皱纹盘鲍消化道粘膜上皮的扫描电镜研究

皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)隶属腹足纲、前鳃亚纲、原始腹足目、鲍科,是一种珍贵的经济贝类,也是我国北方沿海主要养殖贝类.近年来利用扫描电镜的特点研究动物消化道表面超微结构与其食性、功能的关系已引起高度重视[1-3],但迄今为止对皱纹盘鲍乃至整个鲍科动物消化道扫描电镜的研究国内外未见报道.皱纹盘鲍是一种藻食性动物,与其食性相适应,它的消化道甚长,约相当于体长的3倍,并进化有发达的食道侧囊、嗉囊以及长而迂曲的肠.组织学研究表明皱纹盘鲍消化道粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮[4].     

毛嵌线螺的研究Ⅱ.捕食行为与捕食习性

嵌线螺科(Cymatiidae)为肉食性中腹足类,在其贝壳的前唇有长短不一的水管沟,水管可以由水管沟中伸出,在外形上与草食性腹足类显着不同.嵌线螺的头部有一圆柱形的能大幅伸缩的吻,口位于吻的前端;在吻的基部、食道的上方有一由唾液腺特化而成的腺体,该腺体能分泌酸性或麻痹性物质,该物质对嵌线螺捕食起着重要的辅助作用[1-3].嵌线螺的捕食对象因种类不同而有一些差异,主要有多毛类、海鞘、棘皮动物、甲壳类以及腹足类或瓣鳃类[1,4,5].     

多姿多彩的海洋贝类动物

贝类动物因具贝壳而得名,又因身体柔软被称为软体动物。如果把化石种类计入在内,全世界共有贝类动物14.5万多种,是动物界中仅次于节肢动物的第二大门,包括无板纲、单板纲、多板纲、瓣鳃纲、腹足纲、掘足纲和头足纲等七大类。除瓣鳃纲有淡水种类和腹足纲有淡水、陆栖种类外,这七大纲的贝类都生活在海洋中。     

我国新近引进的一种水产贝类养殖新品种——大瓶螺(Ampullaris gigas Spix)

今年二月,广州市郊区三元里水产科学研究站,从中山市引进了一小批淡水螺,进行养殖试验。这种螺的养殖方法简单易行,繁殖力强,生长快,产量高。经过半年养殖后,即可供应各宾馆品尝。现种苗已经发展到四百多万个,曾供应上海、广西等省培育。螺的肉质爽脆味美,其营养成分经分析含有丰富的蛋白质及多种维生素,实是一种优质的食品。这种螺由广州市郊区科委委托,经我们鉴定是原产亚马孙河的大瓶螺,属:软体动物门Mollusca腹足纲Gastropoda前鳃亚纲Prosobranchia中腹足目Mesogastropoda瓶螺科Ampullariidae瓶螺属Ampullaria,现将其特征描述如下。     

中国近海肋脊螺科的研究Ⅰ

肋脊螺科(Costellariidae)属软体动物腹足纲、前鰓亚纲、新腹足目。以前本科动物大多被列入笔螺科(Mitridae)中的一个亚科,而目前已有一些学者(Cernohorsky,1978)，(Abbott & Dance,1983),( Springsteen & Leobrera,1986)根据它的齿舌和外部形态等特征将它分列为一个独立的科。本科动物在国内尚无人作过系统的研究,仅有一些零星报道。作者根据中国科学院海洋研究所历年调査搜集和全国海洋综合调查的标本,进行了整理、鉴定,初步鉴定出13个种,分隶于1属3亚属,其中6种在中国为首次报道。     

海兔中枢神经系统多肽调控作用研究进展

海免（Aplysia）属于软体动物门（Molluse），腹足纲（Gastropoda），后鳃亚纲（Opisth-obranchia），海兔科（Aplysiidae）。在自然界中，多数来源于不同品种海兔的中枢神经系统（central nervous system，CNS）均由5对神经节和神经连索组成，它们分别是口腔神经节（buccal ganglion，BG）、脑神经节（cerebral ganglion，CG）、侧神经节（pleural ganglion，PLG）、     

杂色鲍裂壳病球状病毒的初步观察

１９９９年以来,广东汕尾地区养殖杂色鲍Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｃｏｌｏｒ出现了“裂壳病”的经电镜观察,发现感染了一种球状病毒,大小为１５０－２２０ｍ,皆存在于细胞质中,细胞核内没有发现病毒。主要侵染鲍的腹足、外套膜、性腺、肝、鳃等部位。病鲍表现为头端壳缘外翻,呼吸孔融合成一条线,活力减弱,身体消瘦,逐渐死亡。     

泥螺消化道内的细菌学分析

泥螺(Ｂｕｌｌａｃｔａｅｘａｒａｔａ)隶属于软体动物门,腹足纲 ,后鳃亚纲,头盾目 ,阿地螺科。其味道鲜美,具有较高的营养价值和经济价值 ,是浙江沿海重要的滩涂养殖品种,至２０００年全省养殖面积已达约１１３００ｈａ。泥螺的生长是以不断吞食周围滩涂中的涂泥和底栖藻类等为营养基础 ,已知滩涂沉积物及动植物碎屑中所含有的微生物从事着大量的转化和分解工作［４］,它们在泥螺体内又会怎样呢 ?为探索泥螺的消化生理功能及与养殖、病害和防治的关系,本文从泥螺消化道内的细菌菌群组成与功能研究入手作初步分析。关于贝类体内的细菌学调查…     

贝类的性变与繁殖

贝类的性变贝类动物多为雌雄异体,但雌雄同体种类也相当普遍。在雌雄异体种类中,因多数为雌雄同形即两性第二性征不明显,很难根据外部性征识别雌雄,只有少数种类为雌雄异形即两性第二性征比较鲜明,故可根据外部性征鉴别雌雄。雌雄同体种类在无板纲,瓣鳃纲和腹足纲中十分普遍。如无板纲的新月贝科,瓣鳃纲的扇贝、无齿蚌、球蚬、豌豆蚬、孟达格蛤、内寄蛤、砗磲、船蛆、孔     

青海湖裸鲤的无机元素

１９８９年５月及１０月测定青海湖主要经济鱼类青海湖裸鲤Ｇｙｍｎｏｃｙｐｒｉｓ ｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ ｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ（Ｋｅｓｓｌｌｅｒ）不同性别，９种组织中的人体及动物必需常量元素６种，微量元素１０种的含量。存在不同组织、性别、季节及年份的差异。雌鱼常量元素总量是骨＞鳞＞鳃＞肝＞肌肉＞肠＞心＞卵巢＞皮；微量元素总量肠＞鳞＞心＞鳃＞骨＞肝＞皮＞卵巢＜肌肉。雄鱼常量元素总量是骨＞鳞＞鳃＞皮＞精     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.