五家沟矿区5号煤中伴生元素地球化学特征

为了研究大同煤田南部煤中伴生元素的地球化学特征,运用矿物学、煤地球化学以及岩石学等学科的理论和研究方法,利用X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、电感耦合等离子质谱分析(ICPMS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜+能谱分析(SEM-EDS),对五家沟矿区5号煤中伴生元素的含量及赋存特征进行研究。结果表明,五家沟5号煤中常量元素Al、Si、Ca、Fe含量较高,占到灰分总量的95%以上。Al主要以高岭石的形式存在,Si以黏土矿物和石英的形式赋存于煤中,煤中Ca的主要载体是方解石,Fe在煤中主要以黄铁矿的形式存在。煤中微量元素Li富集,Ga、Sr、Zr、Nb、Hf、Ta轻度富集。锂和镓主要赋存于高岭石中;铌和钽赋存于黏土矿物中,部分可能赋存于伊利石中;锆和铪赋存于黏土矿物中,还有部分赋存于金红石内。     

乌兰图嘎富锗煤中微量元素在不同密度级煤中的分布特征

煤系关键金属的开发利用对于缓解我国战略性矿产资源紧缺具有重要意义。内蒙古胜利煤田乌兰图嘎低阶煤中除富集关键金属Ge以外,同时富集有害元素Be、F、As、Hg、Sb和W,出于对关键金属的提取利用及环境保护2个方面考虑,须对研究区煤炭进行洗选处理。基于前期研究认识,浮选对于乌兰图嘎煤中As、Sb和W脱除效果相对较好,对于F和Hg的脱除效果较差,基于此,采用浮沉实验(重选法)以及XRD、XRF、SEM-EDS和EMPA等实验方法和测试手段,研究关键金属Ge以及Be、F、As、Hg等有害元素在不同密度级煤中的分布特征,结果表明:(1) 乌兰图嘎煤中矿物主要包括石膏、石英、黄铁矿、高岭石等,矿物含量随煤密度级增大而增加,电子探针分析结果表明,Co、As、Sb和Hg赋存在黄铁矿中。(2) 经过重选,低密度精煤中Ge元素富集,表明Ge主要以有机态存在,Be、F、As等可能与有机质相关,或者赋存在嵌布于有机质中的微细粒矿物中,煤中Hg和大部分亲石性元素在高密度级煤中含量较高,表明其赋存在矿物中。(3) 重选对于Hg元素的脱除效果较好,对Be、F、As和一些亲硫或亲铁性元素浮选脱除效果优于重选。建议乌兰图嘎低阶煤使用重选?浮选联合脱除法进行有害元素的脱除。      

西南地区稀散元素伴生成矿的主要类型及伴生富集规律

西南地区稀散元素资源丰富,主要以伴生元素矿床产出,寄主矿床类型主要为沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿(伴生Cd、Ge、Ga、Tl)、锡石硫化物矿床(伴生In、Cd)和沉积型铝土矿(伴生Ga)及含锗煤等。这些矿床往往集中产出,主要分布在三江铅锌铜银多金属矿成矿域、川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿域、滇东南锡多金属矿成矿域、黔西北铝土矿含矿带及滇西第三系含煤盆地。本文以滇东南锡石硫化物矿床(个旧、都龙、白牛场)及沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿(包括兰坪金顶铅锌矿和川滇黔铅锌银多金属成矿域中的会泽、大梁子、天宝山和富乐铅锌矿等)等为主要对象,开展了不同金属硫化物中稀散元素含量及电子探针面扫描分析,查定了稀散元素伴生富集的赋存状态,并在矿床地球化学研究基础上,综合分析了这些稀散元素的伴生富集规律。研究结果进一步表明,稀散元素(In、Cd、Ge、Ga、Tl)伴生富集都具有明确的载体矿物专属性:热液矿床中In、Cd、Ge、Ga主要富集在闪锌矿中,Tl主要富集在黄铁矿中;沉积铝土矿中Ga的载体矿物主要是一水铝石,含锗煤中Ge主要以有机质结合态赋存在腐殖体中。在伴生富集规律上,In主要伴生富集在锡石硫化物矿床中,滇东南三大锡石硫化物矿床(个旧、都龙、白牛场)具有相似的地质地球化学特征,成因上与燕山晚期花岗岩侵入密切相关。沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿普遍含有Cd、Ge、Ga、Tl,但不同矿床在不同稀散金属富集程度上存在明显差异,其中,金顶矿床中的闪锌矿高度富Cd,平均含量达1.23%,其成因可能与生物有机作用有关。临沧盆地西缘含锗煤产出在以花岗岩为基底的帮卖陆相含煤碎屑岩盆地中,具有工业意义的Ge只集中在第一含煤段的煤层中,其含煤段有硅质岩和薄层含碳硅质灰岩,在上部缺乏硅质岩的两个含煤段的煤中无Ge矿化。Ga在铝土矿中的伴生富集具有全球性特点,不同成矿时代和不同工业类型铝土矿中都具有镓的伴生富集,含量一般在50×10~(-6)～200×10~(-6),贵州铝土矿床主要形成于石炭纪,其矿石以硬水铝石及少量黏土等为主,Ga含量在70×10~(-6)～143×10~(-6),略高于中国和世界铝土矿中镓的平均值。     

贵州天桥铅锌矿床分散元素赋存状态及规律

利用电子探针(EPMA)、电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)等分析了天桥铅锌矿床矿石矿物中分散元素的含量、赋存状态及规律,结果表明分散元素在该矿床中含量达到了综合利用评价指标,有的甚至达到了工业品位(如Cd等);这些分散元素可能以类质同象的形式赋存在硫化物矿物中,其规律为Ga、Cd、In等赋存在闪锌矿中,Ge、Tl等赋存在方铅矿中,黄铁矿中分散元素富集低;在不同颜色闪锌矿中,Ga、Cd富集规律表现为浅色闪锌矿>中色闪锌矿>黑色闪锌矿,而Ge、Tl、In、Se富集表现出中色闪锌矿相对高于浅色及黑色闪锌矿;同标本中,不同颜色闪锌矿的Ge、In富集规律在还显示浅色闪锌矿>中色闪锌矿>黑色闪锌矿,而Ga、Tl、Cd、Se富集规律呈现中色闪锌矿相对高于浅色及黑色闪锌矿.Ga/In、Zn/Cd等参数指示出矿床成因类型可能为热液-沉积-改造.     

准格尔煤田串草圪旦煤矿5号煤元素地球化学特征

为研究准格尔串草圪旦5号煤微量元素地球化学特征,采用光学显微镜、扫面电子显微镜和X射线衍射（XRD）方法观测煤中矿物组成及形态特征,应用电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP MS）方法测定煤中多种微量元素含量,运用数理统计方法研究微量元素在煤中的赋存特征。结果表明：5号煤中Li、Be、F、U、Hg 5种元素相对富集,含量高于研究区6号煤及中国煤中含量水平。5号煤中Li、F、Ga、Se无机亲和性强,Be、As、U为亲有机元素;Hg与硫含量显著正相关。各元素在煤中主要以有机结合态、无机结合态和硫化物结合态赋存。     

涡阳花沟西10号煤中微量元素的有机亲和性

为研究淮北矿区涡阳花沟西勘查区10号煤中微量元素的有机亲和性,共采集10个勘探钻孔煤样品,采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪ICP-MS分析了12种微量元素的含量;应用LECO碳硫分析仪测定了煤的总有机碳TOC,并通过两者的相关关系分析了元素的有机亲和性,结合元素的地球化学特征和煤样XRD物相鉴定结果,通过聚类分析进一步推断元素的赋存状态。结果表明:V、Cr、Co、Ni、Mo、Cd、Sb、Pb和Zn元素含量低于全国均值,没有异常富集,Be、Cu和Tl略高于全国均值;Cd具有较强的有机亲和性,Co、Zn、Be和Cr的有机亲和性较弱,V、Ni、Cu、Mo、Sb、Pb和Tl不具有机亲和性;V、Sb、Cu、Cr、Pb、Co和Ni主要以铝硅酸盐吸附态赋存,Cd主要以有机结合态赋存。      

宁武煤田2号煤中镓的富集与赋存特征

宁武煤田是我国典型的煤伴生资源丰富的煤炭基地。为研究煤中Ga的成矿规律,从宁武煤田2号煤中采集了117个煤样,通过工业分析、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、X射线荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱和逐级化学提取实验对样品进行测试分析。结果表明宁武煤田2号煤中Ga的平均含量为30.93μg/g,整体上属于轻度富集—富集。逐级化学提取的结果显示煤中Ga的赋存以残渣态为主,占比87～92%,其次为有机态,占比6%～10%。由煤中Ga与煤质和常量元素的相关性分析认为,高岭石、勃姆石等黏土矿物是煤中Ga的主要矿物载体,黏土矿物对Ga的吸附是2号煤中Ga富集的主要原因。     

黔北务—正—道地区典型铝土矿床伴生有益元素锂、镓和钪分布规律

Li、Ga和Sc是重要的"三稀"矿产资源,在铝土矿中广泛分布。贵州北部务—正—道铝土矿矿集区现已探明10个大型矿床,其中伴生的Li、Ga和Sc金属资源量巨大。文章以务川瓦厂坪、道真新民和正安新木—晏溪3个大型铝土矿床为研究对象,通过对含矿岩系及其上覆和下伏岩石中Li、Ga和Sc分布规律的系统研究,发现含矿岩系垂向上,Li、Ga和Sc含量表现为矿层中部最高,下部次之,上部最低;矿石类型上,Li在鲕状、致密块状矿石中的含量高于碎屑状矿石,土状矿石中Li的含量最低,Ga在土状和鲕状、致密块状矿石中更富集,而Sc则在碎屑状矿石中相对富集;区域上Li、Ga和Sc含量总体呈北高南低的态势,暗示这些有益伴生元素的空间分布可能与源岩岩性、风化作用和沉积分异等有关。由于Li、Ga和Sc与Al、Ti等元素常呈类质同象置换或以离子吸附态形式赋存于金红石、锆石、磷钇矿等矿物的表面,重视这些重矿物的选矿,对综合利用Li、Ga和Sc等伴生有益元素具有重要意义。此外,通过Li、Sc和Ga分布特征和富集规律的研究,进一步佐证了务—正—道地区铝土矿形成于陆相河湖盆地环境。     

铅锌矿硫铁化物中的铊、镍、钴及其他痕量元素

为了研究比利时铅锌矿脉中伴生的硫铁化物的特征,探讨痕量元素是否能帮助搞清成矿条件,便于探寻隐伏矿体,用DC电弧光谱和X荧光光谱法对黄铁矿和白铁矿中的Tl、Ni、Co、Mn、Zn、Pb、Ge、Cd和As进行了系统分析.结果发现Tl含量(30～6800ppm)比所有其他矿床(Tl 10ppm)都高;Co Ni比值??1,比沉积矿都低. 硫铁化物中Tl的赋存状态不是以痕量矿物产出,就     

太原西山矿区杜儿坪井田夹矸地球化学特征及其地质意义

为探明太原西山矿区杜儿坪井田夹矸的地球化学特征及其地质成因,用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)、氢化物-原子荧光光谱(HG-AFS)、发射光谱法(ES)等方法对杜儿坪井田2号、3号和8号煤层夹矸进行了矿物学和地球化学特征研究。结果发现2号、3号和8号煤层夹矸中矿物以高岭石、石英为主;与华北上地壳相比,杜儿坪夹矸中富集有害微量元素Cd、Se、Mo、Pb、Be、Cu、Th和U,山西组夹矸中有害元素含量大于太原组(除Mo、Pb和U);所有夹矸样品中Li、Ga的含量超过了工业品位,其工业利用价值值得关注;山西组夹矸稀土元素总含量高于太原组夹矸,所有夹矸稀土元素分配模式反映其与陆源碎屑关系密切;通过分析得到该区夹矸形成期间的陆源碎屑主要来自北部的花岗岩;太原组夹矸形成过程受海水影响;稀土元素与Al和Si等造岩矿物的聚类分析表明,夹矸中稀土元素主要赋存于高岭石等黏土矿物中。     

Geochemical characteristics of the coal gangues from the Du’erping coal mine,Xishan coalfield,North China

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, emission spectrometry, X fluorescence spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction were employed to study the geochemistry and mineralogy of coal gangues from Nos. 2, 3, and 8 coal seams of the Du’erping coal mine, Xishan coalfield, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. The study revealed that compared with the sedimentary cover, upper continent crust, Carboniferous-Permian coal from North China, as well as most coal in China, coal gangues from Nos. 2 and 3 coal seams are rich in Li, Be, Sc, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ba, Th, Nb, Cd, Pb, Ta and rare-earth elements, and coal gangues from No. 8 coal seam are rich in Li, Sc, V, Cr, Ga, U, and rare-earth elements. Compared with the Carboniferous-Permian coal from North China and most coal in China, coal gangues from Nos. 2, 3 and 8 seams are rich in Rb, V, Cs and Sr. Therefore, The Du’erping coal gangues in the Xishan coalfield are rich in most hazardous trace elements and rare-earth elements, wherein the contents of Ga and Li reach the industrial grade and have significance for industrial utilization. On the whole, coal gangues of the Shanxi Formation from the Permian are rich in more trace elements than those of the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation. The distributions of REE show obviously dipping rightwards with negative Eu anomalies. The contents of rare-earth elements in the three seams are quite different. All of the above indicate that the source of the rare-earth elements is terrigenous debris. Minerals in No. 2 seam identified by X-ray diffraction mainly include quartz, kaolinite, in addition to calcite, pyrite, apatite, epidote, and epsomite. No. 3 seam mainly contains quartz, kaolinite, in addition to a small amount of sodium feldspar, calcium nitrate, iron ore, gypsum, and vivianite. No. 8 seam mainly contains kaolinite, dickite, quartz, illite, and a small amount of hematite and U. The correlations between major elements and trace elements in coal gangues of the Du’erping coal mine analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) indicate that the trace alkali elements and rare-earth elements occur mainly in such clay minerals as kaolinite.     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of Al-hydroxide/oxyhydroxide mineral-bearing coals of Late Paleozoic age from the Weibei coalfield, southeastern Ordos Basin, North China

This paper mainly describes mineralogy and geochemistry of coals from the Weibei coalfield in the southeastern Ordos Basin, North China. A number of Al-hydroxide/oxyhydroxide minerals were detected in the Late Carboniferous coals (Nos. 5, 10 and 11 coals), especially in the No. 10 coal. Aluminum-hydroxide/oxyhydroxide minerals (nordstrandite, boehmite and diaspore) in the No. 10 coal are associated with kaolinite, suggesting that these minerals are derived from the breakdown of kaolinite. A model in which Al-hydroxide/oxyhydroxide minerals form from the incongruent dissolution of kaolinite is presented. Nordstrandite and boehmite mainly occur as massive lenses (<500 μm in length). Diaspore appears as massive aggregates and as single euhedral crystals (<50 μm in length) in a kaolinite matrix. The presence of high temperature quartz, and zircon indicates that there was input of felsic volcanic debris during accumulation of the Late Carboniferous coals. These volcanic materials have also had a significant influence on the enrichment of certain trace elements including Li, Be, Ga, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, W and U in the Late Carboniferous coals (Nos. 5, 10, and 11 coals). SEM-EDX results show that Ga in the No. 10 coal (whole coal average 33.4 μg/g; n = 2) mainly occurs within Al-hydroxide/oxyhydroxide minerals (nordstrandite, boehmite, and diaspore), kaolinite and organic matter.     

大同矿区5#煤层煤岩煤质特征及其清洁利用方式

大同矿区位于山西省大同市的西南,主要含煤地层为侏罗系大同组和石炭二叠系山西组、太原组,是我国典型的双纪煤田。在收集大同矿区以往勘查资料的基础上,系统分析了大同矿区5#煤层的煤岩煤质特征,煤质主要为中灰、高挥发分、中硫、高热稳定性煤,整体以弱黏结煤为主,煤层的黏结性变化规律受深成变质作用影响,变质程度由低至高,煤的黏结性也随之逐渐增强。5#煤层煤岩特征以半亮-半暗煤为主,镜质组含量较高,以较干燥森林沼泽相和湖沼相为主。绘制了煤质指标的等值线图,研究其分布特征及变化规律,并参照焦化、气化、液化用煤指标体系对5#煤清洁利用方式进行划分,结果显示,5#煤洗选后大部分可作为焦化用煤,部分煤可作为直接液化用煤。     

Enrichment of lithium in the claystone coal gangue from the Malan mine,Xishan Coalfield,Shanxi Province,Northern China

In China, the lack of Li resources is in stark contrast to a large amount of coal gangue produced by coal mining. To determine the distribution patterns and existing status of lithium (Li) elements in the coal gangue, the mineralogical and geochemical analysis were formed on samples of the roof, floor, and parting of No. 02, 2, 8, and 9 coal seams, being mined in Malan mine, Xishan coalfield, Shanxi Province. The results show that the lithium content in this study area is relatively enriched, the highest content is 499 μg/g in sample 02-G, and the average content is 109.8 μg/g, which is two times that of the world average value of claystone (45 μg/g). XRD analysis shows that the mineral composition of parting samples is mainly clay mineral kaolinite, while the coal seam roof and floor samples also include quartz and some iron-bearing minerals, such as pyrite and siderite. Likewise, possible lithium-rich mineral phases and possible lithium-rich factors were investigated in this paper. A comprehensive clay separation experiment and correlation analysis between lithium and major elements indicate that lithium is likely to exist in the clay mineral kaolinite in the study area. It is also found that the content of Li adsorbed by cryptocrystalline kaolinite is generally higher than that of crystalline kaolinite. According to the mechanism of Li⁺ adsorption in clay minerals, the higher lithium content of cryptocrystalline kaolinite is due to its larger specific surface area, which can adsorb more lithium on the surface.     

Geochemical characteristics of REY,Li, Ga trace elements in the No. 9 coal seam of the Daheng mine,Ningwu coalfield,Shanxi Province,China

To understand the geochemical characteristics of the No.9 coal in the Daheng Mine of the Ningwu coalfield, the trace element analysis was conducted through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sedimentary environment was discussed according to the element geochemical parameters. The results show that Li, Ga, Hf, Zr, Nb, Th, and Ta are slightly enriched in the No. 9 coal of Daheng Mine. The average value of the rare earth elements and yttrium (∑REY) in coal here is 144.20 μg/g (excluding parting), which is higher than the average value of ∑REY in the world ’s coal and China ’s coal. The light rare earth elements (LREY) are enriched. The content of Eu was 0.12–2.10 μg/g with an average of 0.57 μg/g, and the Eu is obviously negatively abnormal. Most of the trace elements in the coal are positively correlated with the ash content, which shows that the occurrence of these trace elements is related to inorganic minerals. The results of sequential chemical extraction experiments show that rare earth elements mainly exist in coal in the form of aluminosilicate. The value of the Sr/Ba and the content of S reflect that the coal-forming environment was influenced by seawater. The values of V/Cr and Ni/Co reflect that the peat swamp is in an anaerobic environment and a strongly reducing environment during the coal-forming period.     

青海聚乎更矿区侏罗纪含煤岩系沉积相研究

木里煤田聚乎更矿区位于祁连拗褶带西段,区内含煤地层为中侏罗统木里组和江仓组。根据野外露头剖面、钻孔岩心的观察及测井曲线特征,对中侏罗统的沉积特征和沉积相平面展布特征进行研究。结果表明：中侏罗统木里组主要发育辫状河-辫状河三角洲沉积体系,江仓组主要发育辫状河三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,厚煤层多发育在辫状河三角洲沉积体系,且物源多来自研究区东北部托莱山和南部大通山地区。该结论有利于查明潜在的赋煤区,为下一步的煤炭地质勘探工作提供理论依据。     

Geochemistry and origin of elements in some UK coals

Twenty-four UK coals ranging in rank with 4.6%–37.6% volatile matter were analysed for 46 major and trace elements. The samples were obtained from the UK Coal Bank and are representative of the major UK coal fields. The major element distributions are interpreted in terms of the mineralogical variations—quartz and kaolinite are largely responsible for the Si and Al, carbonates for Ca and Mg and pyrite for Fe. Also exerting an influence in some samples are siderite, Al-phosphate minerals and illite. Based on statistical relationships with the major elements, Rb, Cr, Th, Ce, Zr, Y, Ga, La, Ta, Nb and V are thought to be mainly present in the clay minerals, and As, Mo, Sb, Tl, Se and Bi and Pb are probably present in pyrite. Strontium and Ba are concentrated in a restricted number of samples related to the phosphate minerals. Germanium is the only element for which a major organic association can be demonstrated. Elements with an indirect association with the organic matter are Na, Cl, and Br in porefluids and possibly Te. The ash content is controlled mainly by the detrital input and the trace elements related to the ash content are therefore those elements associated with the clay minerals. Variations with rank would appear to be mainly related to the moisture content (porefluids). The trace elements associated with the quartz and clay minerals are thought to be dominantly detrital in origin. The non-detrital elements, essentially those contained in pyrite, are thought to have been incorporated in the depositional environment from waters with enhanced salinities through seawater ingress, hence there are positive relationships between S and trace element concentrations.     

新疆库-拜煤田侏罗系塔里奇克组煤的地球化学特征

以新疆库拜煤田塔里奇克组煤层为研究对象,对其煤化学及地球化学特征进行分析。认为研究区煤层属低水分、低灰分、特低硫分、高挥发分的长焰煤-气肥煤;煤中的常量元素Al、Ca、Fe、Mg和K平均含量低于中国煤常量元素的平均含量,并有较大的变化范围,仅Na平均含量高于中国煤的平均含量;煤中的微量元素Cu和Co含量高于中国煤的平均含量,Ni和Zn含量接近中国煤的平均含量．其它微量元素含量均明显低于中国煤的平均含量。阐明了Al、Li、Cr、Ti、Zr、Ga、Nb以及轻稀土元素（La、Ce和Nd）具有较强的亲无机性,在煤中主要以无机态存在;Li、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Ga、Rb、Zr、Nb及重稀土元素中的La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd元素主要与硅铝酸盐矿物及微量的重矿物组合有较好的亲和性：As、Sr元素主要以碳酸盐矿物的形式存在。     

内蒙古潮水盆地西部侏罗系煤的岩石学、矿物学及地球化学特征

潮水盆地位于内蒙古西南部和甘肃省东部地区,是我国中新生代含煤断陷盆地.采用粉晶X衍射、ICP-MS、ICP-AES 方法,从煤的岩石学、煤化学及煤地球化学的理论出发,对潮水盆地西部煤样进行了煤化学、显微组分、矿物学及地球化学分析.其研究结果表明潮水盆地西部煤以中等水分、低一中灰分和硫质量分数、高挥发分产率为特征,煤级为烟煤—亚烟煤;煤中有机显微组分以镜质组为主,惰性组次之,煤相类型以潮湿森林沼泽相为主,其次为较浅覆水森林沼泽相;煤中的常量矿物以石英和高岭石为主,部分样品中含有黄铁矿、方解石、菱铁矿和少量的微斜长石;煤中除Sr、B和Cs质量分数相对较高外,其他微量元素质量分数普遍较低.Cr、Ga、Pb、Li、Cu、Ge、V、Sc、Be、W、Th和As,以及Ti和Nb主要与硅铝酸盐矿物有好的亲和性;B和Sr可能主要以碳酸盐矿物的形式存在;S和Mo可能主要以硫化物矿物的形式存在;另外,Ti、Zr、Nb和Ta有好的相关性,可能与重矿物有关.