气体吸附对煤层安全钻井液密度的影响

煤岩中割理极为发育,导致煤层非均质性极强,在煤层钻井过程中井壁极易垮塌,掩埋钻具,钻井过程中配置合理的钻井液用以保持井壁稳定具有重要的意义。现阶段主要是运用经典连续介质理论模型进行钻井过程中安全钻井液密度窗口预测,导致现场实际效果较差。实际煤层不仅割理发育并且大量CH₄以吸附态赋存于煤层中,将弱化煤岩力学强度,使原本就易失稳的井壁越加不稳定。因此,针对煤层为非连续介质的特殊性,基于非连续介质力学构建的离散元模型分析钻井过程中煤层井壁稳定性,并结合连续介质强度分析法在考虑气体吸附对煤岩力学强度弱化影响的情况下,用以确定煤层最佳防塌钻井液。最后,根据山西省宁武盆地的煤岩数据及现场钻井液资料,利用上述理论进行实例计算,指出研究区煤层防塌需保证钻井液密度大于1.009 g/cm3,并且需在钻井液中添加暂堵剂以提高其封堵能力。      

靖南地区水平井钻井液技术研究及应用

针对鄂尔多斯靖南地区水平井钻井过程中存在的煤层、碳质泥地层井壁失稳和定向钻井托压问题,开展了钻井液抑制防塌、地层封堵和润滑减阻技术研究,形成了具有良好防塌、润滑能力的钻井液配方,页岩滚动一次回收率≥98%,极压润滑系数达0.05。通过现场2口井的应用试验,应用井段平均井径扩大率为1.71%和4.06%,钻具摩阻40～80 kN,钻井、完井顺利。     

延长油田罗庞塬区水平井钻井液防塌技术研究

延长油田罗庞塬区块部分层段由于泥页岩、碳质泥岩和油页岩发育突出,在钻井施工中常出现定向托压、掉块普遍和地层垮塌严重等现象,针对这些技术难题进行了该区块钻井液体系研究,确定4%KCl、5%聚合醇和0.6%～0.8%SI-150作为抑制性防塌处理剂主体防塌,选择1%氧化沥青、3%超细碳酸钙（1% 2000目+2% 3000目）和1%弹性石墨作为封堵性防塌处理剂协助防塌,形成了适合延长油田罗庞塬区块防塌钻井液体系。该钻井液体系封堵性和抑制性良好,页岩滚动回收率保持在93%以上,极压润滑系数控制在0.07以下。该钻井液体系在罗平16井和蒲平48井2口水平井成功进行了现场应用,取得了良好效果。     

新型水基钻井液体系在页岩气钻井中应用探讨

目前中国页岩气水平井水平段钻井主要使用油基钻井液,但油基岩屑处理费用昂贵,急需开发和应用一种具有环境保护特性的高性能水基钻井液体系。通过室内实验,优选出适合于水基钻井液的封堵剂、降失水剂等主要处理剂,进而研制出了钾铵基聚磺成膜钻井液体系配方,并进行了抗温性、润滑性、防塌抑制性、封堵性、抗污染性性能评价实验。结果表明：钾铵基聚磺钻井液流变性能良好,抗温可达150 ℃;润滑性能优良,具有较好的抗盐、抗钙污染性能和防漏封堵性能,防塌抑制性强。     

煤层气钻井井壁失稳机理及防塌钻井液技术

针对沁水盆地煤层气钻井中存在的井壁稳定技术难题,采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、泥页岩膨胀实验、页岩分散实验测试了泥页岩和煤岩体的组构及理化性能,分析了井壁失稳机理。依据"多元协同"防塌原理,研选出了高效包被抑制剂、封堵防塌剂和活度平衡剂,构建了泥页岩地层防塌钻井液体系QSFT和煤层钻开液QSMZ。评价结果表明,QSFT体系的粘度、切力适中,滤失量低、泥饼薄,对200 μm裂缝的封堵承压能力达3.0 MPa;QSFT和QSMZ具有较强的抑制水化能力,并能显著增加岩样单向抗压强度,对煤岩体岩心湿测渗透率的损害均低于30%,干测渗透率恢复值达到95%以上,可作为沁水盆地煤层气井的钻井液和储层钻开液。      

深层水平井双聚胺基钻井液技术研究与应用

针对大庆油田深层致密气埋藏深,储层砾岩、火山岩裂缝发育,水敏性强,钻井过程中易发生漏失、垮塌、缩径及高温钻井液性能变差等复杂,且深层水平井钻进会带来摩阻、携岩和储层污染及使用油基钻井液存在成本高、后期环保压力大等难题,在分析总结前人研究成果及经验基础上,从致密气藏地质特征及深层水平井钻井难点出发,明确了钻井液技术对策,通过开展聚胺和聚醚多元醇“双聚”抑制、封堵防塌剂的研究,配合自主研制的新型高效随钻封堵材料,研发出一套适合于深层致密气藏水平井施工的双聚胺基钻井液技术。室内研究及现场应用表明,该钻井液具有较强的封堵防塌、井眼清洁和润滑防卡能力,抗温达180 ℃以上,有效地解决了深层水平井漏失、垮塌、携屑、润滑问题和储层保护问题,保证了深层水平井的顺利施工,创造了大庆油田深层水平井钻井周期最短（109 d）,井深最深（5048 m）,水平段最长（969.22 m）,井底温度最高(180 ℃)等几项新纪录,完全满足了徐家围子地区深层致密气藏的钻探需求,为深层水平井安全、快速、高效钻井提供了技术保障。     

金山地区防塌钻井液体系研究

金山地区是松辽盆地的主要油气聚集区。该区岩性复杂,泥岩发育,钻井过程中随着钻井液浸泡时间的延长,井壁稳定问题突出。通过对地层理化性质和力学稳定性分析,是由于钻井液的化学稳定性不足导致了井壁的失稳。为了提高钻井液的化学稳定性,提出了“封堵”防塌的技术方案。研制的防塌钻井液体系具有封堵和抑制性强等特点。该体系高温高压失水可以控制在11 mL/30 min以内,砂床侵入深度2 cm,泥页岩回收率达到95%以上,钻井液抑制和封堵效果显著。     

新疆卡姆斯特煤田西山窑组煤层发育特征与煤质分析

准噶尔盆地东北缘卡姆斯特地区中侏罗统西山窑组为一套辫状河三角洲相沉积,主要可采煤层发育于三角洲平原,其中B1煤层最厚可达11.6m,平均厚度6.1 m,厚度稳定、横向连续性好。煤岩显微组分以镜质组为主(73.3%),次为惰质组(13.3%),另含少量壳质组(6.2%);无机组分则以碳酸盐矿物为主,另含少量黏土矿物。煤岩镜质体反射率(Ro)范围为0.419%~0.522%,煤质总体以中灰、低硫、特低氯、特低磷、特低发热量的长焰煤为特征。     

新疆中生代煤中半镜质组特征及其研究意义

通过分析显微图像的光学性质和测定煤的反射率等方法,研究了新疆中生代煤中半镜质组特征。结果表明:新疆中生代煤中含有一定量的半镜质组;均质半镜质体占总体(均质镜质体与均质半镜质体之和)的49%~64%,均质半镜质体的最大反射率(R_max)比均质镜质体的高0.08%~0.13%;均质半镜质体的R_max介于均质镜质体和结构镜质体之间,结构半镜质体的R_max比结构镜质体的高0.28%~0.34%。由此可以得出:在三大组分划分方案中,应将均质半镜质体归入镜质组的均质体中,同时认为,按显微组分三大组分划分方案中,将结构半镜质体归入惰质组的半丝质体中更合理;在测定煤的反射率时,不能将均质半镜质体作为反射率的测定对象。本项研究结果对于指导本地区煤炭的炼焦配煤、煤炭液化和深加工利用等具有重要意义。      

硅酸盐防塌泥浆研究及其在碳质泥岩钻探中的应用

硅酸盐钻井液体系是一种以无机盐为主要处理剂的防塌抑制性钻井液,具有物理封堵和化学加固井壁双重防塌作用,能有效的降低井壁的渗透率、阻止压力传递,且具有较好的流变特性、无毒、无荧光、成本低,被认为是具有发展前景的水基钻井液之一。在碳质泥岩钻探中经常遇到的问题有:漏失、坍塌、掉块、涌水等,给安全钻井带来很大麻烦。同时,为了满足工程/水文地质资料获取与评价要求,铁路勘察对复杂地层的处理有相对严格的要求,如避免使用水泥封孔等,本文研究的硅酸盐钻井液可以有效的解决碳质泥岩钻探中的上述问题,并能提高岩心采取率和机械钻速。     

Petrographic characteristics of coal from Mailaram coalfield,Godavari valley,Andhra Pradesh

The quantitative maceral study of the Queen seam from Mailaram coalfield of Godavari valley has displayed alternate coal bands rich in vitrinite/liptinite or inertinite. The random vitrinite reflectance (R_o max. %) of these coals, from top part ranges from 0.50 to 0.64%. However, the bottom part of the seam has indicated lower reflectance, between 0.49 and 0.52%. Thus, the Queen seam, in general, has attained high volatile bituminous C rank. The study indicates that the depositional site has been a slowly sinking basin that witnessed alternate dry (oxidizing) and wet (reducing) spells. This subsequently caused fluctuation in water table of the basin and the formation of oxic and anaoxic moor condition, where accumulated vegetal resource transformed into mixed and fusic coal types in due course of time. Being high in liptinite and vitrinite contents and low mineral matter, the Queen seam of Mailaram coalfield has high economic potential.     

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田水平井A点前钻井液工艺技术

针对鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田水平井A点前钻井施工过程中易发生井壁失稳、煤层坍塌等复杂情况的现状,选用＂减少储层损害、减少环境污染＂的＂双保＂（易降解,有利于环境保护;易酸化解堵,有利于保护油气层）天然高分子钻井液体系及分段采取合理的维护处理措施,取得了良好效果。     

苏北盆地粘土矿物转化模式与古地温

以苏北盆地为例,系统研究了火成岩发育区粘土矿物组合特征及其控制因素;建立了粘土矿物转化模式;根据粘土矿物成岩演化特点,进行古地温分析。研究表明,苏北地区粘土矿物的分布主要受埋藏成岩作用、岩浆侵入、母质来源三种因素的影响,发育四种类型的粘土矿物组合和三种粘土矿物转化模式;火山碎屑岩母岩区和基性岩浆侵入区具有特殊的粘土矿物组合和成岩演化模式,前者以富含蒙皂石矿物为特点;后者出现高岭石与伊/蒙有序间层矿物共生组合,并具有不连续的演化序列;苏北盆地短有序I/S矿物出现于镜质组反射率 0.5 %～ 0.5 5 %的深度,伊/蒙间层矿物转变成伊利石在镜质组反射率 0.75 %～ 0.8%,可以用于热成熟度和古地温的估算;而蒙皂石消失的界面则不具有指标意义     

东胜煤田深部区煤质特征研究

东胜煤田深部区延安组主要发育2-6五个煤组,含煤26层,煤层总厚度5.9～36.7m,根据33个钻孔293个煤样的煤质分析结果,研究区各煤层有机显微组分均以镜质组为主,含量为51.4%～83.0%,惰质组占17.0%～48.0%,煤中矿物质含量为0.18%～14.5%,以粘土矿物为主。从下到上镜质组含量有所增加,常量元素含量较稳定。本区煤类属不粘煤,工业利用以动力用煤为主,因有害元素总体含量较低,其利用不会对环境产生影响。     

The Late Triassic Callide Coal Measures, Queensland, Australia: Coal petrology and depositional environment

The Late Triassic (Carnian-Rhaetian) Callide Coal Measures are preserved in a partly fault-bounded basin remnant in east-central Queensland, Australia. The sequence comprises up to 150 m of interbedded clastic sedimentary rocks and at least four major coal seams, including one coal body up to 23 m thick. The sequence was deposited initially in high-gradient alluvial fan systems which gave way through time to sandy, low-sinuosity rivers. The restricted, intermontane and entirely alluvial nature of sediment accumulation is here considered to have influence the petrographic characteristics of Callide coals, and their external geometry.The main coal seam from the Callide Measures shows variation in the predominance of some macerals, indicating successions of environmental changes. The application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to the study of the Callide coal has enabled a better understanding of the nature and origin of some of the less understood macerals such as micrinite and vitrinite B. Two forms of vitrinite have been observed, each with a distinct reflectance range. The wood-sourced vitrinite A displays an average reflectance of 0.56%, implying a higher rank than the 0.49% Ro total vitrinite reflectance recorded in previous publications. Vitrinite B and A together represent the most commonly occurring macerals in the Callide coal samples of the present study. The lower-reflecting vitrinite B which forms bands, often several hundred μm in thickness, in TEM shows sub-micron electron transparent laminae of lipid-rich material alternating with a more conventional vitrinite material. The vitrinite B is interpreted to represent accumulations of leaves.The Callide coal has entered the oil window, and oil has been generated from some exinite, cutinite, and resinite, as evident from change in fluorescence and the presence of exsudatinite in cell cavities and cleats. Vitrinite B is seen under the microscope to also be generating oil. Micrinite, the origin of which has been much debated, occurs in selected horizons only, as lenticular bodies suggesting cell filling or filling of spaces between laminations in vitrinite B. TEM shows micrinite to consist predominantly of sub-micron pyrite and possibly other mineral particles adsorbed on humic acids.     

塔里木盆地东南缘下—中侏罗统煤层煤岩、煤质特征分析

塔里木盆地东南缘下—中侏罗统煤层沿阿尔金山前断续分布,其煤岩、煤质与典型的西北侏罗纪煤层具有明显不同。通过对和田布雅、于田普鲁、且末红柳沟等煤矿主采煤层样品进行煤岩、煤质鉴定及煤化指标等一系列综合研究分析,结果表明,主采煤层以光亮煤、半亮煤为主,其次是半暗煤、暗淡煤;煤岩组分以镜质组为主,壳质组含量少,具中-高镜惰比。因成煤沼泽的还原程度促进了无机硫分的形成,煤中全硫含量随镜质组含量的增加呈现逐渐增高的趋势,且煤层硫分与灰分整体具有明显的负相关关系。此外,煤层挥发分受不同种类硫分的影响,亦有明显差异性变化。在民丰凹陷中-高硫煤中,硫分以无机硫为主,随着硫分的升高挥发分亦有升高趋势;瓦石峡凹陷中-低硫煤受有机硫控制,对挥发分产率的影响不明显。民丰凹陷煤层的灰分指数高于瓦石峡凹陷,可见后者的成煤沼泽环境潜水面要比前者高得多。针对上述诸多因素分析,进一步揭示塔东南地区煤岩、煤质多样性变化受断陷湖盆以及局部水体较深的还原型沼泽环境控制,最终形成了中-高挥发分、中-低灰分、中-低硫分的煤质及富镜贫惰的煤岩特征。     

The Statistical Prediction of the Vitrinite Reflectance and Study of the Ancient Geothermal Field in Songliao Basin,China

The resource of the gas from coal and coal measures deep in Songliao Basin hasbeen drawing more and more attention to.It is necessary to find out the evolution regulari-ty of the geothermal field of the basin in addition to a series of geological studies in orderto predict its resources because the ancient geothermal field of the basin is one of themain factors controlling the generation,evolution and disappearance of oil and gas.Inthe recent twenty years,it is generally believed that vitrinite reflectance is the best quanti-tative marker for the ancient geothermal field.In the present paper,a systematic studyof the vitrinite reflectance value of Songliao Basin and its influence factors is made by mul-tiple statistical analysis so as to reconstruct the evolutional process of the Moho and thecorresponding geothermal field.Then,an overall prediction is made of the vitrinitereflectance and the distribution of J_3-K_1 fault basin group at the bottom of SongliaoBasin,which provides the evidence for the furth     

河北南部石炭一二叠纪煤层气烃源岩特征

河北南部地区石炭一二叠系煤层煤种丰富,峰峰、邯郸矿区煤层的宏观煤岩类型以半亮煤和半暗煤为主;显微煤岩类型为微镜煤、微镜惰煤及微暗煤;煤的结构以细、中宽条带状结构为主,在半亮煤和半暗煤中最多;有机显微组分以镜质组最高,一般可占50％～91％,惰质组占10％～35％,壳质组含量一般不超过5％,对煤层气来说,这是比较有利的烃源条件：区内大淑村矿2煤的矿物质含量最低,其煤的吸附能力较其它矿区高;主煤层镜质组最大反射率具有北高南低的分布规律,揭示了煤的生烃强度具有由南向北逐渐增高的趋势。该区煤层气源岩不仅影响煤的生烃能力,还影响着煤层对甲烷的吸附能力和煤层气的开采能力。     

高pH值流体对煤岩储层的损害评价

煤层气钻井、压裂等作业过程中高pH值工作液必然与煤岩接触,工作液与煤岩接触后将使煤层长期处于碱性环境,将对煤层产生严重损害。为模拟高pH值工作液对煤层造成的损害,以宁武盆地9号煤层为研究对象,针对天然柱状煤样及人造裂缝煤样系统开展了流体pH值逐渐升高对煤层渗透率的影响实验,并针对不同pH值流体开展了毛管自吸、液相返排及应力敏感实验。研究结果表明,煤岩具有较强的碱敏性损害,与地层水相比煤岩对高pH值工作液具有更强的自吸能力且返排率较低,并且煤岩与碱性流体作用后应力敏感性系数增大。结合润湿性测定及扫描电镜分析结果,指出工作液pH值越高,润湿性越强,同时高pH值工作液与煤岩接触后导致煤岩微结构失稳、阳离子交换吸附;高pH值工作液与地层水接触后相互作用生成无机垢以及煤岩具有很强的吸附或吸收各类液体的能力等是引起煤层损害的主要原因,并且碱性流体与煤岩作用后弱化了煤岩力学强度,强化了煤岩的应力敏感性。