水下地形与淤泥测量Silas技术

水下地形与淤泥测量Silas技术是采用Silas系统连续测定不同深度的淤泥密度,以密度划分淤泥类别;采用GPSRTK无验潮技术采集淤泥测点的空间信息,确定其相对高差.应用实践表明,它与传统淤泥测量方法相比,具有速度快、精度高、费用省、对水下淤泥扰动小等优点,可应用于水库、湖泊、海口、航道等水下地形与淤泥测量.     

水下模型地形超声成像分析与实时测量

针对水利工程试验中水下模型地形的测量问题,分析比较了高频超声回波信号与阵列超声成像信号特征,并提出了一种超声成像测量方法。该方法直接利用高频超声成像仪获取水下模型地形的实时图像,通过分析提取图像中的地形成像亮带线,从而实现水下模型地形的快速无接触实时测量。结果表明基于高频超声成像的测量方法能够有效地规避水中悬浮粒子对水下模型地形测量的干扰,能够实现地形的实时测量,测量误差在3个像素宽(1.8 mm)以内。该方法自适应性强,速度快,分辨率高,为水下模型地形的动态分析与实时测量提供了一种有效途径,并已运用到实际工程中。     

智能无人测量船在水下地形测绘中的应用

工程建设需要获取水下地形数据，GNSS+智能无人船测绘系统应用非常广泛，可获取翔实的水下地形数据，为科学设计提供基础资料。本文介绍了智能无人船系统组成、与传统作业模式对比分析、测深仪的基本原理，通过测绘工程实例，介绍了无人船水下地形测量航线规划，自动测深作业，采用中值滤波来进行水深测量点粗差剔除，数据处理取样。通过对布设检查线数据的分析，检查断面与测深断面相交处水深点的深度较差，结果均满足规范要求。实现了智能无人测量船代替人工完成水下地形的测量工作，大大提高测量精度与效率并减少人员涉水风险。同时提出了目前仍存在的一些问题以及对未来的展望。     

专家介绍

史华林同志，1991年7月毕业于南方冶金学院工程测量专业，高级工程师、测绘分院总工程师。参加工作以来，负责组织实施了各种类型的测绘工程项目，其中有公路带状地形测量及控制测量、公路中线放线测量、地下管线测量、水下地形测量、GPS控制测量、二等水准测量、滑坡变形测量、建构筑物沉降观测、数字化地形测量、输电线路断面测量、城镇规划地形测量、建设拟用土地勘测定界测量等项目。曾负责云南临沧机场工程测量项目中的GPS测量方面工作，该项目获云南省2001年度优秀工程勘察二等奖；负责的兰坪县城规划数字化地形测量项目，获2004年有色系统第九届优秀工程勘察三等奖。     

水下直流电阻率法数值模拟

利用有限单元法对水下电阻率测深进行数值模拟。与地面测量不同的是，水下电极所处的深度、水体本身和水底地形都会给电阻率数据造成较大影响，给数据的解释带来困难。若先通过计算，分析不同电阻率装置在水下测量时的视电阻率与水深的关系，再用有限单元法对水下的三维地电断面进行数值模拟，讨论水底地形对视电阻率的影响．即可用比较法消除地形影响。     

基于便携激光测距仪的重力测量近区地形改正系统

介绍了基于便携式激光测距仪的重力近区地形改正仪器系统。根据激光测距原理成功研发了适用于大比例尺重力测量近区地形改正仪器,并开发出了相应的配套软件,形成一套完整的重力测量近区地形改正系统（GTCS-1）。通过野外试验证明,该系统具有测量精度高、重量轻、便于携带、成本低、适应性强及操作简单等特点。     

浅谈数字化地形测量中GPS技术的应用

随着地形测量技术的不断提高,GPS技术广泛地应用在测绘工作中,并日益发挥了其卓越的优势,文章对GPS技术的原理及在数字化地形测量中的应用进行了分析,同时对GPS技术和常规地形测量技术在工作中的应用进行比较,希望通过本文能对数字化地形测量工作有所帮助,使数字化地形测量方法得到进一步完善和丰富。     

航空伽玛能谱测量地形改正方法初探

航空γ能谱测量资料解释中,地形影响改正是人们关心的问题之一.常规的地形改正方法只能对测量剖面进行基于二维空间的修正,未考虑其它方向地形变化的影响.本文针对这一特点初步探讨了一种三维地形改正方法--角度扇形改正.方法从锥台状辐射体照射量率基本计算出发,将作用范围内的地形辐射体按角度划分为若干环形,然后对各环按照同样的规律细分为若干个小的扇形辐射体,分别计算各小辐射体对修正点的照射量率,求和并计算出相应的地形改正系数,进而对空中测点进行地形影响改正,从而实现任意地形、任意飞行方式下的航空γ能谱测量的三维正演、反演及地形影响改正等计算,同时还考虑了范围不饱和、地面辐射体中放射性元素含量不均匀等因素.正演模型和实例分析在一定程度上说明该三维地形改正方法的正确性和有效性.     

谈谈地形测量的监理

本文主要叙述某工厂局部地形测量质量控制的监理工作、具体介绍了监理的过程和作法；取得了一些初步的经验；可供参考。     

浅谈GPS在地质剖面测量中的应用及地质剖面绘制中的便捷方法

为提高森林沼泽景观浅覆盖区地质剖面测量的精度和效率,本文以黑龙江省呼玛县早侏罗世正长花岗岩剖面测量为例,探讨利用GPS测量技术进行地质剖面测量的方法和流程。结果表明,利用GPS工具,通过室内数据准备-野外GPS数据采集-室内数据处理-剖面图的生成等流程,并结合SECTION软件及EXCEL软件,可以避免视野通透性差、测量路线障碍物多、地形复杂等许多不利因素,以较小的误差较快的速度实现地质剖面测量。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.