Alkali amphiboles from Late Archean gneiss of the Wuhe Group. Anhui, Central China——not an indication of high P/T metamorphism

在中国中部晚太古代五河群的碱性片麻岩中,曾报导有蓝色角闪石和硬玉的存在,并且认为它们是与安徽张八岭群同期的高压变质矿物。本文作者经过对岩石和矿物成分的详细研究,证实五河群中的碱性角闪石+锥辉石+斜长石+黑云母+石英±钠长石±赤铁矿等矿物组合是典型的角闪岩相变质矿物组合,这些碱性角闪石的核部是岩浆岩成因的镁钠铁闪石,其边部是角闪岩相变质成因的镁钠闪石,这些碱性闪石的Al_2O_3含量特别低,而FeO和Fe_2O_3含量很高,它们与张八岭群的青铝闪石在化学成分上差别很大。五河群片麻岩中的钠质辉石是很纯的锥辉石而没有硬玉组分。从含大量微斜长石的矿物组合、蓝色角闪石的矿物成分、低硬玉质的钠辉石和估算的温度和压力条件来看,我们认为五河群的片麻岩并不是高压蓝闪片岩相的变质产物。此外,以前关于五河群和中国中部其他变质岩中(如张八岭群)有关硬玉的报导中所发表的电子探针和化学分析资料与辉石的化学分子式不符,我们的岩石学研究也没有证实硬玉的存在。     

河南窑场铁矿床成因矿物学研究及其地质意义

窑场铁矿床位于河南鲁山地区,大地构造位置属于华北陆块南缘,控矿地层为太华群铁山岭组,主要矿体共有两个,主要有辉石铁英岩和角闪石铁英岩组成,夹有少量的黑云角闪片岩、大理岩和花岗质混合岩,主要的矿石矿物为磁铁矿(30%～35%),少量赤铁矿(5%)和镜铁矿(3%)。脉石矿物有石英、角闪石、辉石、石榴子石等。围岩的组成包括黑云辉石岩、黑云角闪岩、黑云角闪片岩、黑云片岩、角闪黑云变粒岩、大理岩及少量的花岗质混合岩。矿石中的角闪石均属于镁角闪石,辉石有富铁透辉石、斜铁辉石,磁铁矿以纯磁铁矿为特征;围岩中的角闪石属于镁角闪石和纯镁闪石,辉石主要为透辉石,黑云母为镁质黑云母,伴有少量金云母,石榴子石以铁铝榴石为主,含有镁铝榴石、钙铝榴石分子。化学成分分析显示本区的变质相达角闪岩相,估算其变质的压力范围为0.36GPa～0.74GPa。与典型华北陆块前寒武纪铁矿床对比,窑场铁矿床的矿物组合、变质等级以及沉积相类型均与新太古代的条带状铁建造相似。磁铁矿高Ni、低Co的特点表明其成矿来源与深部物质有关。     

翡翠的矿物组成对其质量的影响

翡翠的质量主要取决于它的颜色和结构,就颜色而言,主要取决于其中的矿物组成和化学成分。翡翠主要由辉石族矿物、闪石族矿物、长石族矿物等组成。其中辉石族的矿物如硬玉、霓石、钠铬辉石、钙铁辉石,它们的存在和数量的多少及化学成分的变化对翡翠的质量影响很大。另外,闪石族矿物使悲翠的颜色偏暗,部分飘蓝花,直接影响翡翠的质量。     

小莱河麻粒岩相铁建造的矿物组合—变质过程p、T变化的探讨

小莱河太古宙麻粒岩相铁建造的矿物组合有：①斜方辉石（Fs87）＋钙铁辉石＋石英＋磁铁矿±莱河矿；②铁闪石＋铁浅闪石质角闪石＋石英＋磁铁矿＋碳酸盐±Fe－镁川石（云辉闪石）。辉石的出溶显示了它形成的不同阶段：片晶发育的OpxⅡ－CpxⅡ是最后稳定产物，计算的平衡温度是742℃，按相图获得的压力是7×108～7．8×108Pa；钙铁辉石中“001”片晶是易变辉石片晶转变的，Opx－Cpx－Pig（片晶）阶段据相图推测可能形成于近820℃，8×108Pa的条件下。原始均一相的OpxⅠ－CpxⅠ阶段矿物成分按估算的片晶含量计算，它们的形成温度接近820℃，可能的压力范围是11×108～13×108Pa。由此得到ITD型麻粒岩相p－T－t轨迹。莱河矿无氧化成因的证据，认为它是在麻粒岩相条件下生成的。云辉闪石的Si—O链重复周期是3×，其Fe／（Fe＋Mg）＝0．85，是接近富铁端元的Fe－镁川石，它与闪石一起在640到近700℃条件下交代了辉石。     

河北平泉光头山碱性花岗岩中的钠铁非石

碱性花岗岩一般以含钠质镁铁硅酸盐矿物为特征,但光头山碱性花岗岩中除钠铁闪石和霓辉石外,还有钢铁非石。钠铁非石是一种三斜晶系的富钛、铁、铀的单链非辉石类硅酸盐矿物,通常和钠质辉石共生。和钠质角门石、钠质辉石一样,钠铁非石也是一种碱性指示矿物,只是比较少见。过碱性岩浆岩中是否出现钢铁非石,主要受岩浆的温度、氧逸度和成分的控制。钠铁非石形成于过碱性岩浆演化的晚期阶段。     

陕西柞木沟铁矿矿物学、成矿年代学特征及对矿床成因的指示意义

柞木沟铁矿床为北大巴山地区的钛磁铁矿矿床。矿区赋矿岩体为辉绿岩,主要矿物组成为单斜辉石、长石、角闪石、黑云母、钛磁铁矿和钛铁矿等。文中利用电子探针对柞木沟矿床内部典型矿石矿物组成研究发现,单斜辉石主要为普通辉石,角闪石为镁绿钙闪石和阳起石,黑云母主要为铁质黑云母,少量为镁质黑云母。柞木沟铁矿床赋矿辉绿岩母岩浆具有高碱(K2O+Na2O含量3.56％～4.79％)、高钛(TiO2含量3.50％～5.58％)特征,指示其为碱性系列岩浆。单斜辉石平衡温度为1 138～1 167 ℃,铁钛氧化物形成温度为781～808 ℃,氧逸度(lgf(O2))为-14.15～-14.36,黑云母结晶温度分为600～650 ℃和～700 ℃两个区间,氧逸度介于NNO与MH之间。矿石内部锆石SHRIMP U Pb测年结果为(437.9±3.7) Ma,与区域不含矿岩体年龄一致,说明二者为同期岩浆作用产物。矿体赋存于岩体中、矿体与含矿辉绿岩围岩呈渐变过渡关系、磁铁矿的岩浆成因、磁铁矿的矿物化学特征及氧同位素组成特征共同指示柞木沟矿床为典型岩浆矿床。北大巴山地区早古生代晚期的拉张作用,导致深部的岩浆上升并在浅部快速就位,早期结晶出少量铁钛氧化物;随着温度降低,辉石、长石、角闪石等铁镁硅酸盐矿物开始结晶,进而包含早期结晶的铁钛氧化物。岩浆的氧逸度逐渐升高以及后期富铁质流体的注入导致铁钛氧化物大量结晶,最终完成该区的成矿作用。     

缅甸玉石中的钠铬辉石,硬玉及其共生矿物的研究

提出缅甸各种玉石中硬玉及其共生矿物的物理、光学Ｘ坶数据。硬玉玉石为单矿物或多矿物结晶质集合体。在多矿物集合体中，硬玉与浅闪石、钠透闪石、透闪石、钠铬辉石和顽火辉石最紧密地共生。钠长硬玉基本上由钠铬辉石和含或有时不含闪石类或顽火辉石的铬铁矿／镁铬铁矿组成，但没有纯的硬玉。     

内蒙古白云鄂博地区交代作用与成矿作用的硅酸盐成因矿物学研究

白云鄂博铁铌稀土矿床位于内蒙古自治区中部白云鄂博区,由主矿、东矿和西矿3个矿段构成一条长18km、宽2～3km的狭长矿带。矿区内白云岩和碳酸岩发育。矿区东南部分布着大面积的海西期中粗粒黑云母花岗岩.该矿床的一个重要特征是氟、钠和钾的交代作用发育,形成一系列具矿化指示意义的碱性硅酸盐矿物:碱性角闪石（钠闪石、钠铁闪石、镁钠闪石和镁钠铁闪石）、霓辉石、金云母、黑云母及碱性长石.本文通过对硅酸盐矿物的成因矿物学的研究。得出如下结论。 （1）矿区碱性角闪石既有沉积成因,也有碱性岩浆成因。根据成分把碱性角闪石分为5类,与矿化相关的是Ⅰ类碱性岩浆热液成因的钠闪石和钠铁闪石（M值小,为0.0008～0.111）及与沉积作用有关的热液蚀变产生的Ⅲ类镁钠闪石和镁钠铁闪石,后者与铁矿化关系尤其密切。 （2）本区金云母的特殊反多色性可能指示本区交代作用的流体与幔源有关;碱性长石的高含镁量以及本区富镁的白云岩地层发育说明产生碱交代的流体具外生热液性质。所以与矿化密切相关的碱交代的流体为内生热液和外生热液的混合体。     

云南中甸地区浪都矽卡岩型铜矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征

浪都矽卡岩型铜矿床位于义敦岛弧南段的中甸岛弧。该矿床矽卡岩矿物有辉石、石榴石、角闪石、绿帘石和绿泥石等。本文利用电子探针对该矿床中主要矽卡岩矿物的化学成分进行测试,结果表明石榴石成分变化于Ad57-94Gr6-41Al1-3之间,为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石固溶体系列,以钙铁榴石为主;辉石端元组分为Hd78-92Di3-12Jo5-9,以钙铁辉石为主。在钙质矽卡岩中广泛发育铁闪石、铁阳起石、绿帘石、方解石等矿物共生矿物研究表明浪都矽卡岩形成环境经历了早期相对高温、氧化的碱性环境到晚期相对低温、还原的酸性环境。     

东秦岭北部富碱侵入岩的主要矿物组成

在秦岭富碱侵入岩主要集中分布在陕西省洛南与河南省卢氏－确山一带，岩石类型有碱性岩、碱性花岗岩和石英长岩三大类。电子探针测定结果表明，岩石中的暗色矿物辉石类主要为霓辉石和霓石，角闪石类主要为钙质浅闪石、阳起石质闪石、镁质角闪石、钠钙质绿闪石、黑云母类主要为铁云母和金云母。浅色矿物化学及碱性长石粉晶X射线衍射研究表明，长石类主要为富K端员的微粒长石和最大微斜长石，少量钠长石，极少Na-Ca系列的斜长石。霞石类主要为钾霞石和钙霞石。     

Origin of garnet in the basic granulites around Saltora,W. Bengal,India

Garnetiferous basic granulites occur, as parts of hornblende-pyroxene- and pyroxene granulites, in a Precambrian terrain around Saltora. The chemistry of the garnetiferous basic granulites is broadly similar to that of the hornblende-pyroxene granulites, their immediate precursors, but in detail they have distinctly higher Fe/Mg ratios. The compositions of the major mafic silicates of the garnetiferous varieties do not reflect higher pressures of formation: the Jd/Ts ratios in calcic pyroxenes are similar to those from the non-garnetiferous varieties, and the pyrope contents of garnets are low. Exchange equilibrium in respect of major elements was established among the mafic silicates in spite of garnets being late overprints. The orthopyroxene — calcic pyroxene pairs from the garnetiferous granulites show lower values of K _D(Mg-Fe) ^opx-cpx than those from the non-garnetiferous granulites, pointing to lower temperature of equilibration. The K _D(Mg-Fe) ^opx-hbl K _D(Mg-Fe) ^cpx-hbl relations show that the more magnesian triads equilibrated at lower temperatures; viewed against experimental data regarding the effect of Mg/Fe ratios on the appearance of garnets in basic rocks, formation of garnets by cooling is strongly indicated. Several intergrowth textures, especially garnet-ilmenite and garnet-quartz (±albite) symplectites, and modal relations argue in favour of composite reactions of the type hornblende+ quartz-→calcic pyroxene+garnet+albite+H₂O, which couple hornblende breakdown reactions with orthopyroxene+anorthite→garnet reactions. The approximate range of pressure and temperature conditions, estimated from experimental data, are 6–8.5 kb and 750–830° C. Since garnets formed by cooling in iron-rich granulites, the garnetiferous granulites do not represent higher pressure subfacies of the granulite facies.     

Distribution of Mg and Fe in cummingtonite-hornblende and cummingtonite-actinolite pairs from metamorphic assemblages

The atomic fractions Mg/(Mg + Fe) and the Mg-Fe distribution coefficient $$K_{{\text{D}}{\text{.Mg - Fe}}}^{{\text{Ca - am - Cum}}} \left( { = \tfrac{{[{\text{Mg/Fe]}}_{{\text{Ca - am}}} }}{{{\text{[Mg/Fe]}}_{{\text{Cum}}} }}} \right)$$ are calculated for 31 metamorphic cummingtonite-hornblende pairs. Data on 21 pairs are taken from the litterature, and new electron microprobe analyses and structural formulae are presented of nine pairs from Tydal, Sör-Tröndelag, Norway, and of one pair from Cooma, N.S.W., Australia (cf. Kisch, 1969). The electron microprobe methods used are described, particularly the use of mineral standards, and the variation of the mass absorption in substitution series. The hornblendes from the Tydal pairs are markedly pargasitic in composition, and contain minor proportions of the cummingtonite “molecule”. The Mg-Fe distributions in the cummingtonite-hornblende pairs — as plotted on a [Mg/(Mg + Fe)]_Ca-am vs. [Mg/(Mg + Fe)]_Cum diagram (Fig. 3) — differ significantly from the Mg-Fe distribution curve for cummingtonite-actinolite pairs from Quebec (Mueller, 1961). Whereas the actinolites have markedly higher Mg/Fe ratios than the co-existing cummingtonites (K _D.Mg-Fe ^Ca-am-Cum ≈ 1.5–2.0), the cummingtonite-hornblende pairs diverge towards lower values from the distribution coefficient. In most of the metamorphic cummingtonite-hornblende pairs — including the nine pairs from Tydal — the Mg/Fe ratio of the hornblende is lower than in the co-existing cummingtonite, i.e K _D.Mg-Fe ^Ca-am-Cum <1. A relation appears to exist between the Mg-Fe distribution and the Al content of the calcic amphibole phase. This is believed to be due to the non-random distribution of Al^Y among the octahedral lattice sites: in hornblende Al^VI enters the M ₁+M₃ positions, in which Mg is preferred over Fe, rather than M ₂, in which Fe is preferred (Ghose, 1965). Since the cummingtonites remain Al-poor, the over-all Mg/Fe ratio in the hornblende is reduced relative to the co-existing cummingtonite as a result. The variations of the Mg-Fe distribution in the cummingtonite-hornblende pairs can also be related directly to the presence and composition of the plagioclase and other Al-rich phases in the metamorphic mineral assemblage. In any range of Mg/Fe ratios, the cummingtonite-hornblende pairs associated with oligoclase have lower distribution coefficients (0.61–0.81; 12 pairs) than those associated with calcic plagioclase or plagioclase-free assemblages (0.97 to 1.89; 6 pairs); the pairs associated with andesine have intermediate Mg-Fe distributions (0.74–1.15; 6 pairs).     

An experimental study of Fe-Mg partitioning between olivine and orthopyroxene at 1173, 1273 and 1423 K and 1.6 GPa

The partitioning of Mg and Fe²⁺ between coexisting olivines and orthopyroxenes in the system MgO-FeO-SiO₂ has been investigated experimentally at 1173, 1273, 1423 K and 1.6 GPa over the whole range of Mg/Fe ratios. The use of barium borosilicate as a flux to promote grain growth, and the identification by back-scattered electron imaging of resulting growth rims suitable for analysis by electron microprobe, results in coexisting olivine and orthopyroxenene compositions determined to a precision of±0.003 to 0.004 in molar Fe/(Mg+Fe). Quasi-reversal experiments were performed starting with Mg-rich olivine and Fe-rich orthopyroxene (low K_D) and vice versa (high K_D), which produced indistinguishable results. The distribution coefficient, K_D, depends on composition and on temperature, but near Fe/(Mg+Fe)=0.1 (i.e. mantle compositions) these effects cancel out, and K_D is insensitive to temperature. The results agree well with previous experimental investigations, and constrain the thermodynamic mixing properties of Mg-Fe olivine solid solutions to show small near-symmetric deviations from ideality, with between 2000 and 8000 J/mol. Multiple non-linear least squares regression of all data gave a best fit with (implying 5450 J/mol at 1 bar) and , but the two W _G parameters are so highly correlated with each other that our data are almost equally well fit with , as obtained by Wiser and Wood. This value implies , apparently independent of temperature. Our experimental results are not compatible with the assessment of olivine-orthopyroxene equilibria of Sack and Ghiorso.     

Fe–Mg interdiffusion rates in clinopyroxene: experimental data and implications for Fe–Mg exchange geothermometers

Chemical interdiffusion of Fe–Mg along the c-axis [001] in natural diopside crystals (X _Di = 0.93) was experimentally studied at ambient pressure, at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1,200 °C and oxygen fugacities from 10^?11 to 10^?17 bar. Diffusion couples were prepared by ablating an olivine (X _Fo = 0.3) target to deposit a thin film (20–100 nm) onto a polished surface of a natural, oriented diopside crystal using the pulsed laser deposition technique. After diffusion anneals, compositional depth profiles at the near surface region (~400 nm) were measured using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. In the experimental temperature and compositional range, no strong dependence of D ^Fe–Mg on composition of clinopyroxene (Fe/Mg ratio between Di₉₃–Di₆₅) or oxygen fugacity could be detected within the resolution of the study. The lack of fO₂-dependence may be related to the relatively high Al content of the crystals used in this study. Diffusion coefficients, D ^Fe–Mg, can be described by a single Arrhenius relation with $$D^{{{\text{Fe}} - {\text{Mg}}}} = 2. 7 7\pm 4. 2 7\times 10^{ - 7} {\text{exp(}}-3 20. 7\pm 1 6.0{\text{ kJ}}/{\text{mol}}/{\text{RT)m}}^{ 2} /{\text{s}}.$$ D ^Fe–Mg in clinopyroxene appears to be faster than diffusion involving Ca-species (e.g., D ^Ca–Mg) while it is slower than D ^Fe–Mg in other common mafic minerals (spinel, olivine, garnet, and orthopyroxene). As a consequence, diffusion in clinopyroxene may be the rate-limiting process for the freezing of many geothermometers, and compositional zoning in clinopyroxene may preserve records of a higher (compared to that preserved in other coexisting mafic minerals) temperature segment of the thermal history of a rock. In the absence of pervasive recrystallization, clinopyroxene grains will retain compositions from peak temperatures at their cores in most geological and planetary settings where peak temperatures did not exceed ~1,100 °C (e.g., resetting may be expected in slowly cooled mantle rocks, many plutonic mafic rocks, or ultra-high temperature metamorphic rocks).     

Influence of oxygen partial pressure on the Mg/Fe distribution in olivines

The dependence of Mg/Fe ordering on oxygen partial pressure in natural olivine crystals of volcanic origin has been studied by X-ray diffraction. Two natural crystals with 10% and 12% fayalite have been investigated and the atomic positions, anisotropic temperature factors, extinction coefficients and site occupancies have been refined, reaching R-values of 2.2%. After subjecting the crystals to oxygen partial pressures of 10^?16 bar and 10^?21 bar the crystals were studied again. In total six crystals were studied and the distribution coefficients K _D determined. The natural untreated crystals had K _D=1.09 and 1.06, e.g., a slight preference of Fe in (M1). p(O₂) of 10^?16 bar increased the ordering of Fe in (M1) to K _D=1.2, while p(O₂)=10^?21 bar reversed K _D to 0.8 with ordering of Fe in (M2). These experiments suggest that Mg/Fe ordering in olivines is primarily determined by the prevailing oxygen partial pressure.     

A garnet–hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, Southern California

Abstract A garnet–hornblende Fe–Mg exchange geothermometer has been calibrated against the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer of Ellis & Green (1979) using data on coexisting garnet + hornblende + clinopyroxene in amphibolite and granulite facies metamorphic assemblages. Data for the Fe–Mg exchange reaction between garnet and hornblende have been fitted to the equation. In K_D=Δ (X_Ca,g) where K_D is the Fe–Mg distribution coefficient, using a robust regression approach, giving a thermometer of the form: with very satisfactory agreement between garnet–hornblende and garnet–clinopyroxene temperatures. The thermometer is applicable below about 850°C to rocks with Mn-poor garnet and common hornblende of widely varying chemistry metamorphosed at low a_O2. Application of the garnet–hornblende geothermometer to Dalradian garnet amphibolites gives temperatures in good agreement with those predicted by pelite petrogenetic grids, ranging from 520°C for the lower garnet zone to 565–610°C for the staurolite to kyanite zones. These results suggest that systematic errors introduced by closure temperature problems in the application of the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer to the ‘calibration’data set are not serious. Application to ‘eclogitic’garnet amphibolites suggests that garnet and hornblende seldom attain Fe–Mg exchange equilibrium in these rocks. Quartzo-feldspathic and mafic schists of the Pelona Schist on Sierra Pelona, Southern California, were metamorphosed under high pressure greenschist, epidote–amphibolite and (oligoclase) amphibolite facies beneath the Vincent Thrust at pressures deduced to be 10±1 kbar using the phengite geobarometer, and 8–9kbar using the jadeite content of clinopyroxene in equilibrium with oligoclase and quartz. Application of the garnet–hornblende thermometer gives temperatures ranging from about 480°C at the garnet isograd through 570°C at the oligoclase isograd to a maximum of 620–650°C near the thrust. Inverted thermal gradients beneath the Vincent Thrust were in the range 170 to 250°C per km close to the thrust.     

Partition of trace elements in co-existing biotite,muscovite and potassium feldspar of granitic rocks,northern Portugal

Chemical analyses are given for Na, K, and trace elements of muscovite and potassium feldspar of granitic rocks. The distribution of trace elements in co-existing minerals suggests that equilibrium was attained and that muscovite is a primary mineral. These observations and the comparison of the trace-element chemistry of megacrysts and groundmass potassium feldspars of porphyritic rock types lead to the conclusion that the megacrysts are in face phenocrysts which crystallized in equilibrium with the other minerals of the rock.The ranges of values of the distribution coefficients K_D(Rb/K) and K_D(Cs/K) in mineral pairs confirm other observations on the equilibrium among various minerals. However, application of experimental data on the temperature effect on K_D leads to results conflicting with the petrologic observations. The possible influence of other factors on K_D is analyzed and among these factors the composition of the feldspar and the solidus-liquidus temperature interval may play a dominant role.     

Mg-Fe partitioning between biotite and a supercritical chloride solution

An experimental study of the partitioning of Mg and Fe between synthetic biotite and an aqueous chloride solution in the supercritical region as a function of temperature, pressure and concentration of Mg and Fe is reported. In the temperature range 500°–700° C and the pressure range 25–200 MPa, the Mg-Fe distribution between biotite and the chloride solution can be described by distribution curves based on the ideal solution model within a data scattering of 8%. Mg is preferentially partitioned into biotite, and Fe prefers the solution. This tendency is enhanced with increasing temperature. The distribution constants for the Mg-Fe exchange reactions in the system K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂-(Mg,Fe)Cl₂-KCl-H₂O have been determined. The present data favor a model in which the activity of Fe and Mg in biotite is close to the mole fraction at temperatures above 500° C. Comparison of the Mg-Fe partitioning between biotite-chloride solution and olivine-chloride solution reveals a slight enrichment of Fe in olivine relative to biotite.     

Chemical mineralogy of some cordierite-bearing rocks near Yellowknife,Northwest Territories,Canada

Meta-graywacke and meta-argillite of Archean age near Yellowknife contain biotite, cordierite, gedrite and sillimanite isograds towards the Sparrow Lake granite pluton. The chemistry of biotite, cordierite, gedrite and garnet in rocks that up-grade from the cordierite isograd indicate a small range of chemical composition, particularly with reference to Mg, Fe and Mn. The analyses show further that among the coexisting ferromagnesian minerals Fe/Fe+ Mg ratio decreases in the sequence: garnet, gedrite, biotite, cordierite while Mn/Fe+Mg+Mn ratio decreases in the sequence garnet, gedrite, cordierite, biotite. The same order is also observed in the distribution diagrams. The regular distribution of Mg, Fe and Mn among the coexisting phases demonstrate that chemical equilibrium was attained and preserved in these Archean rocks. Mg-Fe distribution between cordierite and biotite appears to be dependent on the temperature of crystallization or metamorphic grade.     

Pressure effect on the divalent cation distribution in nonideal solid solution of forsterite and fayalite

The divalent cation distribution in olivine (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ under high pressure and temperature was studied to clarify the detailed state of olivine in the mantle. Single crystal samples were heated for a sufficient period of time for the cations to migrate and quenched fast enough to preserve the equilibrated state under high pressures, and the crystal structure was determined with X-ray method. The pressure effect on the distribution coefficient K _D[= (Fe/Mg) _M1/(Fe/Mg) _M2] was determined for the first time; dK _D/dP?0.02 GPa^?1. A set of five thermodynamic parameters required to describe the regular solution model was determined from data concerning the pressure dependence and the known temperature and compositional effects. As a result we have shown how K _D depends on pressure, temperature, and composition. The notable feature clarified is the very large contribution of nonideality in the olivine solid solution. The K _D of olivine crystals in the mantle is predicted; K _D increases to ～ 2.2 at the depth of 400 km, in contrast to 0.9 ～ 1.2 of natural samples available at the surface of the Earth.