人类活动和气候变化对红碱淖水面面积的影响

红碱淖是我国面积最大的沙漠淡水湖泊, 也是全世界最大的遗鸥繁殖与栖息地, 对该地区水面面积变化进行动态监测分析具有重要意义. 利用TM、 中巴资源卫星影像对红碱淖水面面积进行解译, 结合前人的研究成果, 对红碱淖水面面积的动态变化进行了模拟, 分析了引起红碱淖水面面积急剧萎缩的原因. 结果表明: 20世纪90年代以来红碱淖水面面积在大幅度萎缩, 水位急剧下降. 红碱淖水面面积急剧萎缩是气候变化和人为影响因素综合作用的结果, 可能的影响因素有气候变化、灌溉用水、生态环境建设、煤矿开采用水排水和水源地开采等5个方面, 其中上游河流截流是主要原因.     

陕北红碱淖沉积物粒度特征所揭示的环境变化

通过沉积物粒度参数,对陕西红碱淖近几十年以来的湖泊演化和区域环境变化进行了探讨。沉积岩芯下部样品粒度组成呈双峰特征,据此可以分辨沉积物中湖相和风成组分。结果表明红碱淖形成于1928年,成湖初期流域风沙发育,其中1936年、1939年和1941年发生了三次强沙尘暴事件;1952~1960年为湖泊快速扩张时期,系人为改造使入湖地表径流在短时间内快速增强所致;1960年以后,红碱淖演化为稳定深湖环境,湖区降水增多,风沙发生的频率和强度大大降低,沉积物粒度频率分布曲线也演变为单峰形态。20世纪90年代中期以来,该湖水面有下降趋势。红碱淖粒度参数特征较好地反映了湖泊演化历史、区域风沙强度变化以及人类活动特征。      

沙漠淡水湖-红碱淖保护浅析及对策

在现场调查的基础上,初步查明了红碱淖流域的地形地貌、气候、水文、水资源、土壤植被、水禽鸟类、水体变化等有关情况,进而提出了进一步加强红碱淖水域的管理、加强水资源开发利用管理等四点红碱淖保护的想法和建议。     

鄂尔多斯浩勒报吉水源地开采地下水的环境影响分析

干旱半干旱区的地下水开发利用容易对原本脆弱的生态环境造成不利影响。内蒙古鄂尔多斯市浩勒报吉水源地属于半干旱区的地下水水源地。2009—2014年间,该水源地为满足工业供水需求开采地下水6.0×104~7.3×104 m3/d,产生了负面的生态环境后果。为核查环境变化与地下水开采的确切关系,调查分析了2004—2016年气象条件、地下水开采历程、地下水位、湖泊面积和植被指数的变化特征,建立定量指标进行了地下水开采的环境影响判别。结果表明,在2008—2014年期间,距开采区中心10 km范围的地下水位普遍下降1 m以上,奎生淖和敖各窖淖2个湖泊的面积萎缩约30%,水源地的植被指数对气候条件变化的敏感性增强。该水源地以往论证得到的可开采量偏大,应考虑生态环境约束将开采规模控制在3×104 m3/d以下。     

洞庭湖萎缩对湖内洪水影响

为了更好地理解湖泊萎缩对湖内洪水过程的影响,在假定洞庭湖将继续萎缩的前提下,通过建立荆江-洞庭湖水动力模型,定量分析洞庭湖萎缩对湖内洪水的影响。研究结果表明,湖内水位及洪峰流量随湖泊面积的萎缩而增加,洪峰水位到达时刻随着湖泊萎缩而提前。若遇1996年型洪水,洞庭湖面积若从目前的2 670 km2减小至1 380 km2时,西洞庭湖及南洞庭湖内最高水位将抬高2.0 m左右,东洞庭湖水位将抬升0.4 m左右,城陵矶站点洪峰水位到达时刻将提前约11 h,洪峰流量增加约4 800 m3/s。因此,若洞庭湖湖泊面积在目前基础上（面积2 670 km2）继续萎缩,湖区特别是西洞庭湖及南洞庭湖将面临更为严峻的洪水灾害。虽然湖泊萎缩对西洞庭湖与南洞庭湖内水面坡降影响较小,但东洞庭湖内水位同时受湖泊萎缩及长江来流的影响,水面坡降发生较大变化,在距离蔡家洲80~110 km（鹿角站附近）河段水面坡降出现大幅增大。     

新疆博斯腾流域湿地遥感监测及时空变化过程

博斯腾流域是新疆最大的湖泊湿地分布区。湿地作为干旱区的一种特殊景观类型,在流域生态环境和水循环中发挥了重要的作用,其产生和消失、扩大和萎缩对区域生态环境将产生重要的影响。以Landsat系列数据为主要数据源,完成了博斯腾流域的3期遥感制图(1990、2000、2010年),分析了博斯腾流域湿地分布现状,探讨了区域湿地的时空变化过程和动态变化特征。结果表明:新疆博斯腾流域的湿地面积总体上一直在萎缩,1990-2010年总面积减少了16.24%;但是减少趋势相对变缓,且不同类型的湿地变化过程有所不同。其中:1990-2000年河流湿地和湖泊湿地表现为增加趋势,芦苇沼泽湿地表现为减少趋势;2000-2010年河流湿地、芦苇沼泽和湖泊湿地面积都表现为萎缩。在变化动态特征上,流域河流、湖泊湿地最近20a呈现倒"V"型波动,而芦苇沼泽湿地则持续下降。通过湿地变化与区域生态环境因子耦合分析表明,在近期内人类活动是造成区域湿地萎缩的主要因素。     

承德坝上高原东部月亮湖湖面萎缩原因及应对建议

承德坝上高原位于我国北方生态脆弱区,近年来正面临着自然湖泊面积萎缩和局部地下水位下降等问题。为查明坝上高原东部月亮湖萎缩原因,更好服务生态环境支撑区建设,笔者在野外调查和资料收集分析基础上,对坝上高原地区的生态环境变化和月亮湖萎缩原因进行了详细研究,初步认为:（1）1975—1993年为月亮湖水面面积较快增长期,1993年湖面面积最大,为0.43 km2;1993—2013年为缓慢萎缩期,2013年之后为较快萎缩期;（2）年际尺度上月亮湖区降水量和蒸发量都呈增加趋势,但因温度升高和下垫面条件改变引起的蒸发量增加趋势更明显;（3）人类活动对湖泊面积影响作用也不容忽视,人工林面积增加、旅游开发后的道路硬化、地下水开采和牲畜饮水增多可能也是湖泊快速萎缩的重要原因。建议坝上高原地区未来发展节水型生态旅游,同时实施湖区及周边地区地下水禁限采,强化水源涵养保护。     

中亚干旱区咸海面积变化与人类活动及气候变化的关联研究

咸海是亚洲仅次于里海的第二大内陆咸水湖, 20世纪60年代以来湖泊面积急剧萎缩。基于1960 - 2018年咸海的面积数据、 CRU气温和降水数据以及咸海流域灌溉面积、 水库容量等资料, 定量分析了1960年以来咸海湖泊面积的变化情况, 并从气候变化与人类活动两方面探究了咸海面积变化的主要影响因素。结果表明： 1960 - 2018年咸海的面积由6.85×10⁴ km²持续萎缩至（8.32±0.19）×10³ km², 共减少了（6.02±0.02）×10⁴ km²（约87.85%）, 其中1960 - 2009年面积萎缩了（5.94±0.02）×10⁴ km²（约86.77%）, 而在2009 - 2018年其面积萎缩速率明显放缓, 减少了740.04 km²（约8.17%）。统计结果显示, 1960年以来强烈的人类活动（主要表现为灌溉用水和水库储水量的持续增加）是导致咸海面积急剧萎缩的主要因素, 其对咸海面积变化的影响远大于气候变化。在中亚地区气候继续向暖湿变化的背景下, 咸海流域应尽快调整以农业灌溉为主的用水结构, 否则在上游冰川融水达到峰值后, 咸海可能面临干涸的危险。     

近40年来青藏高原湖泊变迁及其对气候变化的响应

湖泊对气候波动有敏感记录。本文以GIS和RS技术为基础,在野外实地考察的基础上,从20世纪70年代、90年代、2000年前后和2010年前后4期Landsat遥感影像中提取了青藏高原所有湖泊边界信息,建立了青藏高原湖泊空间数据库。分析表明的青藏高原面积大于0.5 km2的湖泊总面积变化：（1）从20世纪70年代至90年代增加了13.42%; （2）从20世纪90年代至2000年前后增加了4.86%; （3）从2000年前后至2010年前后增加了13.04%。可见,近40年来,青藏高原湖泊个数和面积均呈增加的趋势。气象数据分析表明,青藏高原气候出现了由暖干向暖湿的转型,表现为气温升高、降雨量增加和蒸发量减小。笔者选取了研究区内面积大于10 km2的时间上合适做比较的所有湖泊,逐一分析了其在4个时期的动态变化情况,并根据变化结果进行了分区。不同时期的湖泊变迁具有区域差异性：（1）从20世纪70年代至90年代,西藏北部、中部、藏南、青海羌塘盆地和青海东部湖泊呈萎缩趋势; （2）20世纪90年代至2000年,青海北部湖泊萎缩; （3）2000年至2010年,除藏南外,青藏高原其余地区湖泊全面扩张。不同补给源的湖泊对气候变化的响应模式不同：（1）气温主要影响以冰雪融水及其径流为主要补给源的湖泊,如色林错、赤布张错等; （2）降雨量主要影响以大气降雨和地表径流为主要补给源的湖泊,如青海羌塘盆地; （3）蒸发量直接影响湖泊水量的散失,在青藏高原总体蒸发量减小的大环境下,部分地区因升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过了降水和径流量增加,湖泊出现萎缩的现象,如羊卓雍错流域。总之,地质构造控制了湖泊变迁的总格局,而短时间尺度的湖泊变迁主要受气候因素的影响。此外,湖泊动态变化还受冰川、人类活动、湖盆形状、补给和排泄区等因素的影响。     

基于遥感的柴达木盆地湖泊面积变化与气候响应分析

利用MODIS09卫星遥感数据,对比6种水体指数法(NDWI、MNDWI、EWI、NWI、DLWI、MDLWI)的湖泊提取结果,最终采用归一化水体指数法NDWI对柴达木盆地2001—2014年连续14年的湖泊面积进行解译。结合当地气象资料和冰川面积的变化情况,对影响区内湖泊面积变化的因素进行了分析。结果表明,2001—2014年柴达木盆地的湖泊呈先增加后减少的趋势变化。区内<1km2的湖泊个数最多,10~100km2和>100km2等级的湖泊面积所占比例最大,平均分别占总面积的36%和58%。区内湖泊主要分布在海拔低于3 000m的中部平原区。近14年研究区气温整体较高,降水与湖泊面积变化情况一致,蒸发量缓慢减少。区内冰川面积和储量整体呈缓慢减少的趋势,冰川面积与湖泊面积呈显著负相关关系。降水增加、蒸发减少和冰川消融是影响区内湖泊面积变化的根本因素。     

The impact of gravel extraction on groundwater dependent wetlands and lakes in the Boreal Plains, Canada

The impact of gravel excavation on a groundwater dependent ecosystem (GDE) in a glacial outwash plain was determined using a combination of time-series stable isotopic measurements (??²H and ??¹⁸O) and a numerical flow model of lake?Cgroundwater interaction. Isotopic analyses of the lake and groundwater indicated a shift from a dominance of evaporative enrichment to more meteoric conditions, confirming the hypothesis of increased recharge following forest clearing and gravel extraction from an esker on the outwash plain. The effect of these land-use changes on source water for the GDE was quantified by simulating the lake water budget, seepage, and groundwater conditions for a period spanning pre- and post-mining activity. Enhanced cycling of shallow groundwater, driven by increased recharge in the gravel excavation area, was predicted to cause annual groundwater discharge pulses greater than baseline conditions for the groundwater-fed lake. The additional groundwater discharge represents approximately 4% of the annual lake budget, increasing the flushing rate of the lake. The influence of regional groundwater conditions, represented by variation of water table gradient and outwash hydraulic conductivity, and an alternative excavation location were investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Simulation results illustrate that a simple groundwater capture zone analysis for the GDE could be used to determine a location for gravel excavation that would reduce impact on GDE water source.     

1956—2016年新疆平原区地下水资源量变化及其影响因素分析

探索变化环境下新疆平原区地下水资源量的变化趋势,是识别地下水环境问题、加强地下水资源管理的基础工作。基于水利部门历次水资源调查评价成果、水利统计资料汇编等数据,对1956—2016年新疆平原区地下水资源量变化及其影响因素进行分析,对变化原因进行探讨。结果表明:1956—2016年新疆平原区地下水资源量呈减少趋势,其中地下水天然补给量基本稳定,地表水体转化补给量持续减少;从地下水补给结构分析,渠系渗漏补给量大幅减少,导致地下水资源量减少;河道渗漏补给量增加,抵消了地下水资源量的减幅。平原区灌溉面积扩大导致的农田灌溉耗水量增大是地下水资源量减少的根本原因,人类活动对地下水资源量的影响大于气候变化。     

Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs

Turquoise Lake is a water-supply reservoir located north of the historic Sugarloaf Mining district near Leadville, Colorado, USA. Elevated water levels in the reservoir may increase flow of low-quality water from abandoned mine tunnels in the Sugarloaf District and degrade water quality downstream. The objective of this study was to understand the sources of water to Dinero mine drainage tunnel and evaluate whether or not there was a direct hydrologic connection between Dinero mine tunnel and Turquoise Lake from late 2002 to early 2008. This study utilized hydrograph data from nearby draining mine tunnels and the lake, and stable isotope (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) data from the lake, nearby draining mine tunnels, imported water, and springs to characterize water sources in the study area. Hydrograph results indicate that flow from the Dinero mine tunnel decreased 26% (2006) and 10% (2007) when lake elevation (above mean sea level) decreased below approximately 3004 m (approximately 9855 feet). Results of isotope analysis delineated two meteoric water lines in the study area. One line characterizes surface water and water imported to the study area from the western side of the Continental Divide. The other line characterizes groundwater including draining mine tunnels, springs, and seeps. Isotope mixing calculations indicate that water from Turquoise Lake or seasonal groundwater recharge from snowmelt represents approximately 10% or less of the water in Dinero mine tunnel. However, most of the water in Dinero mine tunnel is from deep groundwater having minimal isotopic variation. The asymmetric shape of the Dinero mine tunnel hydrograph may indicate that a limited mine pool exists behind a collapse in the tunnel and attenutates seasonal recharge. Alternatively, a conceptual model is presented (and supported with MODFLOW simulations) that is consistent with current and previous data collected in the study area, and illustrates how fluctuating lake levels change the local water-table elevation which can affect discharge from the Dinero mine tunnel without physical transfer of water between the two locations.     

Interactions between the surface water and groundwater in the western shoreline of Lake Nasser, Upper Egypt

The present study indicates that the factors controlling the hydraulic relation between surface water and groundwater at the western lake shoreline change from one locality to another. This depends upon the lithological characteristics and the major structures. In the southern sectors, sedimentation at the bottom and sides of the lake prevents the water movement to the Nubian sandstone aquifer. The potentiometric map reveals that the water level altitudes range between 170 m in the vicinity of the lakeshore line and 110 m west of the lake. The groundwater flow lines show that the main recharge to the aquifer comes from the southwest direction, as well as from the lake inland to variable distances (about 30 Km). During the present study, Darcy’s law was applied to calculate the recharge from the western shoreline of Lake Nasser to the adjacent Nubian aquifer. The maximum value of seepage was at Garf Hussein (27.71?×?10⁶ m³/year), which may be related to high permeability and hydraulic gradient. Also, it may be related to the N–S strike faults that cut the area on both sides of the Lake, and the groundwater is expected to have free circulation through the faults of this trend. The minimum value was recorded in Adindan section (0.61?×?10⁶ m³/year). This may be related to the limited recharge from the lake to the aquifer, due to the sedimentation that dislocates this recharge.     

Evaluation of correlations between precipitation, groundwater fluctuations, and lake level fluctuations using spectral methods (Wisconsin, USA)

Spectral methods and 2 years of daily data were used to estimate the phase lag between precipitation and groundwater-level response, and two decades of quarterly data were used to analyze the interaction between precipitation, lake levels and groundwater in the Trout Lake watershed located in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. The phase-lag function between precipitation and groundwater response is used to estimate recharge travel time. The recharge travel time and precipitation–groundwater–lake interactions have been traditionally studied using time-domain methods such as physically-based modeling. In this article, the innovative and efficient use of spectral methods is demonstrated to uncover the time scales that are significant in those interactions and estimate the recharge travel time, which is extracted from the underlying daily time series data. The results consistently show that precipitation leads groundwater-level response by up to 5 days in all cases. The effects of precipitation on lake and groundwater levels display strong similarities. Both the precipitation–lake level and the precipitation–groundwater level coherency functions show significant peaks at interannual and seasonal frequencies. The groundwater level–lake level coherency function shows a significant, broad peak at interannual frequencies, and no significant peak at seasonal frequencies, demonstrating the predominance of annual and lower frequencies in groundwater–lake interaction.     

Effect of groundwater on the ecological water environment of typical inland lakes in the Inner Mongolian Plateau

To explore the causes of the ecological environment deterioration of lakes in the Inner Mongolia Plateau, this study took a typical inland lake Daihai as an example, and investigated the groundwater recharge in the process of lake shrinkage and eutrophication. Using the radon isotope (²²²Rn) as the main means of investigation, the ²²²Rn mass balance equation was established to evaluate the groundwater recharge in Daihai. The spatial variability of ²²²Rn activity in lake water and groundwater, the contribution of groundwater recharge to lake water balance and its effect on nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in lake water were discussed. The analysis showed that, mainly controlled by the fault structure, the activity of ²²²Rn in groundwater north and south of Daihai is higher than that in the east and west, and the difference in lithology and hydraulic gradient may also be the influencing factors of this phenomenon. The ²²²Rn activity of the middle and southeast of the underlying lake is greater, indicating that the ²²²Rn flux of groundwater inflow is higher, and the runoff intensity is greater, which is the main groundwater recharge area for the lake. The estimated groundwater recharge in 2021 was 3 017×10⁴ m³, which was 57% of the total recharge to the lake, or 1.6 times and 8.1 times that of precipitation and surface runoff. The TN and TP contents in Daihai have been rising continuously, and the average TN and TP concentrations in the lake water in 2021 were 4.21 mg·L^?1 and 0.12 mg·L^?1, respectively. The TN and TP contents entering the lake with groundwater recharge were 6.8 times and 8.7 times above those of runoff, accounting for 87% and 90% of the total input, respectively. The calculation results showed that groundwater is not only the main source of recharge for Daihai, but also the main source of exogenous nutrients. In recent years, the pressurized exploitation of groundwater in the basin is beneficial in increasing the groundwater recharge to the lake, reducing the water balance difference of the lake, and slowing down the shrinking degree of the lake surface. However, under the action of high evaporation, nitrogen and phosphorus brought by groundwater recharge would become more concentrated in the lake, leading to a continuous increase in the content of nutrients and degree of eutrophication. Therefore, the impact of changes in regional groundwater quantity and quality on Daihai is an important issue that needs further assessment.     

Estimating groundwater recharge in a cold desert environment in northern China using chloride

Understanding sources and rates of recharge to the Badain Jaran Desert in northern China is important for assessing sustainability of the area’s oasis lake ecosystem and its water resources in general. For this purpose, direct recharge was investigated with the chloride mass balance method for 18 unsaturated zone profiles (6–16 m depth). Spatial variability is low across the area (range in mean Cl in profiles: 62–164 mg/L Cl), largely attributable to the uniformity of sandy unsaturated zone conditions. No strong correlations between environmental factors of profile locations and recharge rates were found, though a weak relationship between recharge and vegetation density was suggested. The study area’s complex dune morphology appears to have no measurable impact on recharge variability. Mean estimated diffuse recharge is 1.4 mm/year (1.0–3.6 mm/year for 95% confidence level), approximately 1.7% of mean annual precipitation. Temporal fluctuations in recharge due to climate variability are apparent and there is good correspondence in temporal trends over a time span of 200–300 years. Water balance considerations indicate that direct recharge is insufficient to support the numerous perennial lakes in the study area, suggesting that diffuse recharge presently plays a minor role in the overall water balance of the desert’s shallow Quaternary aquifer.     

西藏麻米错富硼锂盐湖成矿物质平衡计算与物质来源

麻米错盐湖是西藏境内发育的特大型锂矿床之一,目前对该盐湖的Li、B来源仍存在一定争议。文章系统采集麻米错盐湖水及周边补给水体样品,分析其主量元素特征,并使用多种水化学手段进行讨论,同时对盐湖水、河水及地热水进行蒸发模拟。结果表明,研究区河水及泉水中的主要离子受控于流域内岩石风化作用,其中碳酸盐岩矿物与蒸发岩矿物贡献最大,其次是硅酸盐矿物。文章对补给水体输入盐湖的Li、B资源进行定量计算,得出单纯通过河水和泉水的输入无法形成盐湖目前的探明储量。选择西藏地区最为富Li的地热水同补给水体按照一定比例混合后进行蒸发模拟,发现其析盐序列与盐湖水的析盐序列存在很大程度上的重叠,以上均证明麻米错盐湖中的Li、B资源除受到周边河水及泉水的补给外,还受到地热水的补给。     

Estimation of groundwater recharge using a GIS-based distributed water balance model in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Sustainable groundwater management requires knowledge of recharge. Recharge is also an important parameter in groundwater flow and transport models. Spatial variation in recharge due to distributed land-us.e, soil texture, topography, groundwater level, and hydrometeorological conditions should be accounted for in recharge estimation. However, conventional point-estimates of recharge are not easily extrapolated or regionalized. In this study, a spatially distributed water balance model WetSpass was used to simulate long-term average recharge using land-use, soil texture, topography, and hydrometeorological parameters in Dire Dawa, a semiarid region of Ethiopia. WetSpass is a physically based methodology for estimation of the long-term average spatial distribution of surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge. The long-term temporal and spatial average annual rainfall of 626 mm was distributed as: surface runoff of 126 mm (20%), evapotranspiration of 468 mm (75%), and recharge of 28 mm (5%). This recharge corresponds to 817 l/s for the 920.12 km² study area, which is less than the often-assumed 1,000 l/s recharge for the Dire Dawa groundwater catchment.     

Assessing groundwater vulnerability using GIS-based DRASTIC model for Ahmedabad district,India

The present research aims to derive the intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater against contamination using the GIS platform. The study applies DRASTIC model for Ahmedabad district in Gujarat, India. The model uses parameters like depth, recharge, aquifer, soil, topography, vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity, which depict the hydrogeology of the area. The research demonstrates that northern part of district with 46.4% of area is under low vulnerability, the central and southern parts with 48.4% of the area are under moderate vulnerability, while 5.2% of area in the south-east of district is under high vulnerability. It is observed from the study that lower vulnerability in northern part may be mostly due to the greater depth of vadose zone, deeper water tables and alluvial aquifer system with minor clay lenses. The moderate and high vulnerability in central and southern parts of study area may be due to lesser depth to water tables, smaller vadose zone depths, unconfined to semi-confined alluvial aquifer system and greater amount of recharge due to irrigation practices. Further, the map removal and single-parameter sensitivity analysis indicate that groundwater vulnerability index has higher influence of vadose zone, recharge, depth and aquifer parameters for the given study area. The research also contributes to validating the existence of higher concentrations of contaminants/indicators like electrical conductivity, chloride, total dissolved solids, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, sodium and magnesium with respect to groundwater vulnerability status in the study area. The contaminants/indicators exceeding the prescribed limits for drinking water as per Indian Standard 10500 (1991) were mostly found in areas under moderate and high vulnerability. Finally, the research successfully delineates the groundwater vulnerability in the region which can aid land-use policies and norms for activities related to recharge and seepage with respect to existing status of groundwater vulnerability and its quality.