基于Delaunay剖分的二维非规则重力建模及重力计算

针对计算截面为任意形状的非均匀密度二度体的重力问题,提出了二维情况下的非规则重力建模方法,即利用二维Delaunay剖分方法,将其截面分割为若干三角形,将该二度体分解成为若干三角棱柱的组合;通过求取变密度的三角棱柱体的重力异常,并将其累加,最后得出了截面为任意形状的水平无限延伸的二度体的重力计算公式.以千米桥油田的一条实测重力剖面为例,用该方法进行了反演计算,并将反演结果与常规方法做了分析比较,进行了相应的分析和讨论.     

2005-2008年北京地区典型重力变化跟踪与分析

自2006年起,北京地区一些流动重力测点测值在趋势变化的基础上加速变化,昌平和顺义等测点附近重力场非均匀性变化增强。以北京昌平重力观测点为中心增加2条重力剖面观测线,并进行3期观测,分析重力场演化特征,采用地下水重力效应经验公式、自由空气改正关系式,分别改正地下水位、地壳形变对重力典型变化点的影响。研究表明：重力变化是地下水位、地壳形变影响的结果,重力剖面观测区及附近重力变化比较平稳,变化均在误差范围内,排除该异常是地震前兆异常的可能。     

航空重力测量数据的滤波与处理

我国首套航空重力测量系统(CHAGS)于2002年研制成功.本文设计了CHAGS观测数据的滤波处理流程,着重讨论了比力及各项改正的滤波计算方法,提出了'两步滤波法'.基于某航空重力测量实测数据,对测线重力异常的计算精度作了比较和分析,重复测线计算结果表明,CHAGS确定测线重力异常的内符合精度优于±3mGal,相应的波长分辨率为8km;与地面实测数据向上延拓数值比较表明,对于同样的波长分辨率,外部符合精度优于±4mGal.     

基于3DDelaunay剖分算法的重力建模与分析

地质体的重力建模是正确解释和应用重力资料的关键问题之一.针对非规则形状变密度的三度体,本文提出了基于3D Delaunay剖分算法的重力建模方法.采用3D Delaunay剖分算法将三维目标地质体分解为若干变密度四面体体元,推导了基于四面体体元的重力正演公式,建立了剩余密度值与重力异常值的线性方程组;以变密度的长方体和倾斜台阶组合体为例,比较分析了常规块体算法和3D Delaunay剖分算法应用于重力正演的有效性,并采用共轭梯度法加密度约束条件对非规则形状变密度的倾斜台阶组合体进行了密度反演.计算结果验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.基于3D Delaunay剖分算法的重力建模可应用于存在褶皱、断层、裂缝等复杂地质体的重力正反演计算.     

井地电位测量系统的三维正演

针对井地电位测量系统的正演数值模拟问题,首先介绍了该系统的正演基本理论,然后采用"镜像"法,推导了垂直有限长线电流源在无限大半均匀介质中任意深度时的正常电位解析式,并在此基础上,推导了相应的装置系数和混合边界条件公式.结合有限差分法,实现了正演模型的求解计算.数值模拟中,采用不同的正常电位公式,混合边界条件公式和装置系数公式,分别建立了均匀介质模型、高阻异常体模型和低阻异常体模型,并对异常体正演响应的异常特征和分布规律进行了对比分析.结果表明,所推导的公式模拟异常体电位响应更准确,为后续更精确的反演和解释现场测量数据奠定了基础.     

强磁性三度体内部磁化强度的分布

本文讨论稳定磁化场中强磁性三度体内部磁化强度的数值解法。展示了由于退磁作用而造成的不均匀性,并以长方体内一些典型截面为例,较详细地讨论了磁化强度的特征,作了分布图;推导了较均匀磁化体磁化强度分布的近似公式,并计算了一组长方体的视退磁系数。     

利用余弦变换计算重力异常的向上延拓

利用余弦变换计算重力异常的向上延拓是一种新方法.根据余弦变换的基本性质,推导了二度、三度体异常向上延拓余弦变换谱理论公式,采用离散余弦变换实现了该法的数值计算;研究了无限长水平圆柱体的补偿因子中主频段的特性,给出了二度体的线性补偿方式;补偿后的理论模型异常向上延拓具有较高的计算精度,除边部几个数据因数据的离散和有限截断使误差较大外（最大误差为6.23%）,其余数据的误差均在1%以内,理论值和计算值曲线基本重合.这说明,与Fourier变换相比,离散余弦变换在数值计算中,受非周期性深度因子的影响小,补偿方式易于选择,其计算方法优于Fourier变换.     

地球横向不均匀结构对地表以及空间固定点同震重力变化的影响

本文提出一个新算法,用来高精度计算三维不均匀地球模型中地震位错引起的地表以及空间固定点同震重力变化.具体地说,我们首先把实际三维不均匀地球分解成球对称地球模型和对应的横向不均匀增量,分别进行计算,二者对应的计算结果分别称为球对称解和三维响应.由于球对称解可直接利用球对称地球模型位错理论计算得到,本文的目标是计算三维响应即地球的横向不均匀结构对同震重力变化的影响.然后,我们把三维响应再分为震源的响应和地球横向不均匀结构的响应,它们可分别借助对震源函数的扰动以及对平衡方程式的变分求解.本文推导出六个特殊点源位错引起的地表以及空间固定点同震重力变化计算公式(一个垂直走滑位错,两个相互垂直的倾滑位错,三个开裂位错),对这些公式进行适当组合就可以计算任意位置任意类型位错产生的同震重力变化,对应的计算公式同步给出.接着,依据36阶P波速度模型,我们利用岩石试验经验关系式推导出三维S波速度模型,密度模型,位场模型以及重力模型.最后,利用上述三维模型,本文计算出三种典型类型的点源位错产生的同震重力变化,结果显示三维响应与位错类型,震源深度都有关系,其最大响应占球对称解的0.5%左右,且在所有影响因素中S波速度模型影响最大.数值结果同时表明,三维响应中震源的响应与地球横向不均匀构造的响应处于同一量级.本文给出的地表和空间固定点同震重力变化计算公式可分别高精度解析地表重力和卫星重力观测数据(GRACE、GOCE等),提高大地测量数据理论解析水平.     

三维多层介质重力-地震同步联合反演

联合反演是地球物理勘探的重要解释手段,能够提高模型参数的反演精度.本文在归纳和分析重力与地震资料联合反演的研究和应用现状的基础上,利用三维多层介质模型的地震走时和重力正演公式,推导了地震走时和重力异常对界面深度的雅可比矩阵,实现了三维重力-地震同步联合反演界面成像.最后进行了数值理论模型模拟和实例计算,结果表明地震走时和重力同步联合反演很好的重建了三维多层介质界面.     

地震-重力联合反演中的非块状一致性模型

完善地震-重力联合反演的一个重要措施是建立一致性模型.本文按照地震测深的常用办法,采用二维四边形非块状模型,通过网格节点的密度值来刻划连续性或间断性的物性分布.四边形单元内部的密度分布为双线性函数,本文给出了重力异常的严谨解析式.计算中可采用模型分解技术,将四边形化为矩形与直角三角形的组合,简化程序设计.算法的实施有两种途径:独立单元法和整体模型法.在联合反演的数值模拟中,还推出了剪切模量μ模型以及纵波速度V_P,与密度ρ的分布关系.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

环太平洋俯冲带内双地震带及其成因机制研究进展

俯冲带作为地球最为庞大的循环系统的重要组成部分,已成为地球科学的研究热点之一.很多俯冲带,特别是环太平洋俯冲带内的中深源地震,在空间上呈明显的分层分布,并且各层地震具有不同的震源机制,即所谓的双地震带现象.本文简要介绍了环太平洋双地震带形态特征与震源机制的空间分布,并回顾了双地震带的几种成因模型.根据形态特征和震源机制的差异,中源深度的双地震带可以分为两类,其中,一类双地震带对应上、下二层分别为压缩和张性的地震分布;另一类双地震带的震源分布较浅,且其浅部地震以横向压缩为主.此外,日本本州东北俯冲带的地震分布可能是由三层地震带组成的,而且汤加、伊豆-小笠原地区还发现深源深度的双地震带.通过对双地震带的形态特征以及其热力学条件的研究,人们从抗弯作用、脱水脆化、相变断层等多方面,尝试建立解释双地震带成因的模型.目前,大多数研究利用数值计算结果,结合蛇纹石脱水脆化、相变断层模型,能够不同程度地分别解释中源和深源双地震带成因.不过,这些模型几乎相互独立,并不能同时解释中源和深源双地震带.有人试图尝试用统一模型解释中深源地震成因,例如,先前存在的断层模型,不过该模型还不很具有说服力.也可能是多种因素的联合作用,共同影响着俯冲板内的温度场、应力场分布.