高频地波雷达在辽宁省海上大风预警中的应用研究

基于辽宁省大连和盘锦高频地波雷达的海上大风探测资料,与辽宁省沿岸海域区域自动气象站的风场观测资料进行对比分析,利用有效样本数、获取率、可用性、平均偏差及标准差等数据,采用连续探测全部时间和分级处理风力评估高频地波雷达的工作状态,评判高频地波雷达资料反演的总体性能。结果表明:大连高频地波雷达的总体性能优于盘锦高频地波雷达;大连高频地波雷达风向和风速观测资料的获取性能相当,总体基本满足业务应用需求;盘锦和大连高频地波雷达资料的获取率基本持平,但二者数据的可用性均较低,与实际海况存在一定的差异。在低环境风力情况下(风速小于6 m·s~(-1)),大连和盘锦高频地波雷达探测的风场均与实际风场偏差较大;当环境风力超过6 m·s~(-1)时,大连高频地波雷达的的探测性能显著提高,可以整体反应实际风场的变化,盘锦高频地波雷达表现一般;当环境平均风力超过10 m·s~(-1)时,大连高频地波雷达的探测性能显著提高。     

乌鲁木齐风廓线雷达探测能力评估

利用乌鲁木齐市2011年12月—2013年3月CFL-03风廓线雷达的风探测数据与同期的常规探空数据,对风廓线雷达探测数据的可靠性和探测能力给予了评估。结果表明,受乌鲁木齐四季不同的气候背景影响,风廓线雷达的数据获取率在夏季最高,在冬季最低,80%的数据获取率等值线在夏季、冬季各自达到的高度分别为4500 m和1980 m;240 m以下风廓线雷达探测的风速误差较大,240 m以上风廓线雷达四季探测的风速普遍小于实况,误差在-1~0 m/s之间的出现频率最高,介于28.8%~31.8%,且最大频率在四季出现的高度有所差异,总体来看夏季风速误差相对较小;风向误差总体在-22.5°~0°之间的出现频率最高,且随着高度增加频率增加;风廓线雷达对风速的探测能力优于风向,二者与实况的相关系数各自为0.9左右和0.6~0.8;通过对长时间序列的风速、风向资料的比较,说明风廓线雷达能够较为准确地反映冬季天气过程的演变,且能够较为精细地刻画夏季短时强降水天气过程中高低空气流的变化特点。在综合考虑低空地物回波、探测盲区因素以及高空气球探空飘移等多种因素影响的情况下,可见风廓线雷达对乌鲁木齐大气环境和天气过程拥有较可靠的监测能力。     

乌鲁木齐风廓线雷达的探测能力评估

利用2011年12月~2013年3月CFL－03型风廓线雷达在乌鲁木齐市的风探测数据与同期的常规探空数据开展了比对分析,从而对风廓线雷达探测数据的可靠性和探测能力给予了评估。结果表明,受乌鲁木齐四季不同的气候背景影响,CFL－03型风廓线雷达的数据获取率在夏季最高,在冬季最低,80%的数据获取率等值线夏季、冬季各自达到的高度分别为4500m和1980m;受低空地物回波、探测盲区等因素影响,240m以下风廓线雷达探测的风速误差较大,240m以上风廓线雷达四季探测的风速普遍小于实况,误差在-1~0m/s之间的出现频率最高,介于28.8%~31.8%,且在四季最大频率出现的高度有所差异,总体来看夏季风速误差相对较小;风向误差总体在-22.5°~0°之间的出现频率最高,且随着高度增加频率增加;风廓线雷达风速的探测能力优于风向,二者与实况的相关系数各自为0.9左右和0.6~0.8;通过长时间序列的风速、风向资料的比较,说明CFL－03型风廓线雷达能够较为准确地反映冬季天气过程的演变,且能够较为精细地刻画夏季短时强降水天气过程中高低空气流的变化特点。在综合考虑低空地物回波、探测盲区因素以及高空气球探空飘移等多种因素影响的情况下,可见CFL－03型风廓线雷达对乌鲁木齐大气环境和天气过程拥有较可靠的监测能力。     

ASCAT反演风场与华南及南海站点观测对比分析

利用2014—2017年华南沿海及南海的浮标站、海岛站、石油平台站、沿海自动站等277个自动站风场数据,与ASCAT反演风场进行了对比分析。结果表明,当观测风速小于5 m/s(大于15 m/s)时,ASCAT反演风速的平均绝对误差在3 m/s左右(存在2级左右的高(低)估);当风速介于5~10 m/s时,平均绝对误差在2 m/s左右(多数ASCAT有1~2级的高估);介于10~15 m/s时,ASCAT反演结果相对最好,风速、风向准确率能够达到60%以上。ASCAT对风速的反演结果受陆地影响较大,与观测风速的相关系数从高到低可分为三类:(1)浮标、平台站;(2)西沙、南沙自动站;(3)广东沿海自动站及海岛站、海南海岛站。ASCAT反演风场在风向的应用较风速更优,其中,东北风样本数最多,其次分别为西南风、东南风和西北风。浮标站、平台站、西沙自动站的风向反演质量相对较好;所有测站风向偏差主要由5 m/s以下的弱风贡献。单站多年月平均风速变化显示,ASCAT反演风速相对测站主要为正偏差,且秋冬季比春夏季偏差更大,这可能与大气稳定度有关。      

CFL-06型风廓线雷达与L波段探空雷达测风对比分析

为探讨风廓线雷达资料的准确性和可用性,将2016年5月2017年4月张家口的风廓线雷达与L波段探空雷达测风资料进行对比分析。结果表明:1)张家口站大多高度层二者风速呈显著正相关,00:00的相关性优于12:00的,8km以上未通过显著性检验。2)4.11km以下风廓线雷达较L波段探空雷达水平风速偏大,平均误差为0.00~1.50m/s;4.11km以上风廓线雷达较L波段探空雷达水平风速偏小,平均误差为0.00~22.13m/s,并随高度的增加而增大。3)水平风速有效样本率(风速差≤3m/s)整体随高度增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,中低层(1.23~3.63km)的有效样本率较高,为60.0%~70.0%。4)2.196.03km各高度层水平风向的有效样本率(风向差≤20°)较大,稳定在70%~80%,有降水时风向有效样本率随高度的增高而增大,且各高度层波动较大。两个时次风向有效样本多集中在风向差为10°的范围内,28km各高度层有效样本率(风向差≤10°)可达到40%~60%。     

淮河流域风场垂直结构特征分析

为进一步加深南北气候过渡带上山地丘陵地区的风场认识,利用淮南2015年3月至2016年2月ST（Stratosphere-Troposphere）风廓线雷达的探测资料,分析了该地区20 km高度内风场的变化特征及垂直结构。结果表明:淮河流域850 hPa、700 hPa、500 hPa、100 hPa等压面高度上,风场有明显的垂直变化,风速及其波动幅度随春、夏、秋、冬先减小后增大,且随高度增加,夏季最小、冬季最大的季节规律逐渐增强;风场的垂直分布存在差异,在中低层以下,以小于10 m/s的风为主,风向转换多,中低层以上10～25 m/s的偏西风居多;年平均风场结构为低层以5 m/s北风为主,到2 km左右向西偏转,风速小于10 m/s,在5 km高度处形成15 m/s的西风,且风速持续增大,10 km左右达到25 m/s后逐渐减小,到15 km左右风向顺时针向北偏转,直到20 km附近与低空风场相近。     

两部近距离风廓线雷达资料的对比分析

在不同天气条件下,对大连市金州区固定式风廓线雷达和大连市新机场车载移动式风廓线雷达资料进行对比分析,研究结果表明:1)随着数据的可信程度越高,两组探测风速的相关性越好,标准差越小,两种风廓线雷达资料质量可信的风速数据,相关系数达到了0.92,标准差为4.31 m/s。2)质量可信的两组风速数据,绝对误差小于3 m/s的累计概率达到了92%。3)随着高度的增加,两部风廓线雷达探测的风速偏差增大,在1 km以下偏差增大的幅度较大,3 km以上增加的幅度较小。在1 km以下随着高度的增加,两组探测风速的相关系数明显的增大。4)在探测数据完整度和可信度高的情况下,在大风天气、气旋系统、强冷空气天气过程中,两部风廓线雷达的探测风速,均表现出了较高的一致性,随着高度的增加,这种一致性表现出减小的趋势,多表现在4 km以上一致性较差。     

伊犁河谷初冬降水条件下风廓线雷达评估分析

对伊犁河谷地区初冬降水条件下风廓线雷达资料评估其数据获取率并与探空资料进行对比分析,定义两者风向偏差在10°以内或风速偏差在1 m/s范围的样本为有效样本,分别用E_v和E_d表示风速有效样本比率(风速有效样本数/总样本数)和风向有效样本比率(风向有效样本数/总样本数)。结果显示:超过80%数据获取率的高度,降雨时为3000 m,降雪时达到预设2000 m;降雪时E_v和E_d均比无降水时高,且降雪量大小与风廓线的探测高度呈正相关,降雪量大小对E_d有明显影响,对E_v无明显影响;比较不同高度数据,降雪时0～3 km范围的E_v和E_d值均比无降水时高30%左右,无降水时3～5 km范围的E_d接近100%。     

科尔沁边界层风廓线雷达探测性能评估

利用2016～2017年科尔沁边界层风廓线雷达每6min的风场资料评估雷达探测性能,主要针对风廓线雷达数据获取率、风廓线雷达与常规探空探测风的相关性等进行了分析。结果表明：风廓线雷达平均数据获取率随高度的增加先增大后减小,3000米以下平均数据获取率都在60%以上。雷达探测数据存在日出后数据缺测率高,午后缺测率低的变化趋势。各层数据获取率与气温和比湿的相关系数分别在0.45和0.35左右。对比风廓线与常规高空探测数据发现：二者v分量的相关系数大于u分量；各高度层中400米到1900米的u分量的相关系数在0.4以上,500米到3400米的v分量的相关系数都在0.6以上；风廓线雷达与常规探空数据u分量相关系数随风速的增大时而减小,从春季到冬季u、v分量相关系数都呈减小趋势。各个季节中风廓线雷达与常规探空数据风速平均偏差春季最小、冬季最大。     

陕西自动与人工观测风对比评估

利用陕西自动与人工平行观测第2年数据—4次定时观测的2min风速、逐时观测的10min风速及风向、日最大风速,分析人工与自动观测的风速差异及风向相符率,并对风速进行显著性t检验。结果表明:自动观测的2min、10min风速大于人工观测值。日最大风速则相反。月平均对比差值及其标准差,2min风速,分别为0.2m/s及0.71m/s;10min风速,分别为0.15m/s及0.39m/s,即两者之间10min风速较为接近。自动与人工观测10min风向相符率平均为42.8%,风向相符率频率以45%为中心,基本呈正态分布特征,且无明显的地域特征,相符率夏半年明显低于冬半年。显著性检验表明,α为0.05时,6.5%的月平均值、20.2%的年平均值由于仪器换型引起了2min风速的显著性差异。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.