三种人工湿地脱氮除磷效果比较研究

对沸石潜流湿地、砾石潜流湿地和自由表面流人工湿地脱氮除磷性能进行了中试对比试验研究,结果表明在相同进水水质和水力停留时间为1 d的运行条件下,沸石潜流湿地脱氮效果最佳,总氮去除率接近60%;砾石潜流湿地除磷效果最佳,总磷去除率可达70%;自由表面流人工湿地脱氮除磷效果介于沸石和砾石潜流湿地之间.探讨了三种人工湿地脱氮除磷机理方面的差别,并对其进行了经济性、运行方式等方面的比较.     

污水生物脱氮除磷新工艺的研究

传统的生物脱氮除磷技术效率低下,导致氮、磷去除率不迭标,是造成水体的富营养化的主要原因.概述了传统生物脱氮除磷原理,分析了传统生物脱氮除磷工艺的不足,并介绍了反硝化除磷、同时硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等几种生物脱氮除磷新技术的原理与典型工艺.最后对生物脱氮除磷技术的发展趋势进行了展望,指出经济、高效、低能耗...     

两级SBR工艺除磷脱氮自动控制实验研究

为了解决混合生长系统在除磷和脱氮过程中的矛盾,采用两级SBR反应器实现磷和氮的同时去除。实验证明,根据pH、ORP和DO在除磷级和脱氮级阶段性的变化规律,利用自动控制技术,可以分别对两级反应实现自动控制。     

分级式除磷脱氮工艺探讨

综合考虑生物除磷与脱氮对环境条件的要求,提出了分级式除磷脱氮的工艺模式,旨在将聚磷菌与硝化菌分别控制在两级反应器中优势生长,以解决硝化菌与其他细菌混合生长系统在除磷与脱氮过程中存在的矛盾关系,达到优化除磷脱氮目的.探讨了分级式除磷脱氮的工艺流程、优化除磷脱氮的可行性及研究要点.     

新型SBR工艺处理生活废水的研究

新型SBR工艺是在传统SBR反应器中加一隔板,将反应器从空间上分成上下两个区域,上面是好氧区,下面为缺氧厌氧区。实验通过水力停留时间和上下区域体积比对脱氮除磷效果影响的研究,确定该工艺的最佳运行工况和反应器内挡板位置;同时与传统SBR工艺进行对比实验研究。结果表明,进水60 m in,曝气240 m in,沉淀30 m in,排水15 m in,闲置15 m in;上下区域体积比为1∶1时脱氮除磷效果最佳,TN和TP去除率达到88.7%和78.4%,其效果均好于传统SBR工艺。     

联合脱氮法用于硝酸盐污染地下水修复的机理研究

地下水硝酸盐已经成为了世界性环境和健康问题。目前针对硝酸盐的化学还原脱氮、自养脱氮、异养脱氮等单一脱氮方法研究较多;联合脱氮体系包括化学还原、自养脱氮和异养脱氮三种脱氮途径,综合了单一脱氮法的优点,但研究甚少。本研究通过静态批试验,采用零价铁、甲醇和混合菌液研究了联合脱氮法的脱氮能力、脱氮产物、脱氮途径及脱氮机理。结果表明,5 d后单一的零价铁化学还原、自养脱氮和异养脱氮的去除率分别为5.79%、14.30%和63.03%;而联合脱氮的去除率接近100%,去除效果显著优于单一的化学还原脱氮、自养脱氮或异养脱氮。在联合脱氮法体系中,零价铁化学还原、自养脱氮未引起亚硝酸盐积累,而异养脱氮造成了亚硝酸盐积累;化学还原、自养脱氮和异养脱氮引起的铵盐增量均<0.6 mg/L,绝大部分硝酸盐未被还原成铵盐,进而省去了后续除铵工艺;零价铁化学还原、自养脱氮、异氧脱氮三者发生协同作用,表现于在厌氧环境下,零价铁发生腐蚀,产生阴极氢和二价铁,为自养脱氮菌提供了电子供体,从而促进了自养脱氮;异养脱氮不仅占主导地位,而且还会产生CO2,CO2被自养脱氮菌作为无机碳源加以利用,从而提高了体系中自养脱氮能力。这种协同作用表现为联合脱氮法的去除率增加,而在单一的异养脱氮或自养脱氮体系中则无法形成这一良性过程。实验表明联合脱氮法是一种潜在的有效可行的地下水原位修复方法。     

土壤包气带强化反应层脱氮的控制因素与性能研究

包气带作为防止地下水硝酸盐污染的天然屏障,其反硝化效果通常受到碳源的限制。针对地下水硝酸盐污染防治技术现状,本文采用Ca(OH)₂处理的玉米芯作为反硝化的碳源材料,构建包气带强化反应层,用响应曲面法研究硝酸盐浓度、含水量和温度的交互作用对脱氮性能影响,并用硝态氮去除率、亚硝态氮累积、pH值变化以及溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)淋失通量综合评价脱氮性能,最后采用高通量测序揭示脱氮层中微生物变化。研究结果表明:温度、含水量以及温度和含水量交互作用对硝态氮去除率影响显著,其中温度是反硝化过程中最关键的因素;系统运行74天后,硝态氮去除率达到50%,亚硝态氮累积量(以N计)大多低于3 mg/L,pH值维持在7.0左右,DOC淋失通量(以C计)介于0.10.2 mg/(cm²·d);高通量测序发现,脱氮层中微生物的丰富度降低,而与反硝化和碳分解有关的微生物相对丰度提高,在碳源的刺激下微生物向有利于脱氮的方向演变。     

炉渣处理含磷废水的实验研究

以炉渣作为吸附剂，用静态吸附实验方法研究了炉渣对模拟含磷废水脱磷的一般规律，结果表明，炉渣是一种有效的吸附剂，对废水中的磷有较强的吸附去除性能。影响炉渣除磷的主要因素有吸附时间、炉渣用量、pH值和原水含磷浓度。在含磷浓度2～13mg／L、炉渣用量5g／L、中性、吸附时间为2h的实验条件下，磷的去除率可高达99％以上。     

三维电极法预处理山梨酸废水

用三维电极法对山梨酸废水进行了降解实验,并考察电极材料、反应器电压、电解时间、进水pH值等因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,以不锈钢作阳极,石墨作阴极,柱状活性炭作填料,在槽电压为20 V、主电极极间距为11 cm的条件下,pH值为 4.0±0.2的山梨酸废水在电解20～30 min后,COD去除率达48%以上,而且废水的BOD/COD提高到0.40。     

微压流化式复合生物反应器的同步脱氮

通过对曝气系统的调节,微压流化式复合生物反应器（MP-FHBR）内可以实现好氧区和缺氧区共存,利用这一特点和MP-FHBR中同时存在的活性污泥﹑悬浮生物膜复合生物体系,进行了同步脱氮的试验研究。结果表明,MP-FHBR在好氧-缺氧条件下,实现了同步脱氮过程,TN和COD的平均去除率分别达到77.5%和98.3%。降低DO质量浓度使反应器内形成完全缺氧环境,对MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果没有显著影响,但会降低系统去除COD的效果;而提高DO质量浓度使反应器内形成完全好氧环境,MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果显著下降。在一定范围内提高进水COD/TN有利于提高MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果,COD/TN 由2升高到10,TN平均去除率由58.4%提高到78.8%,而继续提高COD/TN对系统同步脱氮效果的影响并不明显。在反应器允许的条件下,提高污泥质量浓度(MLSS)有利于提高系统反硝化脱氮效果,TN去除率随MLSS的增加而提高。     

Modeling and optimizing of electrocoagulation process in treating phenolic wastewater by response surface methodology: precise evaluation of significant variables

The present work reports treatment of synthetic phenolic wastewater by electrocoagulation process. Aluminum flat sheets were utilized as electrodes. Central composite design combined with response surface methodology has been applied for optimizing the process parameters. The interaction effects of phenol concentration, electrode distance, pH, voltage, and electrolysis time (ET) were analyzed and correlated to assess the efficiency of phenol removal as process response. The ANOVA outcomes declared that the initial phenol concentration (relevant coefficient = ?3.44) and ET (relevant coefficient = 1.42), respectively, are the most and the least effective parameters on the efficiency of phenol removal. Furthermore, optimal factors were obtained as follows: influent phenol concentration = 14.23 mg/L, electrode distance = 2.20 cm, pH = 6.37, voltage = 16.46 V, and electrolysis time = 44.66 min, in which the percentage of phenol removal at this condition was about 90.6%.     

Innovative anaerobic upflow sludge blanket filtration combined bioreactor for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater

In this research, a novel laboratory scale anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket filtration combined bioreactor was designed and operated to improve the efficiency of the upflow sludge blanket filtration process for the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. The anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket filtration technique was developed by adding an anaerobic reactor to its influent and operated by varying the main process parameters in order to gain the optimum conditions. The results showed that biological removal efficiency of nitrogen and preservation of sludge blanket strongly depend on wastewater characteristics, hydraulic retention time, sludge age and process controlling parameters. The combined bioreactor performed a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 96.6 % with the sludge age of 25 days, total hydraulic retention time of 24 h and optimum “chemical oxygen demand/nitrogen/phosphorus” ratio of 100/ 5/1. This ratio also improved the compaction quality of sludge blanket in the upflow sludge blanket filtration clarifier. The average specific nitrification and denitrification rates occurred during the process can be expressed as 4.43 mg NO_x-N produced/g VSS.d and 5.50 mg NOx-N removed/g VSS.d at the optimum ratio, respectively. To avoid sludge rising due to denitrification process, the optimum total hydraulic retention time of 16 to 24 h was achieved based on the effluent quality. This study suggested that the anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket filtration bioreactor at the optimum operational conditions can be an effective process for removal of nutrients from municipal wastewater.     

Arsenite removal from water by electro-coagulation on zinc–zinc and copper–copper electrodes

Removal of arsenite from aqueous solution was carried out using electro-coagulation method. The experiments were conducted using copper–copper and zinc–zinc electrodes. The optimized experimental parameters were 2.0 mg/L initial concentration, 16.0-min processing time, 6.0 pH, 3.0-V applied voltage and 30 °C temperature for zinc–zinc electrodes while these values for copper–copper electrodes were 2.0 mg/L initial concentration, 20.0-min processing time, 7.0 pH, 5.0-V applied voltage and 30 °C temperature. The results demonstrated that zinc–zinc and copper–copper electrodes removed arsenite up to 99.89 and 99.56 %, respectively. The treated water was clear, colorless and odorless without any secondary contamination. There was no change in water quality after the removal of arsenite. The reported method is capable to remove arsenite from water at 6–7 pH range, which is a pH range of natural water. Therefore, this method may be the choice of arsenite removal from natural ground water.     

钽铌钨锡多金属矿分离加工废水处理工艺研究

研究了采用石灰中和＋化学絮凝沉淀、有机复合脱氮剂分质处理钽铌钨锡多金属矿分离加工产生的酸性和碱性废水,氟化物、氨氮去除率可达到99.9%以上,重金属离子去除率可达到99%以上,氨回收率可达到98%以上。该处理工艺可实现废水资源化,回收的稀氨水可返回生产工艺再利用,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

Effects of plants development and pollutant loading on performance of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands

The influent concentration has a great effect on nutrients removal efficiency in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland systems, but treatment performance response to different C: N: P ratios in the influent are unclear at present. At the first growing seasons, the effects of the plants present or not, season, the different C: N: P ratio in influent condition and their interaction on treatment performances were studied in the planted or the unplanted wetlands in greenhouse condition. Each set of units was operated at hydraulic loading rates of 40 L/d. Low, medium and high-strength (100, 200, 400 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand or 20, 40, 80 mg/L total nitrogen) synthetic sewage were applied as influent. According to the first growing season results, the average removal efficiencies for the unplanted and the planted wetlands were as follows: chemical oxygen demand (44–58 % and 55–61 % respectively), total nitrogen (26–49% and 31–54 %) and total phosphorus (36–64 % and 70–83 %). The both wetlands system was operated as an efficient treatment system of highest average removal rates of both chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus when medium-strength synthetic sewage were applied. When high strength synthetic sewage was applied, the planted wetlands usually had a higher nutrients removal rates than the unplanted over the study period. The plants grew well under any high loading treatment over the study period. Anyhow, it also proved that the wetland systems have a good capacity to treat different strength wastewater in greenhouse condition.     

Phosphorus removal in low alkalinity secondary effluent using alum

The alkalinity plays an important role in phosphorus removal using coagulant. The dosage of coagulant in the low alkalinity wastewater is limited due to rapid pH changes. In the present study, a series of jar test was conducted using low alkalinity wastewater (50 mg/L) to evaluate the optimum pH, dosage and performance parameters (slow mixing and settling time) for the common coagulant alum. From the experiment, it was found that the dosage of coagulant and removal of phosphorus depend upon the pH of the wastewater after adding coagulant. The final optimum pH for efficient P removal was found to be within the range of 5.7–5.9. This range acts as an indicator and it is the maximum tolerable pH range for phosphorus removal for low alkalinity wastewater. The optimum time for slow mix and settling was found to be 20 min. The optimum mole ratio of alum to remove one mole of phosphorous was found to be 2.3. The alum coagulation at pH 7 produced effluent with the total residual phosphorus and reactive phosphorus content of 0.3 and 0.9 mg/L, respectively.