动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)幼体的吸引性研究

采用生态学方法进行了新鲜和煮熟的动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)浮游幼体的吸引作用研究。结果表明, 脉红螺浮游幼体在4螺层期是食性转换期, 且在幼体到达3螺层后期的第1—6天是投放附着基和动物性饵料的最佳时期。此外, 新鲜和熟的双壳贝类肉对脉红螺幼体有明显的吸引力, 吸附于新鲜贝肉上的4螺层幼体占吸附幼体总数的48.61%, 显著大于其它螺层幼体; 脉红螺幼体选择新鲜紫贻贝肉的比例为33.75%, 显著大于菲律宾蛤仔(24.08%)、中国蛤蜊(18.97%)和长牡蛎(23.19%); 而熟贝肉中, 长牡蛎对幼体的吸引作用显著大于紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、海湾扇贝边粉和空白对照; 新鲜紫贻贝和熟长牡蛎肉具有作为脉红螺幼体食性转换期动物性饵料的开发潜力。     

基于mtDNA 16S rRNA序列的脉红螺(Rapana venosa)与红螺(R.bezoar)的分类学研究

采用线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因序列测定方法,对中国沿海3目8科的14种腹足类的系统演化关系进行了比较分析。结果显示,共测定了102个个体,获得线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因片段507bp的同源碱基序列;用最大简约法检测到保守位点87个,可变位点409个,简约信息位点254个;计算了碱基替换/颠换率的距离(R)和基于碱基替换+颠换率的距离(D),红螺属内的脉红螺和红螺R值为0.9367,大于0.5,属于种间标志值;采用Kimura2-parametermodel构建了邻接法(NJ)、最小进化法(ME)和最大似然法(MP)等3种系统树,脉红螺和红螺各自均为单系群(支持率=92—100),同时表明它们在检测的14种腹足类中属于相当进化种类。分析结果从线粒体基因序列的层次支持脉红螺与红螺属于不同种类的现代分类方法。     

中国沿海脉红螺(Rapana venosa)自然群体线粒体 DNA 16S rRNA遗传特性研究

对中国沿海脉红螺7个自然居群的线粒体DNA 16S rRNA基因片段进行了扩增和测序,分析了107个个体511bp的碱基序列,结果没有发现插入,缺失突变的核苷酸位点.检测到了28个多态性核苷酸位点,共37种单倍型,单倍型1的同源性达到58.7%.大连居群的28l(G-A)和483(T- C)位点,烟台居群的17(A-G)位点、66(T- C)和247(T-C)位点,舟山居群的128(T-C)位点,秦皇岛居群的130(T-G)和161(A-G)位点,以及丹东居群的431(T-C)位点的变异可以作为居群分子遗传标记位点.居群内,烟台和大连居群的核苷酸差异数 K 以及平均核苷酸多样性指数 Pi 最高,青岛居群最低;居群间,大连居群在居群间核苷酸差异数K、居群间平均每位点核苷酸替代数Dxy 和居群间每位点净核苷酸替代数Da三个指标上都表现出比其他居群之间较高的水平,说明大连居群具有最为丰富的遗传多样性.     

小刀蛏室内人工育苗技术研究

本文研究了小刀蛏(Cultellus attenuatus)室内人工育苗技术。在繁殖季节选择壳长7.5cm亲贝,采用铺泥沙蓄养培育,以阴干+维生素浸泡刺激法获得精、卵,幼虫培育中人工控制幼虫密度,D形幼虫到壳顶幼虫前期为5~6个/mL,壳顶幼虫后期为1~2个/mL。进行了不同运输方式和不同底质亲贝蓄养比较试验、不同底质附着基采苗方法试验以及稚贝无底质上升流培育和不同盐度培育试验。研究表明,采用铺细沙加冰的运输方法亲贝成活率最高,干露9h成活率可达90%;以纯海泥底质蓄养的亲贝肥满度和成活率最高;无底质采苗和铺泥采苗对幼虫变态率的影响没有差异;无底质采苗的稚贝,其生长速度明显慢于铺泥采苗;小刀蛏稚贝不宜用上升流进行培育,宜采用铺泥培育的方法;盐度为15时,稚贝培养效果最好,生长速度快、成活率高,盐度为35时培养效果最差。采用上述技术,成功培育出3mm以上的商品苗2000万粒,育苗效果显著。     

熊本牡蛎室内人工育苗技术研究

本文以熊本牡蛎为材料,在高温季节,通过强化亲贝营养和26℃以上高温促熟培育,使熊本牡蛎亲贝快速成熟,利用阴干流水刺激方法诱导产卵,并进行了不同盐度下受精卵孵化实验;通过合理控制幼虫密度、投喂新鲜无污染的单胞藻、及时分级筛选等系列技术措施,克服了熊本牡蛎育苗成功率低的技术难题;开展了栉孔扇贝壳、长牡蛎壳和栉江珧壳三种附着基的采苗试验,结果显示牡蛎壳是理想的附着基,可使稚贝的附着变态率达到60%以上,促进稚贝的生长和成活,提高稚贝产量,壳长2mm以上的稚贝单位水体出苗量超过10×10~4粒/m~3。     

大竹蛏室内人工育苗技术研究

以大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)为材料,选择一定规格且处于繁殖期的亲贝采用铺砂蓄养培育,以阴干流水刺激法获得精卵,合理控制密度培育幼虫,前期6~8/mL,后期1~2/mL.育苗管理方面,严把饵料质量关,投喂新鲜无污染的饵料,科学换水与充气,使育苗生产顺利进行.不同密度下洗卵与不洗卵的孵化比较试验、无底质采苗和铺砂附着基投放的采苗等试验的结果为:在洗卵的条件下,孵化密度为30/mL时,孵化率可达80%;无底质采苗变态率较铺砂采苗高,但生长速度慢于铺砂采苗。     

泥螺室内人工育苗技术的初步研究

本文提出了泥螺室内人工育苗各阶段的技术措施,并就如何提高卵群的孵化率、几种药物在育苗中的应用作了扼要讨论。 在人工育苗过程中,0.28-0.9(×10-6)高锰酸钾,或5-9(×10-6)福尔马林处理卵群，可明显提高孵化率,对卵群膜的溶解有促进作用,并可提高卵群孵化的同步性。在面盘幼虫浮游期及匍匐期的培养过程中,采用0.5-1(×10-6)的高锰酸钾或5-10(×10-6)福尔马林可以有效地减少育苗水池中的有害微小生物。     

远海梭子蟹春季室内人工育苗的研究

有关远海梭子蟹（ＰｏｒｔｕｎｕｓｐｅｌａｇｉｃｕｓＬｉｎｎｅａｎ）幼体培育研究 ,国外研究较少 ,国内仅洪万树等１９９４年做过其夏季人工育苗的初步研究。而涉及状幼体第１期的饵料效果及盐度适应性却未见报道过。本文探讨了远海梭子蟹种苗培育的实验室小规模技术方法 ,以及状幼体第１期的饵料效果和盐度适应性 ,供远海梭子蟹苗种生产研究参考。１材料与方法１．１材料１．１．１亲蟹在３～４月 ,抱卵亲蟹均购于民享市场。抱卵时体重范围是６９．３～９９．２ｇ,卵重１２．０～１７．８ｇ,怀卵量１８８０００～２７９０００ ,背甲…     

脉红螺与“强棘红螺”三种同工酶的比较研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶板电泳和圆盘电泳对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)及“强棘红螺”(Rapana peichiliensis)肝脏中的三种同工酶(酯酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、过氧化物酶)进行了电泳研究,并以香螺(Neptunea cumingi)作参照,发现前两者的三种同工酶电泳图谱及扫描曲线完全一致。结合前人的研究资料,认为脉红螺与“强棘红螺”是同一种。     

象拔蚌人工育苗技术研究

通过对亲贝促熟、人工催产、幼虫培育和采苗等技术环节的研究,建立了象拔蚌(Panopea gen-erosa)的人工繁育技术。研究表明,在盐度28~30条件下,受精卵在水温11、13、16oC时发育至D形幼虫所需时间分别为83、60和46 h;在水温16~18oC,经20 d发育至壳长约380μm的壳顶幼虫时出现足和水管原基,进入附着变态阶段。投放附着基后培育约70 d,可生长至壳长5 mm的幼贝。壳长日增长量在D形幼虫阶段为6.2μm,在壳顶幼虫阶段为16.8μm,附着变态后生长速度加快,外形具成体形态。不同附着基的采苗率依次为：细砂>卵石>聚乙烯网片>波纹板。     

Comparative analysis of Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) from different biotopes of the Black Sea based on its morphological characteristics

The Asian whelk Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae), being tolerant to wide variations in the temperature, salinity, and oxygen concentration, successfully settled down in the Black Sea and eventually became one of the dominant species in the benthic ecosystems. The whelk inhabits all types of grounds all over the Black sea demonstrating a wide spectrum of morphological modifications. The objective of this research is to compare 10 samples of R. venosa from different biotopes of the Black Sea coast from the western Crimea to Sochi. The results of the statistical comparison based on 15 morphological characteristics showed that most of the samples differed from each other with high statistical significance (p < 0.001). The material fell into five groups on the discriminant analysis diagram corresponding to the biotope in which each was collected. The main ecological factor influencing the morphological variability of the rapa whelk populations is the characteristics of prey items they feed on, i.e., the bivalve species (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Anadara sp., Chamelea gallina), the prevailing prey size, and its abundance.     

Loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta (Linnaeus) preying on the invading gastropod Rapana venosa (Valenciennes) in the Río de la Plata Estuary

Here we report the first observations of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta preying on a conspicuous molluscan invader, the rapa whelk Rapana venosa. An average number of 136 opercula were found in stomach contents of five turtles, the curved carapace length ranging in from 51 to 112 cm. No other alimentary items were found in the turtles analyzed. We suggest that the rapa whelk may constitute up to 100% of the diet for immature and mature loggerheads in the Río de la Plata estuary (Uruguay), highlighting the plastic nature of the foraging behavior of loggerheads.     

Nursery grounds of Tarakihi (Teleostei: Cheilodactylidae) around New Zealand

Nursery grounds of the tarakihi Cheilodactylus macropterus (Bloch & Schneider) were discovered in 1963–72 mainly off the south‐western coast of the North Island, in Tasman Bay, along the entire eastern coast of the South Island, and around the Chatham Islands. They occurred at depths of 20–100 m, and mostly between 10 km and 30 km from shore. The tarakihi nurseries had a dense and varied invertebrate bemthic epifauna dominated by sponges and small corals. Few signs of nurseries were found in. other New Zealand waters, in spite of the existence of major spawning grounds there. It is not known with which spawning grounds the various nursery grounds are linked.

The Tasman Bay nursery ground is 18–33 km wide and about 75 km long, with a surface area of about 2000 km². There is a rich demersal fish fauna (37 species were recorded) dominated by tarakihi, red gurnard Chelidonichthys kumu (Lesson & Garnot), snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Bloch & Schneider), and leathei'iacket Novodon convexirostris (Guenther). The young tarakihi occur at depths of 20–45 m and concentrate during winter in the warmer deeper water. They first appear in trawl catches in summer, towards the end of their first year (assumed birthdate is 1 March), and stay on the nursery until the age of 3 y. They occur in the deeper water off the nursery during their fourth and fifth year and depart during their sixth year, possibly for the spawning grounds off the west coast of the South Island. The mean lengths at the ages of 15, 27, and 39 months were 12.6, 18.0, and 24.0 cm respectively in 1970. There was some variation in growth rate within the nursery ground, but the age groups could nevertheless be recognised easily from, length frequency modes. Monthly modal lengths showed that growth slows down in winter. Evidence for fluctuations in year class strength was found; year classes 1966 and 1969 were weak and year class 1968 was strong.

The vulnerability of tarakihi less than 4y old to commercial New Zealand trawl gear is low, and the local fishing fleets do no serious damage to the habitat on the nursery grounds. However, a large part of the tarakihi nursery grounds off the east coast of the South Island lies outside the territorial fishing zone. Intensive fishing on these grounds by large foreign vessels using heavy trawl gear could have an adverse effect on the habitat of the young tarakihi in this region.     

脉红螺形态学参数分析及其交配行为的观察

为探究脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的交配模式及交配前的性选择机制,本实验选取99个脉红螺成体进行形态学测量并分析6个形态参数的相关性。研究发现,脉红螺的壳宽、体螺层高、厣宽和厣高均与壳高有显著相关性(r≥0.8),与螺旋部高无相关性(r0.3),螺旋部高仅与壳高有弱相关性(0.3≤r0.5);进一步比较雌螺和雄螺的6个形态学参数,发现脉红螺不存在性别二态性现象。在室内养殖池内观察脉红螺交配行为,发现亲螺入池后2~4d,雌螺和雄螺陆续出现交配现象;脉红螺每次交配持续时间均小于96h,其中83.6%的交配在48h内完成;雌螺和雄螺的交配次数均在0~5次之间,交配间隔期在2.67~8.80d之间,且前2次交配的间隔期要长于其他间隔期;未发现脉红螺在交配前以外部形态特征作为选择依据。研究表明,脉红螺属于多雌多雄的混交模式。     

Larval life span,larval settlement,and early growth of Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes)

Development, settlement, and subsequent metamorphosis on several substrata were observed in cultures of Evechinus chloroticus larvae. The period from fertilisation to metamorphosis ranged between 30 and 63 days for larvae collected from spawnings induced at 3 different times. Newly settled sea urchins collected from the field grew about 1 mm per month in aquaria. Correlation of the larval life span with the growth rate of newly settled sea urchins suggested that the earliest spawning could occur was mid‐November. This finding corroborates the results of previous histo‐logical studies of the gonads of adult sea urchins in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand.     

室内培养硏究硝酸盐对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

中肋骨条藻是一种广温、广盐性的浮游硅藻，并且多次在长江口及其他海域形成赤潮，对海洋生态环境造成严重危害，因此引起国内、外赤潮研究者的广泛关注。不少学者对中肋骨条藻种群的生态、生理特点展开研究(刘东艳等，2002；黄文祥等，1989；邹景忠等，1989；李铁，1990，2000)。营养盐是海洋浮游植物所必需的成分，海水中某种营养盐含量过低往往对浮游植物生长形成限制(Myers et al.，1981；Brian，1986；胡明辉等，1989)。海水营养盐含量过高则易形成富营养化，可进一步引发赤潮(周名江，2001)。硝酸盐是海洋浮游植物所必需的营养物质之一，它直接影响着浮游植物的生长、繁殖等生物活动(李铁，2000；Ryther et al.，1971)。研究海水中硝酸盐浓度和N/P对浮游藻类生长的影响将有助于我们了解高营养化与赤潮发生之间的关系。本文对在不同营养结构条件下，中肋骨条藻的生长速率、培养介质中的pH和溶解有机碳(DOC)进行了研究。     

不同温度、盐度和培育密度对脉红螺浮游幼虫生长存活的影响

为实现脉红螺苗种规模化生产,确立适宜苗种生长的环境条件。本文分析了6个不同温度、6个不同盐度和5个不同培育密度对脉红螺浮游幼虫生长和存活的影响。温度实验结果显示:适宜脉红螺浮游幼虫生长的温度范围是24~30℃,最适生长温度是30℃;适宜的存活温度范围是24~30℃,最适存活温度是27℃。盐度实验结果显示:适宜脉红螺浮游幼虫生长的盐度范围是22~30,最适生长盐度是26;适宜的存活盐度范围是22~34,最适存活盐度是26。密度实验结果显示:脉红螺浮游幼虫培育密度不应高于1个/mL,适宜的培育密度范围是0.1~0.5个/mL。     

扇贝的养殖环境及其体内的细菌学分析

自1992年9月～1994年11月，对青岛胶州湾养殖的扇贝及环境中的细菌组成和某些生态学特性进行了调查。养殖区表层海水中异养菌和弧菌平均数各波动于（21．2～39．7）×102／cm3和（7．3～19．2）×102／cm3之间。其中1号和4号站位的菌数比其它越位都高，这和它们靠近码头，受到附近的排水污染有关。在扇贝的消化盲囊和性腺内也分离到异养菌和弧菌，分别为103～105个g和103～105个／g。这些细菌可能因扇贝遇到环境改变防御能力下降时，扩散到其它器官并大量繁殖，因而造成感染而死亡。从对分离菌的药物敏感试验结果看，近年一些菌株对原来敏感的药物产生了抗药性，如四环索和链霉素，今后在育苗过程中避免滥用抗菌药物是十分重要的。     

The Annual Gametogenesis of the Mussel,Mytilus unguiculatus (coruscus) (Valenciennes, 1858), Occurring in the Shallow Subtidal of Ulleungdo Island in Korea

Ocean Science Journal - The mussel Mytilus unguiculatus (coruscus) (Valenciennes, 1858) occurs at high density on the shallow subtidal hard bottom of Ulleungdo Island off the east coast of Korea,...