宏-细观结合的砂土单剪试验非共轴特性分析

针对传统本构理论无法描述土体单剪试验非共轴变形的不足,采用非共轴修正模型进行改进。模型基于材料状态相关临界状态理论,采用宏-细观结合的方法,将1个新的各向异性状态变量引入本构模型来描述砂土的各向异性。考虑细观组构张量和应力张量的几何关系的变化,模型可以描述砂土在主应力轴旋转条件下材料状态的变化,材料状态变化直接导致模型的硬化规律和剪胀性发生变化,因此,模型可以描述该条件下原生向异性对砂土变形的影响。引入非共轴理论对本构模型进行修正,建立了三维非共轴各向异性模型。单剪试验的加载条件会造成主应力轴相对土体沉积面发生旋转,修正模型不但能够描述砂土在主应力轴旋转条件下其原生各向异性对变形的影响,而且可以描述主应力轴旋转造成的应力诱发各向异性对土体变形的影响,因此,该模型能够对整个单剪试验的变形规律进行描述,而且物理意义清晰。通过铝棒堆积体和Toyoura砂单剪试验验证表明,非共轴修正各向异性模型能对单剪试验的整个变形过程进行较好的模拟。     

主应力轴变化下非共轴对砂土剪胀特性影响

传统塑性剪胀模型在描述应力比和塑性应变增量关系时都是基于共轴塑性流动法则,从而认为土体的剪胀性仅与应力比有关。大量试验结果表明,在涉及主应力轴变化的复杂应力条件下塑性流动过程中应力-应变是非共轴的,因而在分析砂土剪胀特性时非共轴是不可忽视的因素。为了研究主应力轴变化的复杂应力条件下非共轴对砂土剪胀特性的影响,利用空心圆柱仪对饱和砂土进行了一系列定轴剪切试验、纯主应力轴旋转试验以及组合加载试验。试验结果表明,不同应力路径下应力-应变非共轴都会引起剪胀曲线偏离Rowe直线,通过Gutiereez提出的考虑非共轴因子的修正剪胀方程可以修正非共轴引起的偏差,从而使得Rowe剪胀方程适用于涉及主应力轴旋转等更加复杂的加载条件。     

杭州软黏土非共轴特性的试验研究

利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对杭州软黏土进行了一系列不排水试验,包括对原状软黏土在不同主应力方向上的定向剪切试验和主应力轴旋转试验以及对重塑软黏土的主应力轴旋转试验,主要研究不同应力路径下软黏土非共轴角的发展特性以及中主应力系数b、初始剪应力水平和次生各向异性对其非共轴特性的影响。试验结果表明,软黏土的非共轴特性虽与砂土存在相似之处,但又不尽相同。原状软黏土在定向剪切条件下的非共轴角均较小,并且与加载方向有关,然而受剪应变发展的影响,试样接近破坏时的非共轴角并不为0°;主应力轴旋转条件下,无论原状还是重塑黏土其非共轴角均随主应力方向角? 增加而循环波动变化,且周期约为90°;非共轴角基本随中主应力系数b的增加而减小,但这种影响并不十分显著;剪应力水平对非共轴角的大小和发展趋势均存在一定的影响。对于重塑土的试验表明,软黏土的非共轴特性并不完全由土体的初始各向异性所决定,次生各向异性的影响也很大。     

砂土正交组构幅值参量的定量分析

基于砂土细观组构描述理论,定义了新的正交各向异性幅值参量,用Toyoura砂细观试验做验证分析。非球形颗粒随机空间排列自然形成了砂土的正交各向异性,用两个独立变化的角度定量描述颗粒长轴在3个正交面上的方向分量,基于非球形颗粒随机排列的组构描述理论,分别定义了3个正交面上各向异性幅值参量的表达式。该表达式用数学概率统计的方法,将颗粒的离散特性转化为组构在平面上的可测参量,随着细观颗粒几何、物理特性的变化,3个表达式可以用于描述材料的各向同性、横观各向同性和正交各向异性。Toyoura砂细观试验分析表明,3个幅值参量能较好地反映3个正交面上幅值参量的变化规律,可为砂土细观组构的定量检测提供更为灵活的方法,而且3个各向异性都具有清晰物理意义。     

一种适用于各向异性土体的破坏准则

自然界的土体通常具有各向异性的特点,而传统的破坏准则大多只适用于各向同性的土体。结合应力张量和反映材料各向异性状态的组构张量,定义了修正偏应力及其不变量,提出了适用于各向异性土体材料的破坏准则。给出了共轴条件下正交各向异性和横向各向异性材料在一般应力空间的破坏曲线以及不同应力区中主应力系数b与摩擦角的关系曲线,并分析了它们的特性以及与各向同性材料相应曲线的区别。通过与真三轴试验数据的比较,表明该准则能很好地描述各向异性土体材料的强度特点。     

循环荷载下砂土液化特性颗粒流数值模拟

利用PFC2D常体积循环双轴试验条件,对砂土在不排水循环荷载作用下的液化特性进行了颗粒流数值模拟,数值模拟按等应力幅加荷方式进行。颗粒流数值模拟的优点在于得到试样液化宏观力学表现的同时,通过不同循环加荷时刻试样内细观组构参量（包括配位数、接触法向分布、粒间法向接触力、粒间切向接触力）的演化规律,分析砂土液化过程中细观组构变化与宏观力学响应之间的内在联系,从而可进一步探讨砂土液化的细观力学机制。数值模拟研究结果表明,砂土液化现象在宏观力学表现上反映为超静孔隙水压力的累积上升和平均有效主应力的不断减小,在细观组构上对应于配位数的累积损失和粒间接触力的不断减小。砂土液化细观机制分析表明,试样配位数的减少与循环加荷过程中组构各向异性滞后于应力各向异性有关。     

单调荷载下砂土变形过程数值模拟及细观机制研究

采用离散单元法的颗粒流理论,模拟了松砂和密砂在单调荷载作用下的变形过程,研究了砂土渐进破坏过程中的宏观力学行为和细观组构参量的演化规律。采用PFC的FISH语言开发了细观组构统计程序,通过记录加载不同时刻试样的细观参量,如配位数、接触法向分布、粒间法向接触力、切向接触力等的演化,分析了砂土变形过程中细观组构变化与宏观力学响应之间的内在联系。应用表征上述量的组构参数研究了砂土的诱发各向异性,探讨了松砂剪缩、密砂剪胀的细观机制。研究成果对于揭示砂土变形的细观机制以及建立砂土的细观力学模型具有重要意义。     

基于临界状态模型的砂土非共轴本构模拟

传统的砂土本构理论隐含了应力和塑性应变率的共轴条件,无法客观描述主应力轴旋转试验中的非共轴现象,并且当密度和围压变化较大时也不适用。基于材料状态相关砂土临界状态概念,将Pietruszczak和Stolle所提出的砂土本构模型进行了改进,并在模型中引入非共轴塑性流动理论来描述非共轴现象。通过对单剪试验和空心圆柱试验进行数值模拟,表明基于临界状态理论的非共轴模型能够合理描述主应力轴旋转过程中砂土的非共轴变形特性     

考虑主应力方向变化的原状软黏土应力应变性状试验研究

为反映真实工程条件下主应力轴旋转应力路径引起土体性状的变化,对杭州地区正常固结原状软黏土在固结不排水的主应力轴定向剪切和主应力轴单调旋转条件下的应力-应变关系进行试验研究。研究发现,不同主应力方向的定向剪切路径下,随主应力方向变化,试样中各应变发挥程度显著不同,但破坏时的临界八面体应变变化较为稳定,且当八面体应变达到5%时,强度发挥程度已接近甚至超过90%。若剪切过程中增加了主应力幅值不变的不排水主应力轴单调旋转应力路径,只要破坏时主应力方向一致,经历与未经历主应力轴旋转试样的临界应变分量接近,但主应力轴旋转会影响加载阶段试样主应力、主应变增量方向所表现出的不共轴性,并且此影响随旋转时剪应力水平的提高而趋于显著,即使在临界破坏状态下依然明显。试验结果表明,由于土体原生各向异性、黏塑性等性质的存在,并不适宜用相关联流动法则来分析主应力轴旋转条件下土体的应力-应变关系特征。     

二维粒状材料双轴压缩试验研究

为了研究粒状材料的各向异性力学行为与细观组构演化之间的关系,采用自主研发的双轴压缩试验系统,以圆形和椭圆形截面的金属棒状材料组成的二维堆积体为试验对象,对不同大主应力方向角?（沉积面与大主应力作用面的夹角）的试样进行了各向等压、常侧向压力、等p剪切3种应力路径试验,并通过分析试样在不同变形阶段的数字照片得到了其细观组构演化规律。发现对于椭圆形截面的试样存在一个卓越剪切方向,随剪应变增大,颗粒长轴呈现出向该方向偏转的趋势,并且在大变形条件下沿该方向形成剪切带;卓越剪切方向与沉积面方向关系不大,而与大主应力作用面方向夹角约为45°+ /2, 为残余内摩擦角;随卓越剪切方向与沉降方向夹角的不同,颗粒偏转程度的不同是导致剪胀特性和峰值强度各向异性的主要原因     

Strength criterion for cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions

By incorporating the fabric effect and Lode’s angle dependence into the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, a strength criterion for cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions was proposed. The obtained criterion has only three material parameters which can be specified by conventional triaxial tests. The formula to calculate the friction angle under any loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio condition was deduced, and the influence of the degree of the cross-anisotropy was quantified. The friction angles of sand in triaxial, true triaxial, and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests were obtained, and a parametric analysis was used to detect the varying characteristics. The friction angle becomes smaller when the major principal stress changes from perpendicular to parallel to the bedding plane. The loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio are unrelated in true triaxial tests, and their influences on the friction angle can be well captured by the proposed criterion. In hollow cylinder torsional shear tests with the same internal and external pressures, the loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio are related. This property results in a lower friction angle in the hollow cylinder torsional shear test than that in the true triaxial test under the same intermediate principal stress ratio condition. By comparing the calculated friction angle with the experimental results under various loading conditions (e.g., triaxial, true triaxial, and hollow cylinder torsional shear test), the proposed criterion was verified to be able to characterize the shear strength of cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions.     

主应力方向对砂土剪胀性的影响分析

剪胀性是土特有的一种材料属性,而准确地描述砂土的剪胀性则是建立砂土本构模型的重要基础。大量常规三轴试验发现,在以相同加载条件下剪切时密砂和松砂会表现出完全不同的剪胀性和应力-应变关系特性,说明砂土的剪胀性不仅与其所处的应力状态有关,也与其物理状态相关。状态参量理论很好地解释了砂土所处应力状态和物理状态对剪胀性的共同作用。空心扭剪三轴试验仪可以实现不同主应力方向的单调剪切试验。试验结果表明,当砂土以不同主应力方向单调剪切时,即使处于相同初始应力条件和物理状态,砂土也会表现出不同的剪胀性,说明了主应力方向也是决定砂土剪胀性的重要条件。本文通过分析试验中主应力方向对砂土剪胀性的影响,提出了一个含有主应力方向的状态参量,并建立了相应的剪胀方程。通过与试验数据的对比,验证了该方法的正确性和准确性。     

考虑不同波形影响的主应力轴连续旋转下吹填土动力特性研究

通过GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪,分别采用正弦波和三角波两种不同波形模拟海洋波浪的加载形式,对天津滨海吹填土进行一系列三向等压固结条件下的主应力轴循环旋转试验,探讨了动主应力方向连续旋转下循环剪应力幅值及振动波形对吹填土广义剪应变、动强度和孔压特性的影响.试验结果表明,循环剪应力幅值小于临界循环剪应力时,土体广义剪应变变化很...     

Modeling of the simple shear deformation of sand: effects of principal stress rotation

The paper presents a simple constitutive model for the behavior of sands during monotonic simple shear loading. The model is developed specifically to account for the effects of principal stress rotation on the simple shear response of sands. The main feature of the model is the incorporation of two important effects of principal stress on stress–strain response: anisotropy and non-coaxiality. In particular, an anisotropic failure criterion, cross-anisotropic elasticity, and a plastic flow rule and a stress–dilatancy relationship that incorporate the effects of non-coaxiality are adopted in the model. Simulations of published experimental results from direct simple shear and hollow cylindrical torsional simple shear tests on sands show the satisfactory performance of the model. It is envisioned that the model can be valuable in modeling in situ simple shear response of sands and in interpreting simple shear test results.     

SANISAND-FN: An evolving fabric-based sand model accounting for stress principal axes rotation

SANISAND is the name of a family of bounding surface plasticity constitutive models for sand within the framework of critical state theory, which have been able to realistically simulate the sand behavior under conventional monotonic and cyclic loading paths. In order to incorporate the important role of evolving fabric anisotropy, one such model was modified within the framework of the new anisotropic critical state theory and named SANISAND-F model. Yet the response under continuous stress principal axes rotation requires further modification to account for the effect of ensuing noncoaxiality on the dilatancy and plastic modulus. This modification is simpler than what is often proposed in the literature, since it does not incorporate an additional plastic loading mechanism and/or multiple dilatancy and plastic modulus expressions. The new model named SANISAND-FN is presented herein and is validated against published data for loading that includes drained stress principal axes rotation on Toyoura sand.     

Induced fabric under cyclic and rotational loads in a strain space multiple mechanism model for granular materials

The strain space multiple mechanism model idealizes the behavior of granular materials on the basis of a multitude of virtual simple shear mechanisms oriented in arbitrary directions. Within this modeling framework, the virtual simple shear stress is defined as a quantity dependent on the contact distribution function as well as the normal and tangential components of interparticle contact forces, which evolve independently during the loading process. In other terms, the virtual simple shear stress is an intermediate quantity in the upscaling process from the microscopic level (characterized by contact distribution and interparticle contact forces) to the macroscopic stress. The stress space fabric produces macroscopic stress through the tensorial average. Thus, the stress space fabric characterizes the fundamental and higher modes of anisotropy induced in granular materials. Herein, the induced fabric is associated with monotonic and cyclic loadings, loading with the rotation of the principal stress, and general loading. Upon loading with the rotation of the principal stress axis, some of the virtual simple shear mechanisms undergo loading whereas others undergo unloading. This process of fabric evolution is the primary cause of noncoaxiality between the axes of principal stresses and strains. Although cyclic behavior and behavior under the rotation of the principal stress axis seem to originate from two distinct mechanisms, the strain space multiple mechanism model demonstrates that these behaviors are closely related through the hysteretic damping factor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角同时变化下饱和砂土变形特性研究

利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对饱和砂土进行了应力主轴固定和偏应力比增大（即定向剪切）、偏应力比不变和应力主轴单调旋转（即纯应力主轴单调旋转）、偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角同时增加、偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角分段增加4个系列的排水剪切试验,着重分析不同应力路径下饱和砂土的变形特性及主应力和主应变增量方向变化规律。试验结果表明,纯应力主轴单调旋转下,主应力增量方向在45°～135°范围内变化,主应变增量方向逐渐偏向主应力方向;偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角同时增加下,砂土变形不断增大,当主应力增量方向 45°时,主应变增量方向与主应力增量方向基本一致,但当 45°时,主应变增量方向逐渐偏离主应力增量方向。当应力状态在偏应力比 0.75、应力主轴偏转角 45°范围内时,体应变、最大剪应变与应力路径无关,且后期纯应力主轴旋转下砂土变形不受前期加载历史的影响。