西昌市泸山地区典型火后泥石流特征与成因机制研究——以响水沟左岸3~#支沟为例

2020年3月30日,四川省凉山州西昌市经久乡发生森林大火,山火燃烧后形成的山火灰和烧焦土体在强降雨作用下极易启动形成泥石流,给西昌市泸山、琼海景区生态环境及当地百姓生命财产安全带来潜在地质灾害风险。以西昌市安哈镇响水沟左岸3~#支沟为例,采用野外调查、无人机航拍、地球物理探测、现场及室内实验等手段,对2020年5月1日该沟发生的火后泥石流流体特征、动力学参数及成因机制等开展研究,系统分析了山火及降雨过程对该次火后泥石流形成的影响机制。该成果可为系统认识西昌泸山"3·30"山火地区火后泥石流的运动特征、物源规模、激发雨量及其发展趋势研判提供科学参考。     

西昌市泸山地区典型火后泥石流特征与成因机制研究——以响水沟左岸3#支沟为例

2020年3月30日,四川省凉山州西昌市经久乡发生森林大火,山火燃烧后形成的山火灰和烧焦土体在强降雨作用下极易启动形成泥石流,给西昌市泸山、琼海景区生态环境及当地百姓生命财产安全带来潜在地质灾害风险。以西昌市安哈镇响水沟左岸3^#支沟为例,采用野外调查、无人机航拍、地球物理探测、现场及室内实验等手段,对2020年5月1日该沟发生的火后泥石流流体特征、动力学参数及成因机制等开展研究,系统分析了山火及降雨过程对该次火后泥石流形成的影响机制。该成果可为系统认识西昌泸山“3·30”山火地区火后泥石流的运动特征、物源规模、激发雨量及其发展趋势研判提供科学参考。     

四川西昌邛海第四纪盆地成因的探讨

一、前言四川省西昌邛海盆地为一第四纪构造盆地,呈北北西向的不规则长方形展布,长约15公里,宽约5—6公里,盆地的中、南部为邛海湖所占据。邛海是一面积约31平方公里的淡水湖,湖岸线长约35公里,最大水深达30余米。     

四川螺髻山地区某些混杂堆积物的成因探讨

螺髻山位于四川西昌以南约15km,该山东侧山麓的邛海—普格断陷谷地内的则木河和鹅掌河分水之处,由于新构造运动的抬升和第四纪以来气候环境变化的影响,形成横亘谷地的梁形地貌,称为大(?)梁子。大(?)梁子系成因不同的沉积物所组成,从而成为第四纪研究者们比较关注的地方。1965年,西南第四纪冰川考察队依据螺髻山东侧大(?)梁子—邛海一带不同时期的混杂堆积物划分出三次冰期,将第一冰期归为早更新世初期,第二冰期归为中更新世中后期,第三、四冰期属何时代本文未作详细说明。近年来,又有研究者认为“邛海以南,鹅掌谷地中一些呈舌状堆积物”为“冰川终碛垄”,并将所发现的紫灰色泥砾、红色泥砾和黄褐色泥砾三种不同特点、不同时代的古     

四川攀西螺髻山第四纪冰川作用遗迹与冰期系列

螺髻山是我国最东一个有多次古冰川作用而无现代冰川作用的山地,是研究我国东部第四纪冰期历史的理想场所。 螺髻山位于川西山地南部,凉山州首府西昌以南10km处,是一个南北长约80km,东西宽约30km的山脉单一的山地,主峰海拔4359m,比邻近山地如贡嘎山、玉龙山、牦牛山山地的现代雪线高度(4900—5000m)要低近500—600m。 螺髻山西临安宁河断陷谷地(海拔1200m),相对高差3150m左右;东邻邛海普格断裂谷地(海拔1500m左右),相对高差2800m左右。组成螺髻山的岩石主要是震旦系列古六砂岩、白云质灰岩、凝灰岩等,走向多近南北向和北西向,主要断裂方向也大致如此。     

泸(定)石(棉)高速公路沿线地质灾害类型及成因

泸石高速公路位于四川省雅安市和甘孜州境内,公路沿线地质条件复杂,地质灾害类型多,形成原因复杂,对公路的修建和运行构成危害。为了提高道路安全,在大量实地调查和资料整理的基础上,分析了泸石路地质灾害的类型、成因并提出了相应防治对策。结果表明:1泥石流、滑坡是泸石路的主要地质灾害类型,但崩塌也是不可忽视的地质灾害;2地形地貌、地层岩性等地质环境因素和人类工程活动是公路沿线地质灾害发育的主要成因;3针对不同的地质灾害类型,提出了针对性的防治对策。     

泸(定)石(棉)高速公路沿线地质灾害类型及成因

泸石高速公路位于四川省雅安市和甘孜州境内,公路沿线地质条件复杂,地质灾害类型多,形成原因复杂,对公路的修建和运行构成危害。为了提高道路安全,在大量实地调查和资料整理的基础上,分析了泸石路地质灾害的类型、成因并提出了相应防治对策。结果表明:1泥石流、滑坡是泸石路的主要地质灾害类型,但崩塌也是不可忽视的地质灾害;2地形地貌、地层岩性等地质环境因素和人类工程活动是公路沿线地质灾害发育的主要成因;3针对不同的地质灾害类型,提出了针对性的防治对策。     

基于地质建造的西南山区生态地质编图探索与实践——以邛海—泸山地区为例

地质作用是形成区域生态环境格局的重要驱动力之一,岩石圈表层地质建造是土壤圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈的载体,制约着地形地貌、水文地质、土壤物理化学性质以及地质灾害等生态地质条件,进而对整体的生态平衡起着重要的作用。生态地质研究在于探索生态环境与地质条件之间的联系,从地质学的视角,探寻生态系统运行与演化机制。本文在四川邛海—泸山地区生态地质调查实践中,探索了一套适用于西南山区的土壤地质图、生态地质剖面和生态地质图等生态地质系列图件的编制方法。研究认为,生态地质系列图件应是岩石圈- 土壤圈- 生物圈等多圈层融合的地球表层系统在地质图上的反映,其表达内容主要包括：作为生态环境物质基础的地表基质层（岩石圈和土壤圈）的生态功能属性、地表覆盖的生态系统和人类活动的现状和展布、生态地质单元的生态功能属性等。基于地质建造和地表基质层的生态地质系列图件,能系统地反映研究区地球表层系统中各生态地质要素的现状、特征、展布和交互关系,为生态保护修复及国土空间用途管制提供地球科学依据。     

四川西昌邛海的浊流沉积初探

鹅掌河位于邛海南岸,在近15年来泥石流和洪水不断地将泥沙从鹅掌河带入邛海,在邛海底部大量淤积泥沙,形成一由南到北(长2km),由低到高(平均高2m),由窄到宽(南岸宽200m,北岸宽600m)的水下堤,在邛海湖中连接鹅掌河河口堆积扇处还发现了的水下冲沟。湖底扇,水下堤和水下冲沟对于研究湖相和海相浊流沉积有一定的研究和应用价值。浊流特别是高浓度浊流在湖中的沉积模式研究对于湖底和海底地貌的变迁,湖盆和深海油气藏的发现都有一定的价值和意义。     

西昌市经久乡森林火灾火烧区特点及火后泥石流易发性评价

2020年3月30日四川省凉山彝族自治州西昌市经久乡发生特大森林火灾,大火持续3 d,过火面积超30 km2。山火后在坡面堆积了厚度1~5 cm不等的灰烬层,同时火烧迹地本身结构被扰动,在强降雨条件下极易诱发火后泥石流灾害,对附近学校、居民集中居住点,尤其是泸山—邛海风景区等重要基础设施及人民生命财产构成了严重威胁。通过遥感解译、野外调查及勘查,查明了不同火烈度及对应火烧迹地灰烬层和结构扰动特点,表明重度、中度和轻度火烧区分别占比46.8%、37.9%和15.3%,且火烧区火烧迹地坡面灰烬及土壤结构扰动层平均厚度与火烈度成正比,其中轻度、中度和重度火烧区平均厚度分别为1.20 cm,3.23 cm和5.04 cm。提出了基于中度及重度火烈度区面积占比、火烧迹地坡面灰烬及结构扰动层厚度、产沙区平均坡度、主沟平均纵比降、沟道流域面积5个影响因子,采用专家经验法对火烧区共63条潜在泥石流沟道进行火后泥石流易发性评价,结果表明:火烧区所有沟道中,有29条为高易发,占总数的46.0%;23条为中等易发,占总数的36.5%;8条为低等易发,占总数的12.7%;3条为不易发性,占总数的4.8%。考虑火烧区超过50%以上的沟道流域面积不足0.2 km2,且这些沟道平均纵比降大,坡面灰烬、泥沙等松散物源堆积较厚,使得中等及高等易发性泥石流沟道数量占比高达82.5%,一遇集中降雨,发生火后泥石流可能性极大。     

西昌市1989—2018年林地草地湿地动态变化特征分析

遥感技术已被广泛应用于生态环境调查与研究。为获取西昌市近30 a生态环境演化趋势,利用1989年、2000年、2010年的专题绘图仪(Thematic Mapper,TM)遥感影像和2018年的陆地成像仪(Operational Land Imager,OLI)遥感影像,通过图像处理、目视解译和野外验证等方法,获得了西昌市1989—2018年的土地利用/覆盖数据,并对林地、草地和湿地的动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明: 1989—2018年,西昌市林地、湿地和草地面积持续增加,生态环境持续向好; 林地主要分布于安宁河谷和邛海盆地四周山地,在牦牛山、螺髻山一带形成主要林区; 草地主要呈星岛状分布于牦牛山、螺髻山一带林地之间; 湿地以河流湿地与湖泊湿地为主,主要沿安宁河及邛海分布。但仍存在一些问题: 森林存在针叶化现象较普遍、树种单一等问题,需要重点加强林区火灾防范; 草地多数呈零星片状分布,不具有完整的系统结构和良好的功能,多数草地承载力和生产力较低,不宜大规模开发利用,应通过封山育林促使其向森林转化; 湿地分布也比较局限,需要着力予以保护。研究成果可为西昌市生态保护修复措施的制定及经济社会可持续发展提供科学依据。     

大地热流对滇池环境的影响与滇池污染治理的新思路

滇池经过长达7年、投资40多亿元的治理,在污染源头控制上已经取得了明显成绩,在一定程度上缓解了生态环境的进一步恶化。滇池水体水质至今没有好转的根本原因在于对滇池蓝藻爆发机理的认识没有考虑其所处的特殊地理环境。滇池水体富营养化之后,是由于较高的大地热流背景和四季如春的气候条件使蓝藻得以不停息地繁殖,致使滇池的水生生态系统完全瘫痪,水体完全失去自净能力。“抑制蓝藻的繁殖”和“清除水体中的营养物质”两大问题形成了滇池治理中一个难解的死结。解开死结的有效措施是从抚仙湖调清水给滇池换水,恢复草海,提高湖水自净能力,发展水生生态系统,抑制藻类繁殖。     

Neural network modeling for regional hazard assessment of debris flow in Lake Qionghai Watershed, China

This paper presents a neural network (NN) based model to assess the regional hazard degree of debris flows in Lake Qionghai Watershed, China. The NN model was used as an alternative for the more conventional linear model MFCAM (multi-factor composite assessment model) in order to effectively handle the nonlinearity and uncertainty inherent in the debris flow hazard analysis. The NN model was configured using a three layer structure with eight input nodes and one output node, and the number of nodes in the hidden layer was determined through an iterative process of varying the number of nodes in the hidden layer until an optimal performance was achieved. The eight variables used to represent the eight input nodes include density of debris flow gully, degree of weathering of rocks, active fault density, area percentage of slope land greater than 25° of the total land (APL25), frequency of flooding hazards, average covariance of monthly precipitation by 10 years (ACMP10), average days with rainfall >25 mm by 10 years (25D10Y), and percentage of cultivated land with slope land greater than 25° of the total cultivated land (PCL25). The output node represents the hazard-degree ranks (HDR). The model was trained with the 35 sets of data obtained from previous researches reported in literatures, and an explicit uncertainty analysis was undertaken to address the uncertainty in model training and prediction. Before the NN model is extrapolated to Lake Qionghai Watershed, a validation case, different from the above data, is conducted. In addition, the performances of the NN model and the MFCAM were compared. The NN model predicted that the HDRs of the five sub-watersheds in the Lake Qionghai Watershed were IV, IV, III, III, and IV–V, indicating that the study area covers normal hazard and severe hazard areas. Based on the NN model results, debris flow management and economic development strategies in the study are proposed for each sub-watershed.     

庐山温泉旅游资源开发研究

庐山温泉旅游近年来不断发展,成为庐山旅游新的热点。本文在分析庐山温泉旅游资源概况及开发现状的基础上,针对当前旅游开发中存在的主要问题,提出了温泉地开发应注重文化特色,强化品牌建设,开发丰富多彩的温泉旅游产品,加强各类人才培养,实施温泉资源有序管理等相关措施,以实现庐山温泉旅游业的可持续发展。     

Glacier Relics of the Last Glacial and Holocene Periods Discovered in the Middle‐low Mountains of Eastern China: Sedimentary Sequences and Environmental Evolution of Mengshan Mountain in Shandong Province since 80 ka

The goal of this research study is to describe academic issues which have been debated in the field of Chinese geosciences for a century. In 1922, Jonquei S. Lee(Li Siguang) discovered Quaternary glacial relics at Taihang Mountainin eastern China. In 1947, he published his research findings in the magazine Mount Lushan in Glacial Age. The research results had established three Ice Ages: Poyang(Gonzi), Dagu(Minde), and Lushan(Lisi). However, at that time, no Wurm glacial relics of the last Ice Age had been found in Lushan Mountain. Since then, the research team represented by Shi Yafeng, who is considered to be "the father of glaciers in China", questioned Jonquei S. Lee's research results and concluded that "Professor Jonquei S. Lee's Quaternary glacier research in Lushan Mountain having misread the debris flow". In 2005, the "middle-low mountains" in eastern China were finally defined as follows: "We clearly and unambiguously believe that there were no glacial activities in the middle-low mountainous areas of eastern China(east of 102° to 104°E; below 3,000 and 2,500 m) during the Quaternary Period". Currently, the long-standing academic debate appears to have come to a conclusion. As of 2015, the author and others began to investigate and study the Quaternary glacial relics in Mengshan Mountain(1,156 m above sea level), Shandong Province, one of the "middle-low mountains" of eastern China. The relics have been observed to posses the systematic features of glacial erosion, trough and valley striations, and moraine deposits. The applied dating method shave confirmed that there were not only glacial relics of the last Ice Age(Wurm), but also Holocene glacial relics in the Mengshan Mountain area. Therefore, in order to further establish the corresponding relationship between the glacier, loess, stream sediment series, and MIS in the Mengshan Mountain area, a large number of chronological studies have been carried out regarding the various types of sediments in the area, and 24 dating datahave been obtained using OSL, CRN, and 14 Cmethods.On this basis, the corresponding relationship between the sedimentary sequences and the MIS was established for the first time in eastern China, which in dicates the environmental changes which had occurred in eastern China since 80 ka. These discoveries s and chronological study results confirm the existence of the Last Ice Age, as well as Holocene glacial relics at Mengshan Mountain, there by confirming that Quaternary glaciation had occurred in the middle-low mountain areas of eastern China.     

Study on the characteristics and formation mechanism of the typical post-fire debris flow in Lushan area of Xichang City: A case study of 3# branch on the left bank of Xiangshuigou

On March 30, 2020, a forest fire broke out in Liangshan area of Xichang City in Sichuan Province. After the fire, the ash and burnt soil easily developed into debris flow in case of heavy rainfall, which brought potential geological hazard risks to the ecological environment of Lushan and safety of local people's lives and properties in Qionghai and Lushan areas. Taking 3^# branch on the left bank of Xiangshuigou in Anha Town as an example, the authors conducted field investigation, UAV aerial photography, geophysical exploration, field and indoor experiments to study the fluid characteristics, dynamic parameters and genetic mechanism of the post-fire debris flow on May 1, 2020. The features of movement, provenance scale and deduced precipitation were also systematically analyzed. This achievement could provide some reference for the study of the development trend of the post-fire debris flow and the mitigation of disasters in this area.     

豫西鲁山洛峪口组宏观藻类的发现及地质意义

本文报道在华北地台南缘豫西鲁山下汤九女洞剖面洛峪群洛峪口组下部灰绿色粉砂质页岩中发现可靠的宏观碳质印膜化石,包括Ｃｈｕａｒｉａ,Ｓｈｏｕｈｓｉｅｎｉａ,Ｔａｗｕｉａ,Ｏｖｉｄｉｓｃｉｎａ等属。通过同国内外已发现的前寒武纪宏观藻类资料广泛对比,并结合其他化石资料的综合分析,对华北地台南缘晚前寒武纪地层对比及新元古代地层格架进行探讨。     

江西庐山牧马场剖面泥砾堆积物的成因分析及年代测定

庐山第四纪泥砾堆积物成因争论是庐山第四纪冰川争论的焦点之一。对新发现的庐山牧马场泥砾剖面进行了石英砂电镜扫描(SEM)和成因分析,并初步进行了电子自旋共振(ESR)年代测定。石英砂电镜扫描表明该剖面泥砾堆积物为冰川和流水共同作用形成,并在后期湿热化影响下导致部分化学特征明显;ESR测年数据表明该剖面形成于中更新世晚期(225.5±20)—(242.6±24)ka BP,与推测的时代(庐山冰期)基本一致。根据测试结果,作者认为庐山牧马场剖面具有第四纪冰川作用的痕迹,但其时代和规模尚有待探讨改进。