气候变暖对河西走廊棉花生长的影响

 利用甘肃省敦煌农业气象观测站1983-2002年的棉花生物资料和气象观测资料，就气候变暖对西北干旱区棉花生长的影响进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：气候变暖使西北干旱区河西走廊绿洲作物棉花的生长季提前，生长期延长，有利于提高棉花的产量。     

富阳县晚稻产量的天气预报模式

水稻生育期大的可分为两期:前期营养生长期和后期生殖生长期。从富阳地区农业气候角度看,营养生长期和生殖生长前期的气候条件比较稳定,我们对几个主要气候因子进行普查也证实了这一点。但由于后期的气候年际变化较大,以及晚稻生理对气候因子的反应比较敏感,因此气候因素直接造成了晚稻产量较大的波动。本文主要列晚稻抽穗扬花期和灌浆期气候因子进行分析,并建立富阳县晚稻产量的天气预报模式。     

江西省棉花生产气象服务决策系统

《江西省棉花生产气象服务决策系统》分五个模块:周年服务、农业气候条件分析、发育期预测、产量预测和基本资料查询.能在棉花生育过程中,根据当前情况及对未来天气估计,提出趋利避害的农事建议,具有预测发育期、预测产量、进行棉花生产的农业气候条件分析以及查询基本的农情资料、气候资料等功能,为有关部门指挥棉花生产提供了先进的手段.该软件结构设计合理,界面友好,操作简单,使用方便.     

1980—2012年汕头市灰霾天气的气候特征

利用汕头市国家基准气候站1980—2012年的气象观测资料,对汕头市灰霾天气气候特征进行分析,找出灰霾天气出现时的主要气象影响因素。结果表明:近33年来,汕头市灰霾日数总体呈现上升趋势;灰霾天气具有明显的季节差异,呈现冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节特征;出现灰霾天气主要以轻微灰霾为主,轻度灰霾次之,没有出现重度灰霾;汕头市共出现176次灰霾天气过程,从20世纪90年代开始连续3 d或以上的灰霾天气过程明显增多,而连续灰霾过程大多持续3~5 d;偏东风向比较容易出现灰霾天气,在较小风速和较高相对湿度的条件下有利于灰霾天气的形成和维持,同时降水量与灰霾呈现明显的负相关性。     

MJO对我国天气气候影响的新事实

在次季节时间尺度上,热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)是全球气候变率的首要模态。MJO不仅对热带天气气候产生直接影响,还能够通过传播和激发大气遥相关等方式对热带外地区产生重要影响,成为目前次季节—季节气候预测最重要的可预报性来源。MJO对于我国天气气候影响的探索由来已久,在很多方面有了显著进展,但仍需深入研究。首先对MJO影响我国天气气候的过往研究进行了回顾,并进一步利用新的观测资料诊断分析,发现了MJO对我国气候影响的一些新事实。初步结论包括:MJO对我国冬季降水的影响主要局限在江南—华南区域,而夏季扩展到南方和青藏高原地区;对冬季气温的影响较大,其范围覆盖了东北、华北以及西部广大区域,而夏季解释方差有所减小,其区域位于除了黄河流域以外的广大地区;在去掉高频噪音后,纯粹MJO信号对我国主要区域气温和降水低频变化的解释方差可接近30%;MJO对我国冬夏季温度降水的影响存在明显滞后效应,应在使用MJO信号进行我国气象要素预报时加以考虑。     

柳州市气象短信综合管理平台的设计与应用

采用Borland? C++? Builder6、SQL语言编程,用Access建立数据库,建立了一个集市局气象短信编制、历史数据及实时数据入库以及县局气象短信的审核操作于一体的柳州市气象短信综合管理平台.数据库包含历史气象短信、分季节、分天气、分种类的短信模板,以及与天气气候相关的养生保健知识、古典诗词以及其他相关的百科知识,平台提供日期智能置换功能,短信模板字数判断功能,关键词模板智能搜索,按日期、按温度、按天气现象历史短信智能搜索,功能强大.     

1971-2010年雅鲁藏布江中游气候生长期变化特征

利用1971-2010年雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地区拉萨、日喀则、泽当和江孜4个站逐日平均气温和降水量资料,分析了该地区气候生长期变化特征。结果表明:(1)雅鲁藏布江中游地区各界限温度气候生长期以5~8 d·(10a)-1的速率增加,其中≥0℃和≥10℃界限温度的气候生长期都增加了30天左右,≥5℃气候生长期增加了20天左右;以稳定通过10℃界限温度来判断,该地区冬半年时间在缩短,夏半年时间在延长。(2)该地区稳定通过各界限温度的初日提前、终日推后,持续天数和活动积温增加趋势显著;≥10℃界限温度的降水量和降水日数增加趋势显著,分别以19 mm·(10a)-1和1.5 d·(10a)-1的速率增加,且在20世纪80年代末发生突变,表明该地区稳定通过10℃界限温度的水热条件显著地向暖湿变化。(3)各界限温度的终日年际变化相对较稳定,其他要素年际变化均处于不稳定状态;年代际变化上,≥10℃界限温度的初日、终日、持续天数以及各界限温度的活动积温保持台阶式变化,其他要素呈波动变化,最小值出现在20世纪80年代。(4)≥10℃界限温度的终日、持续天数和活动积温的变化趋势在20世纪90年代后期出现突变现象,表明≥10℃界限温度的终日显著推后趋势对夏半年的延长贡献最大。     

夜间层状云的观测

云是目测项目中观测比较困难的一个,在没有星月光的夜晚更是困难,不少观测员将层云误记为高层云.应根据云出现的时间、季节以及天气形势、天气条件等来判断:层云常产生在暖湿气团中,多在秋末和冬季出现,持续时间一般较短,较少产生降水,生成和消散都比较突然,多在后半夜到清晨之间出现,日出后消散;高层云多为锋面云系,比较稳定,一天中任何时间都可能出现,多有降水产生.只要掌握住这些特点,就不易错记.     

巴南银针产区茶叶气候适宜性与气候品质评价

气候条件是一个地区是否适宜茶树生长以及茶叶品质优劣的决定因素之一.为揭示重庆市名优茶产品巴南银针的主产区茶树生长的气候优势,本文以巴南银针茶叶产区为研究对象,基于气候条件与气象灾害发生情况统计,分析茶叶种植区气候可行性;综合气象因子对茶树生长与品质形成的影响,分析春茶生长期影响茶树生长与茶叶品质形成的主要气象因子特点;...     

棉花害虫气象预报原理与方法

病虫害每年平均造成我国棉花产量损失15％－20％,严重年份可达30％－50％。新疆过去棉花虫害较轻,但随着近年来棉花种植面积的不断扩大,使得害虫食料日益丰富,再加上冬季气候变暖及化学防治不当等等因素的影响．棉花虫害面积及受害程度加重,虫害已成为限制我区棉花持续发展的重要因素。害虫生存环境条件一般包括气候因亲、土壤因素、生物因素和人为因素,后三个因素在一定区域内相对稳定或可人为控制,因此在一定区域内影响害虫是否发生发展及发生危害的关键是气候条件。在了解害虫发生发展与天气气候关系的基础上,做好棉花害虫气象预…     

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER DEFICIT AND PRODUCTION OF WINTER WHEAT IN NORTH CHINA

The water deficits in different development stages and the whole growing season of winterwheat in North China under climate change scenarios are analyzed based on the meteorological da-ta,crop phenomenon and soil hydrological data of 30 weather stations.The results show that ifthe temperature rises,the potential evapotranspiration and crop maximum transpiration will in-crease 8%-10%;the actual evapotranspiration in whole growing season will increase about 1%-2%;and it seems to decrease in spring.Therefore the water deficit status would deteriorate.Theamount of water deficit in whole growing season would increase 14%-30%,and the water deficitisolines might shift southward with maximum shift distance being 190 km.As a result the climaticsuitability of winter wheat would change,and the variation rate of yield reduction will be 8%-20% of the present value which results in the declining output values.The irrigation amountwould increase 25%-33%,and the agriculture cost might increase owing to additional irrigation.     

准噶尔盆地南缘不同区域棉花气候条件对比分析

兵团农六师棉花种植区域东西跨度大,气候条件存在较大的差异,对本地区棉花生产有一定的影响。东线、中线、西线3个植棉区域以222团、102团和新湖农场为代表,分别对不同区域的气象条件的差异进行分析,评述了不同区域影响棉花生产的主要气象要素,以利于探索不同气候条件下的高产栽培流程和拟定减少气象灾害损失的对策,为今后兵团农六师棉花生产的决策服务提供较科学的依据。     

Growth and yield of rainfed wheat on the seasonally dry Aegean Islands

Summary The effects of water regime on the rate of growth, the growing period and the yield of a winter wheat crop in the summer-dry climate of Aegean Islands are examined. It is shown that wheat growing period is significantly restricted by either, unfavourable weather conditions at planting (coinciding with the start of rains), or by early soil moisture depletion at the end of the wet season. The probability of a successful early planting, which is conditional on a considerable pre-planting rainfall not being following by a long (10-day) dry spell, is estimated by recurrence relationships. Farmers on the driest (south) islands will have a 25% risk for unsuccessful planting before November 14. Evapotranspiration rates, estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation, are optimum for crop growth for about two months after wintering. The growing season on average comes to an end by the end of spring (soon after anthesis), when the available soil moisture. (estimated by a simple water balance equation) drops to zero.The water shortage, especially during the grains-filling period, may reduce yields by up to 75%, depending on the length and severity of the soil moisture deficit at the site. Reliability and distribution of rainfall suggest that the risks of water deficits in rainfed cropping vary across the region. In order to minimise yield losses from crop failures, farmers should adjust areas sown each year according to the date when the wet season starts.With 10 Figures     

The Strong El Ni?o of 2015/16 and Its Dominant Impacts on Global and China's Climate

The oceanic and atmospheric conditions and the related climate impacts of the 2015/16 ENSO cycle were analyzed,based on the latest global climate observational data,especially that of China.The results show that this strong El Nino event fully established in spring 2015 and has been rapidly developing into one of the three strongest El Nino episodes in recorded history.Meanwhile,it is also expected to be the longest event recorded,attributable to the stable maintenance of the abnormally warm conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since spring 2014.Owing to the impacts of this strong event,along with climate warming background,the global surface temperature and the surface air temperature over Chinese mainland reached record highs in 2015.Disastrous weather in various places worldwide have occurred in association with this severe El Nino episode,and summer precipitation has reduced significantly in North China,especially over the bend of the Yellow River,central Inner Mongolia,and the coastal areas surrounding Bohai Bay.Serious drought has occurred in some of the above areas.The El Nino episode reached its peak strength during November-December 2015,when a lower-troposphere anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevailed over the Philippines,bringing about abnormal southerlies and substantially increased precipitation in southeastern China.At the same time,a negative phase of the Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern dominated over the mid-high latitudes,which suppressed northerly winds in North China.These two factors together resulted in high concentrations of fine particulate matter(PM2.5) and frequent haze weather in this region.Currently,this strong El Nino is weakening very rapidly,but its impact on climate will continue in the coming months in some regions,especially in China.     

关于苏联的平流动力分析法在东亚应用的几个问题

自从第一次全国气象技术会议后,苏联的平流动力分析法已开始在国内各预告单位陆续应用起来.中央气象台的预报工作同志在学习苏联的号召下,首先学习平流动力的理论部份,並以“锋生与高空变形场的改变、“气旋与反气旋的发生与发展”、“变压变高的平流动力理论与应用”等书为主要参考文件,同时,我们在日常天气讨论或预告工作中将学习所得的一些规则结合实况试用.     

陕北春季森林火灾气象条件分析

通过对1989~2004年间陕北春季森林火灾发生期气象资料进行研究分析,指出春季2~5月份林火期气候特征、森林火灾易发期天气环流特征,林火的发生与冷空气活动密切相关。在春季森林火灾期地面气象要素也呈现出一定的变化规律。     

青藏高原植物返青期变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于连续的植被指数（NDVI）、气温和降水数据,提取了1982—2009年青藏高原典型台站邻近区域的植物返青期以及0℃和5℃旬均温始期的时序数据,分析了其时空变化特征,探讨了青藏高原冬、春季的气温、降水变化对植物返青期的影响。结果表明：1) 青藏高原典型台站邻近区域植物返青期多年平均值在东西向和南北向上存在显著差异;1982—2009年间,青藏高原典型台站邻近区域植物返青期整体呈提前趋势。2) 青藏高原典型台站0℃和5℃旬均温始期整体呈提前趋势,5℃旬均温始期提前趋势更为显著。3) 青藏高原植物返青期随着冬、春季气温升高和降水增加而提前。与降水相比,返青期与气温的相关程度更高。冬季气温比春季气温对植物返青期的影响更大。     

利用地基双通道微波辐射计遥感青藏高原大气云水特征

利用1997年春季西宁市地基双通道（22．235和35．3GHz)微波辐射计观测的资料，分析了不同月份、不同天气条件下的大气总含水量（V）和云中液态水积分含量（L）的分布规律。结果表明，在相同天气条件下，L值3－5月均呈逐渐递增的趋势，增加幅度一般为20％－40％，V值变化幅度很小；春季高原L值大约只有V的1%。与河北省的资料进行对比后发现，L值基本相当，而V值高原只有平原地区的30％－50％。     

Long-Term Variations in Seasonal Weather Conditions Important to Corn Production in Illinois

An analysis of long-term records ofcorn yields and seasonal weather conditions inIllinois found major temporal shifts and importantspatial variations in the types of seasonal weatherconditions, expressed as the normality of temperatureand rainfall conditions, that create positive andnegative impacts on yields. Nineteen different typesof corn-weather seasons (May–August) occurred during1901–1997, and 9 of these seasons accounted for mostof the high corn yields (top 20 of the 97) and 8seasonal types produced most low yields (lowest 20values). Assessment of the years with either high orlow yields revealed (1) some corn-weather seasonaltypes were uniformly distributed throughout thecentury; (2) others were unevenly time distributed,some occurring only in early decades and others onlyin the last few decades; and (3) certain weather typesvaried regionally. The yield responses to certainseasonal types varied over time, being good early andnot so later, or vice versa. The findings indicatethat time changes in farming practices, cornvarieties, and agricultural technology have alteredhow certain types of growing season weather affectcorn yields. Regional differences in yield outcomesfrom a given set of weather conditions reflect varyingsoil and climate differences across Illinois. Thespatial and temporal differences reveal the importanceof using weather-impact results to define seasonalweather extremes. The kinds of seasons creating highyields predominated during 1901–1910 and 1961–1997,and most seasons creating low yields were concentratedbetween 1911 and 1960. Comparison of the 1901–1997temporal distributions of yield extremes (high andlow) with the temporal distributions of cyclonepassages and the incidence of ENSO conditions thataffect growing season weather conditions revealed agenerally good relationship. The shifting temporalresponses to various kinds of seasonal weatherconditions during the 20th century reveal some ofthe difficulties facing efforts to project realisticand detailed impacts in agriculture from alteredfuture seasonal weather conditions.     

冬季气温急剧升、降日期与东北夏季低温的联系

利用通化市所属5个气象站1954—2006年日平均温度组成的区域平均时间序列资料、季平均温度资料,分析了短期气温的剧烈变化(本文称之为寒潮和气温骤升)与后期季温度异常的关系,结果发现,冬季短期气温的剧烈变化与后期春、夏季气温距平存在联系,表现在一些特定的寒潮(或气温骤升)爆发日期段总是与后期季的高或低温相对应。在一定的年代背景下,一些日期段还与极端季温度距平存在明显的联系。与后期气温异常联系明显的寒潮爆发、气温骤升日期段存在着周期性,与春季低温对应明显的寒潮爆发日期有5 d的时间间隔;与春季低温对应明显的气温骤升的日期存在着9~11 d的周期,且随着日期的变化,爆发日期之间的间隔有规律的延长和缩短。一些寒潮爆发和气温骤升日期与东北夏季低温冷害存在明显的联系。