金属矿床(山)地质环境评价方法

从实行金属矿床(山)地质环境评价出发,对大量地质信息进行转化并归纳出4个地质环境因子,根据不同的资料类型采用不同的评价方案:对无空间属性的资料(16个地质环境指标),根据其影响程度采用“五分制“进行评测;对有空间属性的资料,通过建立评价模型并采用经验和计算法进行赋权后,利用GIS进行空间分析,最终获得矿床(山)环境质量综合评价结果.     

金属矿床(山)地质环境评价方法

从实行金属矿床（山）地质环境评价出发，对大量地质信息进行转化并归纳出4个地质环境因子，根据不同的资料类型采用不同的评价方案：对无空间属性的资料（16个地质环境指标），根据其影响程度采用“五分制”进行评测；对有空间属性的资料，通过建立评价模型并采用经验和计算法进行赋权后，利用GIS进行空间分析，最终获得矿床（山）环境质量综合评价结果。     

江苏省地质环境区划评价指标体系初步研究

建立地质环境区划评价指标体系,评价地质环境质量,对有效保护地质环境、履行地质环境保护管理职能具有重要意义。笔者在充分分析研究江苏省地质环境资料及成果的基础上,以地质环境问题为导向,人地和谐统一的思路,基于地质环境安全、地质资源保障及社会需求的原则,从地质环境的自然属性和社会属性两方面考虑,建立了地质灾害(防治)、矿山地质环境(保护)、山体资源保护、地质遗迹保护、地下水污染防治和土壤污染防治等6个专项区划的评价指标体系,并提出一套由7个目标层、16个约束层和40项指标构成的江苏省地质环境综合区划评价指标体系,为合理评价江苏省地质环境提供科学依据。     

江苏省矿山地质环境区划研究

随着矿业经济发展由“资源开发”向“资源开发与环境保护并重”的转变,矿山地质环境保护与治理已成为生态省建设的主要内容之一。因此,合理划定矿山地质环境保护与治理区域,对改善生态环境意义重大。本文以江苏矿山地质环境调查成果为基础,基于矿山地质环境的自然属性和社会属性,建立了由2个目标层、5个约束层和12个指标层构成的江苏矿山地质环境区划评价指标体系。在MAPGIS技术支持下,采用综合指数模型,将各区划因子按其权重进行空间代数叠加,根据叠加的结果并结合矿山开采现状,将关闭矿区划定为矿山地质环境重点治理区和一般治理区;将开采矿区划定为矿山地质环境重点防治区和一般防治区。     

江苏省地质环境调查与区划主要研究成果综述

开展地质环境区划研究,对有效保护地质环境、履行地质环境保护管理职能具有重要意义。本项目既是国土资源部规划司开展全国地质环境区划的试点,又是江苏省地质环境保护规划的支撑性工作,是在国内尚无成功的范例,又没有成熟的理论研究体系下开展的。项目在分析地质环境区划概念与内涵的基础上,明确了江苏省地质环境区划“六专(专题区划)一综(综合区划)”的区划思路;从地质环境的自然属性和社会属性两个层面考虑,采用层次分析法,建立了地质灾害(防治)、矿山地质环境(保护)、山体资源保护、地质遗迹保护、地下水污染防治和土壤污染防治等6个专题区划评价指标体系;以MapGIS的空间分析模块为评价平台,进行了6个专题区划评价;基于6个专题区划成果,建立地质环境综合区划评判体系,以地质环境问题为导向进行一级区划,以地质环境功能为导向进行二级区划;从地质资源保障及地质环境安全角度,提出了地质环境保护规划建议。     

南充凌云山省级地质公园地质环境敏感度研究

四川南充凌云山以其独特的丹霞地貌,加之神秘的佛、道教文化,享有“果郡灵山”之美誉。为评价凌云山省级地质公园地质遗迹对外界干扰的抵抗力,将敏感度概念引入地质遗迹的评价中。在分析凌云山区域地质环境的基础上,总结了主要影响因素;选取气候、区域地质条件、地质灾害、土地背景质量、地质环境破坏速率等7个评价要素和相应的20个评价因子,建立了评价指标体系和数学模型;采用权重加权平均法,对凌云山地质公园内地质环境质量进行评价,并提出凌云山省级地质公园可持续发展的建议。     

GIS公路地质环境评价研究

地质环境评价是公路环境评价中一项重要的内容,但公路地质环境定量化的影响评价至今报道甚少。该文根据高速公路通过区地质环境特点,提出了一套用于地质环境评价的指标体系,叙述了公路地质环境评价的基本技术流程,以地质环境评价空间图形信息和属性信息为基础建立系统数据库,利用GIS系统的空间分析能力,评价道路地质环境影响的研究思路。     

江苏省露采矿山地质环境综合评价研究

本文以江苏省露采矿山地质环境调查资料为基础,采用层次分析法,通过露采矿山地质灾害易发性和自然环境影响程度两方面的12个评价指标,建立江苏省露采矿山地质环境综合评价体系。在确定各评价指标权重和评价分级标准的基础上,以ARCGIS作为系统运行平台,生成江苏省露采矿山地质灾害易发性区划图、自然环境影响程度区划图、矿山地质环境综合区划图。     

安徽宣城市工程地质分区研究

为了配合宣城市新一轮的城市规划和建设,对宣城市进行了地质调查。在总结分析了宣城市的基本工程地质条件的基础上,根据对大量钻孔原位测试和岩土样品实验室资料的整理分析,对宣城市进行了工程地质分区,把宣城市分为:漫滩区(Ⅰ)、河间地块区(Ⅱ)、丘陵波状起伏区(Ⅲ)和低山、丘陵区(Ⅳ)4个工程地质区。又根据每个地质区的不同的工程地质特征,把4个地质区详细划分成11个亚区,并对每个分区和亚区的工程地质特征和场地特征进行了阐述和评价,为宣城市的地质问题的预测和治理、合理开发和社会经济发展提供服务。     

新会区地质环境承载能力评价

本文以新会区地质环境作为研究对象,基于承载本底与承载状态两个层次的服务目标,选择评价因子,构建地质环境承载力评价指标体系。采用AHP层次分析法确定指标权重,构建数学模型进行地质环境承载力评价。运用Mapgis空间分析功能,得到新会区地质资源环境承载能力分区图。采用自然间断分级法,划分新会区地质环境承载力为地质环境保护区、地质环境修护区、地质环境维护区、地质环境开发区,并根据承载力分区提出新会区发展规划建议。     

A new model of geo-environmental impact assessment of mining: a multiple-criteria assessment method integrating Fuzzy-AHP with fuzzy synthetic ranking

A new evaluation model for geo-environmental impact assessment of mining (GEIAM) is proposed. The evaluation framework in this model considers three groups of criteria, namely, geo-hazards risks, environmental risks, and resource damages. Fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to establish a multiple-criteria evaluation system and simultaneously command weighting to avoid vagueness and ambiguity in expert judgment. Membership function was employed to deal with the vagueness boundary problem of indices scoring and to help complete the ultimate fuzzy synthetic ranking. The model expresses the evaluation results with an integrated objective ranking and three criteria ranking. It was tentatively applied to assess an opencast limestone mine. The results indicated that the indices sequences were consistent with the mine background and the expert professional experience and better revealed the impact of geo-hazards risks. Specific assessment factors such as geo-hazards potential, engineering geological condition, and hydrogeological condition were prioritized for further improvement. Compared with existing GEIAM evaluation methods, the proposed assessment model focuses more on expert experience and judgment, breaks through the limitation of local estimation to variable attributes and, most importantly, satisfies the multi-purpose requirements to incorporate real considerations together for mining safety, geo-environmental protection, and natural resource conservation.     

Block Simulation of Multiple Correlated Variables

Numerical representations of multivariate natural phenomena, including characteristics of mineral deposits, petroleum reservoirs and geo-environmental attributes, need to consider and reproduce the spatial relationships between correlated attributes of interest. There are, however, only a few methods that can practically jointly simulate large size multivariate fields. This paper presents a method for the conditional simulation of a non-Gaussian vector random field directly on block support. The method is derived from the group sequential simulation paradigm and the direct block simulation algorithm which leads to the efficient joint simulation of large multivariate datasets jointly and directly on the block support. This method is a multistage process. First, a vector random function is orthogonalized with minimum/maximum autocorrelation factors (MAF). Blocks are then simulated by performing LU simulation on their discretized points, which are later back-rotated and averaged to yield the block value. The internal points are then discarded and only the block value is stored in memory to be used for further conditioning through a joint LU, resulting in the reduction of memory requirements. The method is termed direct block simulation with MAF or DBMAFSIM. A proof of the concept using an exhaustive data set demonstrates the intricacies and the performance of the proposed approach.     

Joint High-Order Simulation of Spatially Correlated Variables Using High-Order Spatial Statistics

Joint geostatistical simulation techniques are used to quantify uncertainty for spatially correlated attributes, including mineral deposits, petroleum reservoirs, hydrogeological horizons, environmental contaminants. Existing joint simulation methods consider only second-order spatial statistics and Gaussian processes. Motivated by the presence of relatively large datasets for multiple correlated variables that typically are available from mineral deposits and the effects of complex spatial connectivity between grades on the subsequent use of simulated realizations, this paper presents a new approach for the joint high-order simulation of spatially correlated random fields. First, a vector random function is orthogonalized with a new decorrelation algorithm into independent factors using the so-termed diagonal domination condition of high-order cumulants. Each of the factors is then simulated independently using a high-order univariate simulation method on the basis of high-order spatial cumulants and Legendre polynomials. Finally, attributes of interest are reconstructed through the back-transformation of the simulated factors. In contrast to state-of-the-art methods, the decorrelation step of the proposed approach not only considers the covariance matrix, but also high-order statistics to obtain independent non-Gaussian factors. The intricacies of the application of the proposed method are shown with a dataset from a multi-element iron ore deposit. The application shows the reproduction of high-order spatial statistics of available data by the jointly simulated attributes.     

合山市矿山地质环境影响评价研究

广西合山属于煤炭资源枯竭型城市,正在经历的市域经济转型与大规模城市建设,使得矿山地质环境影响评价成为一项基础性工作。将矿山地质环境影响评价划分为两个层次,即采矿活动对矿山地质环境影响评价和城市建设对地质环境的影响评价。选取矿山地质环境条件、矿山开采状况、矿山地质环境问题3个地质环境要素,地形地貌、植被覆盖率、岩土体工程特征、矿山分布密度、煤层倾斜角度、煤层采深采厚比、土地资源破坏强度、水资源破坏强度、地质灾害发育强度9个评价指标,首先应用模糊综合评价模型进行了第一层次的矿山地质环境影响评价,然后采用综合指数评价模型进行了第二层次的地质环境影响评价,结果显示,影响严重区、较严重区、一般区分别为62.87,118.84,175.99km2,各占市域面积的17.6%、33.2%、49.2%。评价结果可作为合山市矿山地质环境综合治理的重要依据。     

层次分析法(AHP)在三江平原地质环境质量评价中的应用

应用层次分析法(AHP)对影响三江平原环境地质质量的岩石、土壤和水3个子系统分别进行评价，通过分析影响各子系统的主要因子，建立子系统层次结构模型和质量指数数学模型，得出各子系统的质量指数，从而评价出各个子系统的质量状况。在此基础上，建立地质环境系统质量评价的层次结构模型和数学模型，计算出地质环境质量指数，并对该地区的质量状况进行评价，得出三江地区总体环境地质状况是好的结论。     

Modelling of piping collapses and gully headcut landforms:Evaluating topographic variables from different types of DEM

The geomorphic studies are extremely dependent on the quality and spatial resolution of digital elevation model(DEM)data.The unique terrain characteristics of a particular landscape are derived from DEM,which are responsible for initiation and development of ephemeral gullies.As the topographic features of an area significantly influences on the erosive power of the water flow,it is an important task the extraction of terrain features from DEM to properly research gully erosion.Alongside,topography is highly correlated with other geo-environmental factors i.e.geology,climate,soil types,vegetation density and floristic composition,runoff generation,which ultimately influences on gully occurrences.Therefore,terrain morphometric attributes derived from DEM data are used in spatial prediction of gully erosion susceptibility(GES)mapping.In this study,remote sensing-Geographic information system(GIS)tech-niques coupled with machine learning(ML)methods has been used for GES mapping in the parts of Semnan province,Iran.Current research focuses on the comparison of predicted GES result by using three types of DEM i.e.Advanced Land Observation satellite(ALOS),ALOS World 3D-30 m(AW3D30)and Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)in different resolutions.For further progress of our research work,here we have used thirteen suitable geo-environmental gully erosion conditioning factors(GECFs)based on the multi-collinearity analysis.ML methods of conditional inference forests(Cforest),Cubist model and Elastic net model have been chosen for modelling GES accordingly.Variable's importance of GECFs was measured through sensitivity analysis and result show that elevation is the most important factor for occurrences of gullies in the three aforementioned ML methods(Cforest=21.4,Cubist=19.65 and Elastic net=17.08),followed by lithology and slope.Validation of the model's result was performed through area under curve(AUC)and other statistical indices.The validation result of AUC has shown that Cforest is the most appropriate model for predicting the GES assessment in three different DEMs(AUC value of Cforest in ALOS DEM is 0.994,AW3D30 DEM is 0.989 and ASTER DEM is 0.982)used in this study,followed by elastic net and cubist model.The output result of GES maps will be used by decision-makers for sustainable development of degraded land in this study area.     

Characterization of environmental impact on resources, using strategic assessment of environmental impact and management of natural spaces of “Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia” and “Quilamas” (Salamanca, Spain)

A new procedure is proposed for joint strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment using simultaneous characterizations in the protected natural area studied to analyse the importance and extent of the impact of human activities within this area on the various natural resources. GIS techniques were used to define territorial models, including environmental information criteria in thematic layers to facilitate environmental diagnosis in the early planning stages in the areas of concern or of higher quality for conservation at different working levels (municipal, district, provincial or national). Traditional conventional environmental impact assessment methods were improved, using spatial analysis to compare scenarios based on the spatial and temporal variability of the impacts identified and their evaluation. This method was applied to the natural space of Las Batuecas-S. de Francia and Quilamas, where in an initial stage the different anthropogenic activities (landfills, etc.) with the potential to cause direct (sewage waters, etc.) or indirect (leachate, etc.) impacts were identified, using checklists and double-entry matrices to analyse actions likely to cause impacts, developing the cartography and identifying environmental impacts potentially damaging to the natural environment. Next, thematic and interpretive mappings were drawn up (surface water quality, aquifer vulnerability to pollution and vulnerability to municipal solid waste) to assess the effects upon resources (water, soil, air, etc.). Finally, by overlapping the impact identification and vulnerability mappings (municipal solid waste, pollution of aquifers and surface water quality) the impact characterization mapping was obtained, showing the absorption capacity of the different sectors to help the responsible bodies set out preventive and/or corrective measures. The essence of this paper is, in methodological terms, its use of two methods simultaneously (strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment) in a protected natural area, allowing it to be extrapolated to any area where territorial management and planning studies need to be carried out.     

郑州市城区中层基坑工程地质环境适宜性评价

基坑工程是地下空间建设的主要开发形式。为了更加科学合理地开发城市地下空间,在对郑州市已有地质资料梳理的基础上,构建适用于中层基坑工程的地质环境适宜性评价指标体系,采用多目标线性加权函数法对郑州市中层基坑工程地质环境适宜性进行综合评价。研究结果表明：郑州市中层基坑工程地质环境适宜性评价指标可划分为5大类13个指标,其中基坑稳定性、潜水水位埋深、含水层富水性对评价结果的影响较大。综合评价结果中适宜性好区位于京广铁路以西,适宜性中等区分布在京广铁路以东、东风渠以南、京广高速铁路以西的区域,适宜性差区分布在龙湖附近及京广高速铁路以东的区域内,禁止建设区沿水库、南水北调工程、铁路、地下文物分布。评价结果表明郑州市中层基坑工程开发条件整体适宜性中等。郑州市中层基坑工程地质环境适宜性评价工作适用性较强,可为郑州市地下空间开发利用规划提供技术支撑,且评价指标体系可用于地质条件类似的城市的地下空间地质环境适宜性评价工作中。     

Report on the geo-environmental inquiry project, central and eastern Europe

 The Commission on Geological Sciences for Environmental Planning (COGEOENVIRONMENT) of IUGS and UNESCO have initiated a joint project to develop a worldwide data base on earth-science-related environmental problems and to assess which geoscientific information is available locally for prevention, prediction or mitigation of such problems. As a first step, a pilot project on geo-environmental problems and geo-information was launched for central and eastern Europe. In this paper the results of a questionnaire sent to all these partly new countries are presented. Analysis of the results of the questionnaire shows that the most serious and common geo-environmental problems in central and eastern Europe are earthquakes, landslides, soil contamination, groundwater pollution and flooding by rivers. Other geo-environmental problems in this part of Europe and some difficulties experienced during the pilot project are also referred to. Some suggestions for the application of geoscientific knowledge to mitigate such problems are presented at the end of this paper. Received: 25 February 1997 · Accepted: 28 January 1998     

An approach for assessing soil health: a practical guide for optimal ecological management

How to integrate environmental geographic information and biodiversity data combined with management measures to effectively assess soil health is still an unresolved problem. This paper suggests an approach for systematically estimating soil quality and guiding ecological management. First, canonical correspondence analysis is used to predict the distributions of plant species or microorganism communities, principle pollutants and environmental variables from which spatial and environmental data are extracted by the geographic information system (GIS). Secondly, geostatistical methodologies are then used to estimate and quantify the spatial distribution characteristic of the species and pollutants and to create maps of spatial uncertainty and hazard assessment through ArcGis technology. Finally, redundancy analysis provides a suggestion about better management strategy and environmental factor for improving soil health and biodiversity. The combination of these methods with “3S” techniques as an assessment approach effectively meets the challenges for estimation and management in different soil environments.