突水预测的采动煤层底板相似模拟方法研究

以淮北朱庄矿Ⅲ６１６综采工作面为原型建立了相似模型,模拟工作面回采过程中的应力和位移变化,模拟结果表明：由切眼向前开挖至４５～５０ｍ老顶岩层初次断裂失稳,底板岩层压张应力差最大,采动造成的底板变形破坏深度在１６ｍ以上,为突水危险地段,与数值模拟方法相拟合计算采动造成的底板应力变化。选取Ｄｒｕｃｋｅｒ－ｐｒａｇｅｒ屈服条件作为判断岩石是否破坏为突水判据,由煤层底板塑性区分布图反映,当开挖至４９ｍ左右     

带压开采煤层底板破坏深度理论分析及数值模拟——以陕西澄合矿区董家河煤矿5号煤层为例

随着煤矿开采深度的不断增加,带压开采已经成为深部矿井普遍应用的一种采煤方法,而带压水上采煤的关键问题之一是确定采动引起的底板破坏深度。针对董家河煤矿5号煤层开采引起的底板采动破坏深度开展相关研究,以该矿的507综采工作面开采为工程背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的办法,动态再现了整个底板岩层渐进破坏过程,并得出底板岩层的最大破坏深度为10-11 m,该结果与现场实测结果一致;同时给出了该矿底板岩层破坏深度与工作面斜长和埋深关系的经验公式。该结论为董家河煤矿带压开采工作面煤层底板突水预测与防治提供了科学依据。     

带压开采煤层底板破坏深度理论分析及数值模拟——以陕西澄合矿区董家河煤矿5号煤层为例

随着煤矿开采深度的不断增加,带压开采已经成为深部矿井普遍应用的一种采煤方法,而带压水上采煤的关键问题之一是确定采动引起的底板破坏深度。针对董家河煤矿5号煤层开采引起的底板采动破坏深度开展相关研究,以该矿的507综采工作面开采为工程背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的办法,动态再现了整个底板岩层渐进破坏过程,并得出底板岩层的最大破坏深度为10~11 m,该结果与现场实测结果一致;同时给出了该矿底板岩层破坏深度与工作面斜长和埋深关系的经验公式。该结论为董家河煤矿带压开采工作面煤层底板突水预测与防治提供了科学依据。      

煤层底板破坏的断层效应模拟及其在防治水中的应用

梁北煤矿已发生5 次寒武系灰岩底板突水事故,造成重大经济损失。根据矿井的水文地质条件,建立了煤层开采的FLAC 数值模型,利用岩石力学及渗流力学理论,分别模拟了无断层和有断层条件下煤层底板采动破坏带的演化规律,重点讨论了断裂深度及断层空间位置对底板破坏深度的影响。结果表明,断层的存在可使底板采动破坏深度增加20%~33%,断层是突水重点防范区域,遇断层前10 m 直到过断层15 m 须加强防治水工作。根据模拟结果设计了梁北矿11041, 11151,11111 三个工作面底板的注浆加固工程,重点注浆层位分别为底板破坏范围和寒武系顶部裂隙发育带,注浆工程增强了底板的阻水能力,实现了工作面的安全回采。     

断层构造对煤层底板突水的影响分析

在原岩应力、地质构造、地下水等因素基础上,从应力场和渗流场共同作用的角度出发,研究含底板岩体在内的采场岩体系统的变形与破坏。研究结果表明,随着工作面向前推进,底板岩层的破坏深度和范围逐渐增加,底板岩层中水平应力低于承压水压力的深度也逐步增大。随着开挖接近断层,断层对应力分布情况的影响越来越明显,最终在断层处造成突水。为了预防底板突水的发生,合理留设防水煤岩柱是必要的工程措施。     

基于FlAC（3D）模型的新集一矿岩溶水危险性研究

新集一矿1#煤层为矿区埋深最大的山西组煤层,太原组灰岩含水层是1#煤层开采时威胁最大的含水层。为合理评价1#煤层受太原组灰岩突水的威胁及煤层的可采性,按照煤层底板隔水层厚度、岩性组合及其力学性质,建立了FlAC3D模型。通过该数值模型对1#煤层进行模拟40m、80m、120m三次开挖,并用顶底板岩层的主应力差来反映其所处的变形阶段,分析了顶板来压前后底板的不同应力状态对突水危险性的影响,获得了开采1#煤层的顶板最大悬顶距、底板最大破坏深度等参数,认为开挖长度达到105m时,是最易突水位置,从而为后续详细勘探和工作面设计工作提供了参考。     

数值模拟在回坡底煤矿底板突水防治中的应用

随着煤矿开采深度的不断增加,将面临高承压水的严重威胁,带压开采已成为深部煤炭资源开采的主要方式。应用RFPA2D-Flow系统对煤层底板破坏深度进行了数值模拟,得出了回坡底煤矿采煤工作面煤层底板岩层的破坏深度约为12 m;同时,当回采到110 m处时,自切眼向掘进方向50～80 m处出现漏斗状底板破坏区,该破坏区将可能导通底部奥灰水,使煤层底板发生突水。     

孔中瞬变电磁法在综放工作面底板破坏深度探测中的应用研究

鄂尔多斯盆地准格尔东部煤田石炭?二叠系 6 煤层为巨厚煤层,煤层底板面临奥陶纪灰岩含水层威胁尤为突出,由于采动效应的影响会形成底板采动破坏带,可能会形成新的导水通道引起突水灾害。针对底板采动破坏带测试问题,提出采用动源动接收的孔中瞬变电磁法,在采前和采后工作面底板钻孔中获取岩层电阻率特征数据的方法。首先通过数值模拟对比孔中瞬变电磁法在完整和二层岩层模型中呈现的电阻率差异性,验证该方法对二层岩层模型具有较好分辨率;然后在准格尔煤田酸刺沟煤矿6119巨厚煤层综放工作面进行试验,通过探查底板电性差异层得到底板破坏深度,经过验证结果准确可靠。研究表明:孔中瞬变电磁法探测技术与测试钻孔相结合,通过对比采前与采后结果获取了较为准确底板破坏深度,对类似条件下的工作面破坏深度测试提供了一种新的方法。      

煤炭开采对煤层底板变形破坏及渗透性的影响

煤层底板变形破坏除受地质因素控制外,还受开采因素影响。通过试验和理论分析,系统研究了煤炭开采对回采工作面底板应力、应变和破坏及渗透性的影响。研究结果表明,不同岩性岩石的渗透性在全应力-应变过程中为应变的函数,在微裂隙闭合和弹性变形阶段,岩石的原生孔隙和裂隙容易被压密,岩石的渗透率随应力的增加由大变小明显,当应力增大至极限强度时岩石试件破坏形成贯穿裂隙,岩石的渗透率迅速增大至最大,不同岩性岩石存在一定差异性;随着回采工作面推进,煤层底板岩层在横向上划分为原岩应力区、超前压力压缩区、采动矿压直接破坏区和底板岩体应力恢复区4个区。煤层底板岩体的渗透性随着煤炭开采底板岩体变形破坏而呈规律性变化。      

采动影响下的煤层底板岩层破坏特征——以团柏煤矿为例

研究采动影响对底板岩层的破坏范围,掌握矿压和水压对底板岩层作用的关系是煤矿防治底板水害的关键。团柏煤矿开采10煤和11煤,受到底板奥灰岩溶水的威胁,因此,以10煤为研究对象,采用煤层开采过程中底板监测钻孔的压水实验,研究采动影响范围和底板岩层的破坏深度。研究结果表明,10煤开采对底板岩层的破坏范围为10~12 m,横向影响范围40 m,峰值点位于6~20 m。该成果可为煤矿开采深部煤炭资源时进行底板突水预测预报提供技术支持。      

Two Artifacts of Probability Field Simulation

Probability field simulation is being used increasingly to simulate geostatistical realizations. The method can be faster than conventional simulation algorithms and it is well suited to integrate prior soft information in the form of local probability distributions. The theoretical basis of probability field simulation has been established when there are no conditioning data; however, no such basis has been established in presence of conditioning data. Realizations generated by probability field simulation show two severe artifacts near conditioning data. We document these artifacts and show theoretically why they exist. The two artifacts that have been investigated are (1) local conditioning data appear as local minima or maxima of the simulated values, and (2) the variogram model in range of conditioning data is not honored; the simulated values have significantly greater continuity than they are supposed to. These two artifacts are predicted by theory. An example flow simulation study is presented to illustrate that they affect more than the visual appearance of the simulated realizations. Notwithstanding the flexibility of the probability field simulation method, these two artifacts suggest that it be used with caution in presence of conditioning data. Future research may overcome these limitations.     

An Improved Perturbation Mechanism for Simulated Annealing Simulation

Simulated annealing (SA) is being increasingly used for the generation of stochastic models of spatial phenomena because of its flexibility to integrate data of diverse types and scales. The major shortcoming of SA is the extensive CPU requirements. We present a perturbation mechanism that significantly improves the CPU speed. Two conventional perturbation mechanisms are to (1) randomly select two locations and swap their attribute values, or (2) visit a randomly selected location and draw a new value from the global histogram. The proposed perturbation mechanism is a modification of option 2: each candidate value is drawn from a local conditional distribution built with a template of kriging weights rather than from the global distribution. This results in accepting more perturbations and in perturbations that improve the variogram reproduction for short scale lags. We document the new method, the increased convergence speed, and the improved variogram reproduction. Implementation details of the method such as the size of the local neighborhood are considered.     

Direct Sequential Simulation and Cosimulation

Sequential simulation of a continuous variable usually requires its transformation into a binary or a Gaussian variable, giving rise to the classical algorithms of sequential indicator simulation or sequential Gaussian simulation. Journel (1994) showed that the sequential simulation of a continuous variable, without any prior transformation, succeeded in reproducing the covariance model, provided that the simulated values are drawn from local distributions centered at the simple kriging estimates with a variance corresponding to the simple kriging estimation variance. Unfortunately, it does not reproduce the histogram of the original variable, which is one of the basic requirements of any simulation method. This has been the most serious limitation to the practical application of the direct simulation approach. In this paper, a new approach for the direct sequential simulation is proposed. The idea is to use the local sk estimates of the mean and variance, not to define the local cdf but to sample from the global cdf. Simulated values of original variable are drawn from intervals of the global cdf, which are calculated with the local estimates of the mean and variance. One of the main advantages of the direct sequential simulation method is that it allows joint simulation of N _v variables without any transformation. A set of examples of direct simulation and cosimulation are presented.     

Conditional curvilinear stochastic simulation using pixel-based algorithms

In geology, structures displaying differing local directions of continuity are widespread, a typical example being a flusial depositional system. Conventional pixel-based geostatistical algorithms, may fail to reproduce such curvilinear structures. Conversely, object-based algorithms can reproduce curvilinear shapes but are difficult to condition to dense local data. Local depositional directions as obtained from dipmeter data. 3D seismic data, and geological interpretation represent critical information. An improved pixel-based geostatistical algorithm is proposed to account for such directional information. Case studies demonstrate the potential and limitations of the algorithm.     

Conditional Indicator Simulation: Application to a Saskatchewan uranium deposit

Mineral deposits frequently exhibit a mixture of rock types in which each type can be identified by a characteristic metal concentration. Such a mixture can be correctly simulated by first reproducing the spatial and geometric configuration of the various rock types in the deposit. Then the grades for each rock type can be jointly simulated and filled in according to their specific coregionalization characteristics. The method of Conditional Indicator Simulation and an uranium—arsenic joint simulation are presented with a detailed, step-by-step application to the Midwest deposit, a high grade uranium deposit in northern Saskatchewan.     

基于模拟器技术的流域仿真系统研究

以现代仿真技术、柔性仿真、软件工程为理论基础，提出了流域模拟器的概念。通过面向对象的方法及组件对象模型(COM)技术建立模拟器，探讨使用模拟器构造流域模型，建立具有良好适应性、扩展性、集成性的流域仿真系统的途径，包括流域网络模型、流域仿真运行机制等。     

崩塌落石运动学的模拟研究

长江三峡链子崖危岩，目前正在进行全面治理，本文以链子崖东侧猴子岭崩塌落石为典型实例，开展了地质力学与数值模拟，研究了崩塌落石的运动学特征，并以防治方案提出了建议。     

Generalized Sequential Gaussian Simulation on Group Size ν and Screen-Effect Approximations for Large Field Simulations

The modelling of spatial uncertainty in attributes of geological phenomena is frequently based on the stochastic simulation of Gaussian random fields. This paper presents a generalization of the sequential Gaussian simulation method founded upon the group decomposition of the posterior probability density function of a stationary and ergodic Gaussian random field into posterior probability densities of a set of groups of nodes of size . The method, which is termed generalized sequential Gaussian simulation on group size , relies computationally on sharing the neighborhood of adjacent nodes and simulates groups of nodes at a time, instead of the traditional node-by-node simulation. The new method is computationally efficient and suitable for simulation on large grids of nodes. Results suggest that, in terms of computing cost (time), an optimal size of a group is about 80% of the optimal neighborhood used for sequential Gaussian simulation and that computation can be up to 50 times faster than the regular sequential Gaussian method, with little loss in accuracy. The effectiveness of the method is assessed by using a general measure of accuracy, screen-effect approximation loss (SEA loss), defined herein as the mean-square difference between the simulated value posterior to the information in the neighborhood and the simulated value posterior to all information, and shown to be determined by the corresponding posterior variances. The results presented show that both the exponential and the spherical models perform well and can meet the less-than 5% relative SEA loss requirement for any grid setup using a relatively small neighborhood. The Gaussian covariance model was found to have a relatively high relative SEA loss in most cases.     

预应力锚索锚固效应的仿真试验与数值模拟研究

预应力锚固技术在岩土工程中已得到广泛应用,对其进行的研究工作也取得了许多成果,为论证已有成果并揭示其深层次的普适的工作机理,开展了室内大型仿真试验,并以仿真试验的结果为依据,验证有限元数值分析的力学模型,之后利用数值分析进一步延伸仿真试验结果,得出了有重要实用意义的结论.     

A mathematical model to investigative distortions of correlation coefficients in closed arrays

This paper presents a mathematical model for simulating the distortion of correlation coefficients in percentage systems. Random variables from multivariate normal distributions with specified variance-covariance matrices are used to calculate correlations for both open and closed arrays. The relationships between these correlations and the dependence of the number of variables and the statistical parameters are examined.