模拟效果优于局地方案;ACM2方案对夜间弱稳定层结和逆湿结构的模拟最优;(4)对于风速垂直廓线的模拟,白天不稳定条件下,晴天条件MYJ方案最优,阴天MYNN2.5方案的模拟效果最好;夜间弱稳定条件下,晴天条件ACM2方案与观测值之间的偏差最小,阴天YSU方案模拟效果最好;(5)总体而言,在对典型农田下垫面进行模拟时,晴天和阴天条件下均是ACM2方案更具优势.     

大气边界层研究进展

大气边界层对云和对流的发展、演变有重要作用.本文回顾了在大气边界层高度计算方法,边界层的时空分布特征、结构和发展机理,以及边界层参数化方案等方面的主要研究进展.大气边界层高度计算方法主要分为基于大气廓线观测数据计算和基于模式参数化方案计算两大类;大气边界层高度频率分布形态具有明显的日变化特征,并且稳定、中性和对流边界层高度的频率分布呈现出不同的Gamma分布特征;地面湿度状况对边界层发展影响明显,对于不同的下垫面热力性质和地形状况,大气边界层高度呈现出明显的空间差异,青藏高原边界层高度明显高于一般平原地区;在强烈的地面加热驱动下,对流边界层与残余层通过正反馈机制循环增长可以形成4000 m以上的超高大气边界层;研制大气边界层、浅对流以及云物理方案的统一参数化框架是未来数值预报模式的发展趋势.     

YSU边界层参数化方案中不同地形订正方法对地面风速及温度模拟的影响

为了修正中尺度气象模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)对低层风速模拟的系统性误差,有学者在新版本WRF模式的YSU(Yonsei University)边界层参数化方案中加入了两个地形订正方法:Jiménez方法和UW(University of Washington method)方法.本文利用这两个地形订正方法,选取了两个时间段,对北京地区的地面气象要素以及气象要素垂直廓线进行了个例模拟研究,模拟结果和观测数据的比对表明在北京地区:是否采用地形订正,对地面温度的模拟几乎没有影响;采用地形订正后,模式对地面风速的模拟有明显的改进,两种方法对风速模拟的差别主要体现在山/丘陵地区;Jiménez方法在山/丘陵地区的模拟风速明显偏大,而采用UW方法进行订正后,模拟的风速减小,更接近观测值;两种方法在山谷地区对风速均有一定的过度订正.通过分析气象要素的垂直廓线发现,不同地形订正方法主要影响的是2000m以下的低层风速.总体而言,UW地形订正方法在北京地区更为适用,采用UW方法后,模拟得到的地面气象要素的各项统计参数基本达到了统计基准值.     

北京城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及 降水的月平均影响

为克服针对一次或几次天气过程研究城市化对边界层结构及降水影响的局限性,尝试研究北京城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及降水的月平均影响,本文首先总结了2006年8月份的主要天气过程,分析了气象站观测的10 m高度风速、2 m高度气温、2 m高度比湿和24 h降水的月平均分布特征,然后利用WRF/Noah/UCM模拟系统,进行了该月30个个例的高分辨率数值模拟及检验分析,并通过多组不同城市化情景的敏感性试验对比分析了城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及降水的月平均影响.研究表明:本文所用对高分辨率数值模拟结果进行月平均的方法可以较合理地模拟出城市化对大气边界层结构及降水的影响,并再现观测到的各站风频差异.8月份,北京城市化对气温的影响高度白天约为800 m,近地面气温升高1℃以上;夜间约为200 m,对近地面气温的影响达到最大(1.4℃以上).白天,城市化使城市及下风向的一些区域风速略有减小;夜间,城市及周边区域200 m以下风速明显减小,且在100 m左右高度处风速减小最明显,减小达0.8 m/s以上.城市化白天使700 m以下比湿减小,近地面处减小达1.2g/kg以上,夜间使近地面空气比湿略有减小.城市化对城市区域平均降水量的影响随城市发展的不同阶段而不同.初步模拟分析表明, 北京城市化已使上风向区域以及城区三环以内降水量减少,海淀和昌平降水明显增加.     

边界层参数化对海南岛山地环流结构和湍流特征模拟的影响

本文基于WRF-ARW(V4.0)中尺度数值模式,选用耦合同一近地层参数化方案(Eta)的五种边界层参数化方案(MYJ、MYNN2、MYNN3、BouLac、UW),对2020年5月1—2日海南岛一次典型山地环流个例进行模拟,对比分析了这五种方案所模拟的山地环流结构和湍流特征的差异,旨在为模式应用于山地环流研究和模式改进提供一定的科学依据.研究结果表明,这五种湍流动能边界层参数化方案均能模拟出山谷风特征,对环流结构和湍流特征的影响表现为谷风时段大于山风时段.对于山地环流水平结构的模拟,因平原风推进距离的不同,五种方案模拟的近地面风速差异可达4 m·s^-1以上,其中MYJ方案模拟的谷风最强盛,而MYNN3方案最弱,山区多为静风或小风.对于山地环流垂直结构的模拟,MYNN2、UW方案模拟的谷风环流较强,表现为谷风厚度较厚,推进距离较远,同时由于模拟的谷风环流可越过山顶,从而模拟的高海拔地区上升区的覆盖范围和强度均较大;MYJ、BouLac方案模拟的谷风环流均未能越过山顶,且其中BouLac方案的平原风环流未能与上坡风环流耦合;而MYNN3方案模拟的环流结构最不明显.湍...     

北冰洋及其邻近海域极昼期间大气边界层结构特征试验研究

1年7-月中国"雪龙"号破冰船首航北极科学考察期间,利用TMT(系留式气象塔)大气边界层探测系统,对北冰洋及其邻近海域不同下垫面进行较长时间的连续多次观测. 观测到的大气边界层廓线,其中包括比湿廓线的多层、逆湿结构(逆湿强度最强为0.7g/(10m·kg));风向、风速廓线的切变结构(风向切变为1.1°/m,风速切变为0.11(m·s^-1)/m. 特别是持续数日、厚达几百米、其平均逆温强度有时高达1.4℃/10m的逆温结构,这种北冰洋海域特有的大气边界层结构,与地球气候系统中其他圈层的大气边界层结构有明显差别. 据此,提出了对该海域大气-海冰-海洋间动量、感热和潜热等湍流通量垂直交换以及热量平衡等有重要影响的大气逆温的屏障过程. 这为研究北极地区对全球气候影响、模拟北极地区现代气候和未来气候等提供一条新的思路. 此外,文中还给出该海域不同下垫面稳定大气边界层的高度.     

夜间稳定边界层中小尺度地形激发的形式阻力和波动阻力

通过求解含有摩擦耗散的线性化大气动力学方程组，得到了在夜间稳定大气边界层中小尺度地形产生的波动阻力和形式阻力的解析解.结果表明边界层中的稳定度、风速和湍流状态、边界层厚度、上部残余层中的稳定度和风速以及地形高度和坡度，都会影响波动阻力和形式阻力的大小，应在数值模式的参数化方案中给予考虑.分析还表明，当地形坡度减到一定程度时，形式阻力可以忽略不计.     

Impacts of boundary layer parameterization schemes and air-sea coupling on WRF simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon

The planetary boundary layer(PBL)scheme in the regional climate model(RCM)has a significant impact on the interactions and exchanges of moisture,momentum,and energy between land,ocean,and atmosphere;however,its uncertainty will cause large systematic biases of RCM.Based on the four different PBL schemes(YSU,ACM2,Boulac,and MYJ)in Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model,the impacts of these schemes on the simulation of circulation and precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)are investigated.The simulated results of the two local turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)schemes,Boulac and MYJ,are more consistent with the observations than those in the two nonlocal closure schemes,YSU and ACM2.The former simulate more reasonable low-level southwesterly flow over East China and west pacific subtropical high(WPSH)than the latter.As to the modeling of summer monsoon precipitation,both the spatial distributions and temporal evolutions from Boulac and MYJ are also better than those in YSU and ACM2 schemes.In addition,through the comparison between YSU and Boulac experiments,the differences from the results of EASM simulation are more obvious over the oceanic area.In the experiments with the nonlocal schemes YSU and ACM2,the boundary layer mixing processes are much stronger,which lead to produce more sea surface latent heat flux and enhanced convection,and finally induce the overestimated precipitation and corresponding deviation of monsoon circulation.With the further study,it is found that the absence of air-sea interaction in WRF may amplify the biases caused by PBL scheme over the ocean.Consequently,there is a reduced latent heat flux over the sea surface and even more reasonable EASM simulation,if an ocean model coupled into WRF.     

西藏高原斜压对流边界层风、温、湿廓线特征

利用1998年夏季第2次青藏高原大气科学试验当雄观测站的边界层观测资料以及拉萨、改则和武汉等地探空资料,分析讨论西藏高原斜压对流边界层风、温、湿廓线的特征. 研究结果表明,高原地区白天对流边界层发展可高达2200m,显著超过中纬度平原地区和海面上对流边界层高度. 高原对流边界层中温度廓线具有较好的混合特征,湿度廓线有时在某一高度上出现湿度极大值. 高原对流边界层内热量和水汽收支分析表明,水平平流作用对边界层结构具有重要作用. 在对流边界层中平均风速垂直分布存在风切变现象. 水平温度梯度形成较强的斜压性是形成边界层风切变的主要原因.     

Numerical simulation of the influence of aerosol radiation effect on urban boundary layer

With the intensification of pollution and urbanization, the aerosol radiation effect continues to play an important role in the urban boundary layer. In this paper, a winter pollution process in Beijing has been taken as an example, and a new aerosol vertical profile in the radiative parameterization scheme within the Weather Forecast Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been updated to study the effect of aerosols on radiation and the boundary layer. Furthermore, the interactions among aerosols, urbanization, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) meteorology were discussed through a series of numerical experiments. The results show the following: (1) The optimization improves the performance of the model in simulating the distribution features of air temperature, humidity, and wind in Beijing. (2) The aerosols reduce the surface temperature by reducing solar radiation and increasing the temperature in the upper layer by absorbing or backscattering solar radiation. The changes in the PBL temperature lead to more stable atmospheric stratification, reducing the energy transfer from the surface and the height of the boundary layer. (3) With the increase in the aerosol optical depth, the atmospheric stratification most likely becomes stable over rural areas, most likely becomes stable over suburb areas, and has great difficultly becoming stable over urban areas. Aerosol radiative forcing, underlying urban surfaces, and the interaction between them are the main factors that affect the changes in the meteorological elements in the PBL.     

A vertical sounding of severe haze process in Guangzhou area

We detected a severe haze process in Guangzhou area with lidar and microwave radiometer, performed an inversion to get boundary layer height by wavelet covariance transform, and analyzed the correlation between meteorological factors of boundary layer and visibility from the perspective of dynamical and thermodynamic structures. Our results indicate that the boundary layer height shows significant daily changes, consistent with ground visibility variation. During the cleaning process, the boundary layer height exceeded 1 km; during severe haze, the height was only 500 m. Temperature gradient of 50–100 m, which was 30 h lag, was remarkably correlated with visibility, with the correlation coefficient of 0.77. High layer visibility(255 m) and low layer stability were significantly anticorrelation, and the maximum anticorrelation coefficient was up to-0.76 in cleaning days and-0.49 in haze days. In the related boundary layer meteorological factors, surface ventilation coefficient was linearly correlated with ground visibility, with the greatest correlation coefficient of 0.88. The correlation coefficients of boundary layer height, ground wind velocity, relative humidity and ground visibility were 0.76, 0.67, and-0.77, respectively. There was a strong correlation between different meteorological factors. The dominant meteorological factor during this haze process was surface ventilation coefficient. In the area without boundary layer height sounding, ground visibility and wind velocity could be used to estimate boundary layer height.     

Turbulent entrainment at an inversion

Three separate conditions controlling the structure of the inversion are discussed. The rate of change of boundary layer temperature and the vertical gradient of potential temperature in the overlying air set the maximum limit to possible rise rates. In transient conditions, the rise of the inversion layer is sometimes dominated by turbulent transport and erosion, however this cannot continue indefinitely. The horizontal advection above the inversion can also change the relative temperature increase at the inversion, and so may partly determine inversion history.In this paper the theory of the plume-connective boundary layer has been extended to allow the plumes to erode material from the overlying stable air, and so permit study of how the boundary layer could deepen by eroding upward into the capping inversion. Only clear-air processes without condensation are included in the model described here.When the mechanism of convection is examined, it is demonstrated that, because of energetic considerations, the rate of erosion, by buoyancy generated turbulence of the overlying air down across the inversion, will not usually determine the rate of rise of the inversion, except briefly. Other effects often dominate in determining the average erosion rate. Furthermore, because of the limitations set by the buoyancy of the entrained air, sharp inversions, exceeding about 1°C, cannot be formed without the action of latent heat from evaporating droplets. An intermediate buffer layer forms in the inversion zone whenever the erosion rate is high enough to produce a temperature increase above the boundary layer, sufficient to inhibit direct entrainment.     

近地层参数化对海南岛海风降水模拟的影响

利用WRF模式探讨了两种近地层参数化方案(MM5方案和Eta方案)对2013年5月31日海南岛一次海风降水过程模拟的影响.结果表明,改变近地层方案可对当地的海风环流及相应的降水特征产生明显影响,两个试验最重要的差别主要体现在模拟的海风及降水的强度差异上,与MM5试验相比,Eta试验的低层海风及辐合程度更强,相应的降水也更强,表现为岛屿总格点降水量、大于10mm的降水区域、最大格点降水三个量化指标均比较大.通过分析两种方案在不同降水阶段的地表通量及近地层变量场,发现Eta试验模拟的降水前环境场更有利于对流的启动,随着午后热力湍流的不断增强,将MM5方案替换为Eta方案可使近地层感热通量、潜热通量分别增加约3.57%、5.65%,动量通量减小约10.79%,感热、潜热的增加使Eta试验中近地层大气的加热加湿作用更加明显,相应的低层大气不稳定度更高,再配合海风锋前较强的辐合上升运动,局地不稳定能量的释放变的更加容易,因此降水强度更大.