直流电阻率法在黄河下游地区地下咸水分布研究中的应用

为研究黄河下游惠民地区地下咸水分布特征,在该区域开展了直流电阻率法测量工作。通过电阻率测井确定区内咸水层视电阻率数值分布范围和咸—淡水界面变化特征,以此约束电阻率测深数据的分析,提高对咸水层分布解释的准确率。结果表明：研究区地下咸水层顶界面埋深主要位于20～50 m区间,局部发育至浅地表;咸水层底界面推断埋深主要分布在160～300 m区间,近似NW走向逐渐变浅。经后期水样调查和钻探验证,推测的地下咸水分布特征与实际情况基本一致,表明直流电阻率法在地下咸水分布特征研究中具有较好的应用效果。     

区域地下水流理论最新进展——区域地下水流理论、应用与发展国际研讨会综述

当前世界面临着越来越严重的水资源缺乏等环境压力,大尺度区域地下水资源与环境问题日益得到重视。在区域地下水流理论创立、应用与发展50年之际,由中国地质调查局和国际水文地质学家协会区域地下水流专业委员会主办,西安地质调查中心和中国地质大学(北京、武汉)等单位承办了区域地下水流理论、应用与发展国际学术研讨会。区域地下水流理论创始人Tóth教授以及来自13个国家的160多位水文地质专家从地下水流理论方法、实践应用等方面进行研讨和交流,将对区域地下水流理论的研究起到积极的促进作用,有力推动该理论的进一步发展和实际应用。笔者系统分析梳理了与会者的报告,归纳总结了国际区域地下水流理论研究进展和发展动态,以期为区域地下水流理论更加广泛地应用于水文地质环境地质相关研究领域提供参考。     

地温测量在地热勘查中的应用

地温测量是研究地温场分布最直接的方法。地热热源的强度与分布,直接影响地壳表层土壤温度场的分布,特别是存在热储层、热运移通道等都会使地温场的分布产生异常。在研究区16个民井和32个钻孔中进行地温测量,分析地温场分布状况以及地下热水活动规律,效果明显。结果表明研究区浅孔与深孔地温场平面特征一致,越接近东北角地温越有增加的趋势,而且地温异常区呈NNE向条带状分布,宽度约700 m,与NNE向断裂展布方向一致,地温最高点位于NW向断裂与NNE向断裂交汇处。研究区在纵向上地温分布特征差异性明显,地下热水分布范围较小,具有一定局限性,主要受构造断裂、岩溶发育程度等控制,温度低的地下水大量涌入导致地下水温降低,地温梯度出现异常;这种地温梯度异常现象也说明了研究区地下热水主要储存于灰质白云岩或角砾岩的裂隙溶洞中,裂隙、岩溶成为地下热水良好的运移通道。地温测量方法圈定了研究区地热异常区范围,为进一步勘查地热提供了重要的依据。     

大地电磁测深应用于地热勘探

根据某小区的实际地质情况,使用V5-2000大地电磁测深仪,应用大地电磁法（MT）,对该小区进行了勘探。勘测中使用的频率范围为0.0005493～320Hz,分为两个频段;布极方式为“十、T、L”型,电极距一般为50～150m,利用井旁测深点反演电性分层结果与测区内测线的反演电性分层结果进行对比验证。通过对勘测结果进行解释,掌握了该小区内基底埋深及断裂构造发育情况,分析该区可能有含水的砂岩体存在,并推断地热水赋存深度为2600m。     

重震联合解释技术在新疆罗布泊罗北凹地西部的应用

对库鲁克塔格山前隐伏断陷盆地进行了1/5万的区域重力勘探和5 500 m长的地震剖面测量。抽取与地震同测线的重力剖面,通过重力资料反演得出该断陷盆地第四系最大埋深在1 800 m以上,扩大了寻找钾盐的深度范围;采用Oasis Montaj平台下的重磁模拟解释系统GM-SYS,参考地震资料建立反演初始模型,利用地质资料及LDK01井测得的岩性参数作为约束条件进行重震联合反演解释。对罗北凹地西部第四系地层、基底及断裂有了进一步的认识,减少了重力反演深层构造界面的多解性,为罗布泊深部钾盐资源勘探供了新的参考。     

综合物探法在贵州中部某变质岩区地热勘探中的应用

结合地质、水文地质调查,运用综合物探法在贵州中部变质岩区老坟嘴乡进行地热资源勘探。通过地温测量,确定区域内地温背景值及地温异常分布特征,且与放射性α卡法解释结果相吻合;电阻率法确定区内断裂性质及断层破碎带的分布;瞬变电磁法配合电阻率法进一步查明区内断层性质,确定控制地热水的断层破碎带。根据综合物探法推断结果,成功钻探出地下热水,为在贵州变质岩区地热勘探提供了地质依据。     

磁法考古探测应用机制及其应用效果

对地下文物的磁性通过模拟实验和实际应用研究,系统地阐明了应用磁法探测地下文物的机制、方法、特点和效果.从野外测量、资料处理到成果解释循序渐进地探索了磁法考古的工作方法、技术特点、异常规律和推断解释方法等.通过实例介绍,阐述了可操作性强,宜于推广应用的工作系统;并侧重论述了磁探考古应用的优越性及其应用前景,指出了进一步研究的内容和方向.     

地面磁梯度测量在勘查地下污水管道中的应用

利用在辽宁某地区实测的垂直磁梯度数据,采用欧拉反褶积方法对地下异常情况进行处理和解释。正演研究表明,理论计算获得的磁梯度比实测磁总场的灵敏度高,结合磁梯度数据和欧拉反演方法可以进行较为复杂地形的解释。通过将计算获得的磁梯度异常与实测磁梯度异常对比,后者对地质体的分辨率更高。对地面垂直磁梯度数据进行反演,结果表明:该方法能够准确地确定地下污水管道的边界和埋深。     

地下水流系统理论与研究方法的发展

地下水流系统理论的提出,推动了现代水文地质学的发展。以Tóth经典地下水流系统理论建立方法为基础,综述了基于Tóth方法的地下水流系统的模拟成果,分析了Tóth方法得出的水流模式与控制因素的关系,以及地下水流系统理论从概念到实际应用的发展。同时,对中国地质大学(武汉)提出的地下水流系统通量上边界模拟方法也进行了系统论述,在物理模拟实验与数值模拟基础上,认为通量上边界分析方法是对Tóth方法的改进与完善,有利于对地下水流系统发育的物理机制理解;该方法能够更全面认识地下水流系统模式及其转化,定量出各影响因素对地下水流模式的控制关系。最后指出地下水流系统理论是当代水文地质学的核心概念框架,应该重视地下水流系统理论物理机制和数学模拟方法的研究,加强新技术方法的引入,拓宽其应用领域的研究等。     

电成像与浅层地震联合在浅覆盖区隐伏断层探测中的应用

为了避免单一物探方法在地质反演解释中存在的多解性弊端,本文介绍了以电成像法为主、浅层地震反射波法为辅的综合物探方法对隐伏断层进行探测的应用实例,首先,通过电成像法查找断层破碎带的位置走向,然后利用浅层地震反射波法精确查明断层的产状、性质、位置及断距等地质参数,并对两种方法的探测成果进行综合对比分析,推断该隐伏断层为走向近东西向,倾向近南北向的正断层,断层落差约4.2m,其上断点埋深约17.9m。经钻孔验证表明,电成像与浅层地震联合方法在浅覆盖区隐伏断层探测中具有精确、可靠、经济的优势,该方法具有较强的应用价值。     

基于分布式光纤温度示踪探测裂隙岩体地下水渗流特征

认识深部裂隙岩体中的地下水渗流特征(流速、渗流路径等),是深部地质工程开发建设的重要前提。近年来,分布式光纤测温技术作为识别深部裂隙岩体地下水渗流特征的有效方法,在国外开展了大量的研究,但在国内鲜少见在实际场地开展的相关工作。本研究以我国首个地下实验室场址甘肃北山新场花岗岩岩体中的两个钻孔(BSQ02及BSQ03)为试验对象,开展基于分布式光纤测温(Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing,FO-DTS)的现场温度-水力试验,实现了对钻孔地下水温度的高精度、连续性观测。通过分析现场试验获取的钻孔温度-深度剖面随时间的变化,推断BSQ02在试验过程中存在外源地下水的流入,然后结合钻孔柱状图对钻孔中的入流导水裂隙进行了定位;基于现场观测数据建立了钻孔的渗流-传热耦合数值模型,反演估算出钻孔中地下水平均流速为0.01 m·s-1,通过裂隙流入地下水温度小于钻孔中原地下水温度,两者之间的温度差为0.7 ℃,通过裂隙流入的地下水流速为1×10-5 m·s-1,获取了地下水的渗流特征。该项工作可为基于分布式光纤测温技术的裂隙介质地下水渗流规律研究提供借鉴与指导。     

深基坑降水三维变参数非稳定渗流与地面沉降耦合模型

为了精确模拟预测松散沉积层中深基坑降水引起的地下水渗流场和地面沉降的变化特征,考虑土体孔隙度、渗透系数、储水率随地下水位下降发生的动态变化,建立了深基坑降水三维变参数非稳定渗流与太沙基一维固结理论的地面沉降耦合模型,并采用有限元数值分析方法对模型进行求解。以南京地铁三号线浦珠路站深基坑降水为例进行模拟计算。结果表明：采用15口坑内抽水井,抽水井过滤器埋深为22.0～37.0 m,基坑围护连续墙底部埋深至41.5 m为最优降水方案;不仅使基坑内地下水位满足开挖要求,又使基坑外地面沉降在控制范围内。经验证,所建立的模型合理,计算结果可靠,研究理论用于模拟预测此类地区深基坑降水引起的地下水流场变化具有较高的可信度。     

Vertical variation of heat flow density in the continental crust

Terrestrial heat flow density is a key parameter in understanding the past, present and future development of our planet. Most phenomena studied in deep crustal geophysics are temperature dependent and therefore reliable assesments of deep temperatures are necessary. Most heat flow measurements have been made in drill holes which are shallow (< 1 km) in comparison to the thicknesses of the crust and lithosphere. The recent findings in deep drilling projects (e.g. the Kola deep hole in Russia and the KTB hole in Germany) have yielded results which suggest that there is a distinct contrast between heat flow densities measured in the uppermost 1 km and values measured at deeper levels. The factors contributing to the vertical variation in the uppermost few kilometres are discussed with special emphasis on palaeoclimatic ground surface temperature changes and groundwater circulation in the bedrock.     

Development of an apparatus to measure groundwater qualities in situ and to sample groundwater using boreholes

 To accurately measure the pH, Eh, EC and temperature of groundwater retrieved from boreholes, a deep groundwater sampling apparatus was developed which provided sensory measurements both in situ and in a flow-through cell at ground level. Under a pressure of 1×10⁶ Pa the in situ accuracy of the apparatus sensor was within the following limits: pH ±0.2, temperature ±0.1°C, Eh ±10 mV, and EC ±2.4%. The measuring and sampling of deep groundwater from a borehole of more than 1000 m in depth was performed continuously for 30 days. Values of pH were the same for the in situ sensor, the flow-through cell sensor and the laboratory measurements of the sampled water. At the beginning of the sampling period, Eh values of the in situ sensor indicated deep groundwater conditions. The apparatus is particularly useful for Eh measurement. Chemical composition and stable isotope ratios indicated that the groundwater sampled from more than 1000 m depth was a connate water with a chemical composition slightly different from seawater of the present time, and the groundwater retrieved from 800 m depth was a meteoric water. Natural radioactive elements are thought to be the origin of the tritium in the groundwater retrieved from the 1000 m depth. Received: 6 August 1996 / Accepted: 22 October 1996     

Temperature-driven groundwater convection in cold climates

The aim was to study density-driven groundwater flow and analyse groundwater mixing because of seasonal changes in groundwater temperature. Here, density-driven convection in groundwater was studied by numerical simulations in a subarctic climate, i.e. where the water temperature was <4 °C. The effects of soil permeability and groundwater temperature (i.e. viscosity and density) were determined. The influence of impermeable obstacles in otherwise homogeneous ground was also studied. An initial disturbance in the form of a horizontal groundwater flow was necessary to start the convection. Transient solutions describe the development of convective cells in the groundwater and it took 22 days before fully developed convection patterns were formed. The thermal convection reached a maximum depth of 1.0 m in soil of low permeability (2.71 · 10^?9 m²). At groundwater temperature close to its density maximum (4 °C), the physical size (in m) of the convection cells was reduced. Small stones or frost lenses in the ground slightly affect the convective flow, while larger obstacles change the size and shape of the convection cells. Performed simulations show that “seasonal groundwater turnover” occurs. This knowledge may be useful in the prevention of nutrient leakage to underlying groundwater from soils, especially in agricultural areas where no natural vertical groundwater flow is evident. An application in northern Sweden is discussed.     

Land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Suzhou City,China

Suzhou City, located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in southeastern Jiangsu Province, is one of the few cities in China which suffer from severe ground settlement. A research project was carried out to investigate this problem. Geological and hydrogeological studies show that there is a multi-layered aquifer system with three distinct, soft mud layers of marine and lagoonal origins. An examination of historical records of groundwater extraction, water levels, and ground settlement shows that the ground subsidence is associated with the continuously increasing groundwater extraction in the deep, confined aquifer. It is believed that the consolidation of the soft mud layers, especially the third layer which is thick and close to the main pumped aquifer, contributes to the ground settlement. A three-dimensional finite difference numerical model representing the multi-layered aquifer system was developed to study the ground settlement in response to groundwater extraction. By calibrating the model with both the measured groundwater level and ground settlement, the aquifer parameters were estimated. The model outputs fit reasonably well with the observed results, which indicates that the numerical model can reproduce the dynamic processes of both groundwater flow and soil consolidation. The hydraulic conductivity of the third mud layer near the center of the ground settlement has been reduced by over 30% in the last 14 years. The gradual deterioration in the hydraulic conductivity of the mud may have significant adverse effect on the sustainable groundwater resource of the deep confined aquifer, since the recharge from the shallow aquifers through the mud layer is the only source of water to the deep aquifer. An analysis of the spatial distributions of groundwater drawdown and ground settlement shows that the area with maximum drawdown is not necessarily the area with maximum ground settlement due to the occurrence of the soft mud layer. A simple reallocation in pumping rates on the basis of the spatial distribution of the thick mud layer could significantly reduce the ground settlement. Electronic Publication     

Coastal aquifer system in late Pleistocene to Holocene deposits at Horonobe in Hokkaido,Japan

The groundwater flow systems and chemistry in the deep part of the coastal area of Japan have attracted attention over recent decades due to government projects such as geological disposal of radioactive waste. However, the continuous groundwater flow system moving from the shallow to deep parts of the sedimentary soft rock has not yet been characterized. Therefore, the Cl^–, δD and δ¹⁸O values of the pore water in the Horonobe coastal area in Hokkaido, Japan, were measured to 1,000 m below the ground surface, and a vertical profile of the pore-water chemistry was constructed to assist in elucidating groundwater circulation patterns in the coastal area. The results show that the groundwater flow regime may be divided into five categories based on groundwater age and origin: (1) fresh groundwater recharged by modern rainwater, (2) fresh groundwater recharged by paleo rainwater during the last glacial age, (3) low-salinity groundwater recharged during the last interglacial period, (4) mixed water in a diffusion zone, and (5) connate water consisting of paleo seawater. These results suggest that the appearance of hydrological units is not controlled by the boundaries of geological formations and that paleo seawater is stored in younger Quaternary sediments.     

新郑矿区钻孔地温特征及其受控机制

地温是影响煤炭开采的重要地质因素之一。通过对新郑矿区911钻孔稳态测温及理论分析表明,911孔位于新郑矿区主体构造滹沱背斜的轴部,具有高热流、高梯度的温度分布特征。钻孔的温度分布主要受构造起伏的影响和地下水垂向对流的控制双重作用。矿区构造起伏使来自地壳深部的热流重新分配并向背斜轴部集中,从而导致911孔出现高热流高梯度的温度特征;地下水的垂直对流运动使钻孔的温度分布进一步产生差异性。      

四川广安铜锣山背斜热储性质及地热成因模式

岩溶热储赋存丰富的中-低温地热水,是广安市地热资源勘探和开发的主要目的层。通过地热地质、地球物理、地球化学和环境同位素等方法和手段对广安地区铜锣山背斜热储性质及成因模式进行了探讨。研究结果表明:①区内地温梯度值每百米为1.8～2.0℃,水温为26～42℃,水化学类型为SO₄—Ca·Mg型,属于低温中性热矿水。②氢氧同位素显示地热水的主要补给来源为大气降水,补给高程超过1 100 m,位于区域北部的大巴山一带,具有较远的补给来源及较长的径流途径。③音频大地电磁测深解译成果和2 503 m地热钻井测温曲线揭示,牟家镇刘家沟村地下800～1 100 m存在低阻层和温度拐点,推测为导水断裂带。基于地热钻探认识、物探解译成果、水文地球化学和同位素分析结果,概化其地热成因模式为:大气降水在高隆起背斜槽谷区渗入地下,沿溶隙、管道和构造通道自北向南形成深部径流,吸收岩石热量后成为热水,并于河流深切峡谷地段以天然温泉出露或以地热井形式被人工揭露。此项研究可为广安市地热勘探、开发和利用提供科学依据。