An estimation of the probable maximum precipitation for river basins in the Czech Republic

The hydro-meteorological evaluation of a flood event in July 1997 (the Odra flood in Central Europe) demonstrated that new procedures to estimate design floods for the reservoir outflow structures in the Czech Republic (CR) were needed. Therefore, the techniques of the estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) were developed in a national research project (1998–2000), and the activity focused on the improvement of the area related PMP estimates was going on within a present national project. In the frame of the evaluation of the next extreme precipitation event in August 2002 (the Labe flood in the CR and Germany), we compared the catchments related precipitation with the PMP estimates. In this paper, an outline of the PMP estimation techniques is given and the use of data from the Czech gauges is described, the aim being the statistical derivation of the point and area PMP estimates for precipitation duration of 1 to 5 days. The use of radar data in assessing the maximized area reduction factor is discussed and the relationship resulting from the radar measurements over the CR territory is presented. An evaluation of the radar-based area rainfall enabled us to transform the point PMP to the area PMP estimate designed for the river basins in CR. In the last part of the paper, the results obtained by comparing the rainfalls in 1997 and 2002 flood events with the PMP estimates are presented. The comparison showed that the maximum area rainfalls over small Czech catchments (the 3rd order river basins) did not exceed 63% of the corresponding PMP values.     

A skillful method for precipitation prediction over eastern China

降水作为全球水循环的重要组成,与人们的生产生活密切相关.有效的降水预测对于防灾减灾,以及经济的可持续发展至关重要.然而,由于影响降水过程的复杂性,当前降水预测还存在诸多挑战.针对我国东部夏季降水,我们提出年际增量结合经验正交分解的新统计预测方法.首先计算降水年际增量的主模态,然后针对主模态时间序列构建预测模型,用预测的...     

最大风速的估算方法与应用

本文利用ECMWF的1979-2012年空间分辨率为0.75°×0.75°的REA每日4个时次的多层10 min平均风速格点资料,提取了研究区域(18°-26.25°N,108.75°-118.5°E)内的年最大风速序列,并对其年际变化特征和空间分布特征进行了分析。在分析空间分布特征的基础上,分类选择代表格点,建立最大风速序列,分别利用第Ⅰ型极值分布和皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布方法估算了各个代表格点不同高度层在不同重现水平下的最大风速极值,并比较两种方法估算结果的异同。在东南沿海年最大风速从近海到沿海岸线地带,再到内陆山地丘陵依次递减。在最大风速估算中发现两种估算方法所得结果相近,都可用于最大风速估算。估算结果与实际最大风速序列极大值相比较偏小,在实际应用中可按适线原则通过调整参数获得更准确的估算结果。通过分析估算方法和估算结果,为确定工程设计最大风速提供了新的思路和方法,有利于提高气象部门的专业气象服务质量水平。     

Probable maximum precipitation for a 2-day duration over the Indian Peninsula

Summary For the purpose of providing information to hydrologists for designing costly and large hydraulic structures, estimates of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for a 2-day duration for stations in the Indian Peninsula lying between 8° N to 20° N were calculated using the Hershfield statistical techniqe. Maximum annual 2-day rainfall data of 80 years from 1901 for 131 stations in the region were used. In order to obtain values of PMP, an enveloping frequency factor (k _m ) curve based on the actual rainfall data of stations in the region was developed. The enveloping curve was then utilised to estimate 2-day PMP values of all the 131 stations. Based on these PMP estimates, a generalised chart showing the spatial distribution of 2-day PMP was prepared. It was found that 2-day PMP estimates over the Indian peninsula varied from 40 to 95 cm and the average ratio of 2-day PMP to the highest observed 2-day rainfall was found to be 1.76.With 2 Figures     

Holocene changes in seasonal precipitation highlighted by fire incidence in eastern Canada

Postglacial fire history has been reconstructed for eastern Canada from charcoal-influx anomalies from 30 sites taken from a lacustrine charcoal database. The reconstruction exhibits coherent patterns of fire occurrence in space and time. The early Holocene is characterised by high fire incidence. There is a major change to much lower occurrence slightly after 8 ka BP. A return to more fire appears after 3 ka BP. This sequence does not fit with the hydro-climatic reconstruction deduced from lake level reconstructions for northeastern North America, which indicates a dry early and mid-Holocene, and a wet late-Holocene. Fire occurrence however closely matches summer relative humidity inferred from δ¹⁸O. The differences between fire frequency and lake level history, are due to changes in the seasonality of precipitation and drought frequency. Lake levels are essentially controlled by winter precipitation while summer precipitation controls fire occurrence. The early Holocene before 8–7.5 ka BP experienced dry summers due to higher solar radiation and dry adiabatic winds from the residual Laurentide Ice Sheet. The middle Holocene was dominated by wet summers due to stability of the Atlantic air mass over eastern Canada. After 2.5 ka BP, summers became drier, albeit not as fire-conducive as during the early Holocene. Late-Holocene summers conducive to fire are explained by more frequent incursions of dry Cool Pacific or Cold Arctic air masses over eastern Canada. Received: 25 January 1999 / Accepted: 14 December 1999     

广义线性统计降尺度方法模拟日降水量的应用研究

利用1960—2010年青藏高原23个台站和长江下游25个台站的日降水量观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,采用广义线性模型的统计降尺度方法模拟台站日降水量,并评估了广义线性模型对日降水量的模拟能力。在建模期(1960—2005年)广义线性模型对日降水量表现出良好的模拟能力,两区域模拟结果与观测值1月平均相关系数0.75左右,7月也均超过0.5。模拟结果大部分台站日降水偏大,但偏大的量值较小;模拟的无降水准确率较高,最高值在高原区域,1月平均达85.2%。检验期(2006—2010年)广义线性模型模拟的日降水与建模期具有较好的一致性。此外,对两区域代表站的分析显示,广义线性模型模拟降水极值和降水0值的效果较好,且较好地还原了主要降水过程。总之,广义线性模型对日降水量的降尺度效果良好,适合应用于气候领域的相关研究。     

The climate change effect on probable maximum precipitation in a catchment. A case study of the Karun river catchment in the Shalu bridge site (Iran)

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is assessed on the example of the Karun catchment (the Shalu bridge area). The climate change effects on PMP are investigated under three scenarios: A1B, A2, and B1. It is established that the PMP value for 24, 48, and 72 hours is 127, 170, and 185 mm, respectively. It is demonstrated that the PMP value will decrease by up to 5% under A1B scenario, and will increase by up to 5% and 10% under A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively.     

Trend analysis of precipitation in Jharkhand State,India

Jharkhand is one of the eastern states of India which has an agriculture-based economy. Uncertain and erratic distribution of precipitation as well as a lack of state water resources planning is the major limitation to crop growth in the region. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability in precipitation in the state was examined using a monthly precipitation time series of 111 years (1901–2011) from 18 meteorological stations. Autocorrelation and Mann–Kendall/modified Mann–Kendall tests were utilized to detect possible trends, and the Theil and Sen slope estimator test was used to determine the magnitude of change over the entire time series. The most probable change year (change point) was detected using the Pettitt–Mann–Whitney test, and the entire time series was sub-divided into two parts: before and after the change point. Arc-Map 9.3 software was utilized to assess the spatial patterns of the trends over the entire state. Annual precipitation exhibited a decreasing trend in 5 out of 18 stations during the whole period. For annual, monsoon and winter periods of precipitation, the slope test indicated a decreasing trend for all stations during 1901–2011. The highest variability was observed in post-monsoon precipitation (77.87 %) and the lowest variability was observed in the annual series (15.76 %) over the 111 years. An increasing trend in precipitation in the state was found during the period 1901–1949, which was reversed during the subsequent period (1950–2011).     

Impacts of irrigation on dry season precipitation in India

There is a lack of observed data-based studies examining the role of enhanced soil moisture conditions (due to irrigation) on the prevailing precipitation. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined the impacts of the Green Revolution (GR) related expansion of irrigation and changes in dry season (the rabi (November to May) and the zaid (March to June)) precipitation in India. The results for some regions indicated decreasing and increasing trend in precipitation during the pre- and post-GR periods, respectively. For example, in eastern Madhya Pradesh, the pre- and post-GR precipitation trends for the zaid season were ?0.45 and 2.40?mm?year^?1, respectively. On the other hand, some regions reported lower rate of decline in precipitation during the post-GR period. This paper suggests that both positive and lower declining trend during the post-GR period were linked to increased precipitation due to the introduction of irrigation. The study has found up to 69?mm (121%) increase in total amount of precipitation for growing seasons during the post-GR period. Moreover, a 175% increase in average precipitation was also recorded. All irrigated regions show a notable increase in precipitation during post-GR growing seasons. It was found that differences in growing season average precipitation between the pre- and post-GR periods were statistically significant for most of the regions. For further verification of results, the MM5 and Noah land surface model were applied. These applications show changes in precipitation and various precipitation controlling factors due to changes in soil moisture.     

西北地区东部夏季降水日数的变化趋势及其气候特征

利用1981-2012年中国西北东部198个台站的逐日气象观测数据和ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了近32年中国西北东部夏季不同强度降水的雨日和雨量的变化特征,并对比了产生不同强度降水的大气环流系统的异同。结果表明,西北东部夏季降水以小雨和中雨为主,二者占夏季雨日的90%以上、占夏季雨量的70%左右。小雨日数占总雨日的比率在空间上自东南向西北递增;中雨、大雨、暴雨和（特）大暴雨日数的比率自东南向西北递减。夏季小雨、中雨日数和降水量均呈减少的趋势,21世纪初的减少速率慢于20世纪80-90年代;暴雨则呈略微增多的趋势。通过对1981和2003年的个例分析发现,乌拉尔山阻塞高压、蒙古气旋和西北太平洋副热带高压增强西伸时,有利于北方干冷气流和南方暖湿气流在西北东部交汇,降水较多;反之则降水较少。在冷、暖空气均增强的背景下,若冷、暖气团的交界线偏南,西北东部主要受北方冷气团控制,南边界的水汽输送较微弱,易发生小雨;若冷、暖气团的交界线偏北,西北东部主要受到南方暖湿气团的影响,南边界的水汽输送和辐合较强,多出现强降水,降水强度取决于水汽的强度和上升运动的高度。     

Study of method for synthetic precipitation data for ungauged sites using quantitative precipitation model

A method was developed to estimate a synthetic precipitation record for ungauged sites using irregular coarse observations. The proposed synthetic precipitation data were produced with ultrahigh hourly resolution on a regular 1 × 1 km grid. The proposed method was used to analyze selected real-time observational data collected in South Korea from 2010 to the end of 2014. The observed precipitation data were measured using the Automatic Weather System and Automated Synoptic Observing System. The principal objective of the proposed method was to estimate the additional effects of orography on precipitation introduced by ultrahigh- resolution (1 × 1 km) topography provided by a digital elevation model. The Global Forecast System analysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction was used for the upper-atmospheric conditions, necessary for estimating the orographic effects. Precipitation data from 48 of the more than 600 observation sites used in the study, which matched the grid points of the synthetic data, were not included in the synthetic data estimation. Instead, these data were used to evaluate the proposed method by direct comparison with the real observations at these sites. A bias score was investigated by comparison of the synthetic precipitation data with the observations. In this comparison, the number of Hit, False, Miss, and Correct results for 2010-2014 was 74738, 25778, 7544, and 367981, respectively. In the Hit cases, the bias score was 1.22 and the correlation coefficient was 0.74. The means of the differences between the synthetic data and the observations were 0.3, -3.9, -14.4, and -34.9 mm h^-1 and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 2.7, 8.3, 19.3, and 39.6 mm h^-1 for the categories of 0.5-10.0, 10.0-30.0, 30.0-50.0, and 50.0-100.0 mm h^-1, respectively. In addition, in each range, the 60% difference between the synthetic precipitation data and the observation data was -1.5 to +1.5, -5.0 to +5.0, -17.0 to +17.0, and -33.0 to +33.0 mm h^-1, respectively. Overall, the correlation coefficient of the synthetic precipitation data was > 0.7 for 43 of the 48 test stations and the RMSE was < 4 mm h^-1 at 31 stations. The results are significant at all evaluation stations at the 0.05 significance level.     

青藏高原东部冬季降水对北极涛动异常的响应

基于1979—2015年中国区域CN05.1格点降水以及全球降水气候中心(GPCC)降水等数据资料,采用回归、合成分析等方法,分析了青藏高原东部(简称高原)冬季降水的南、北区域性差异及其年际变化对北极涛动(AO)异常的响应.结果表明:(1)高原北部和南部冬季降水都与AO异常存在密切关系,但降水的年际变化并不一致,对AO...     

Numerical simulation of seasonal distribution of precipitation over the eastern Mediterranean with a RCM

Regional climate model (RCM) RegCM3 with 50 km horizontal resolution driven from the lateral boundaries by the data from NCEP/NCAR re-analysis is used in a series of ten climate downscaling experiments over the eastern Mediterranean (EM) region. Results of the experiments are characterized by seasonal precipitation patterns with notable offshore precipitation zones positioned ~50 km westward of a less intense precipitation zone over the coastal area. Atmospheric processes determining the distribution of seasonal precipitation patterns in the EM are analyzed based on results of the RCM experiments performed. Level of success of the model representation of the actual precipitation over the ECM appears to be depending on that of precipitation balance over different parts of the domain. Excessive moisture convergence over a sub-area usually takes place at the expense of moisture divergence from neighboring areas. Synoptic mechanism causing formation of the precipitation zone in the offshore zone appears to be associated with the role of meridionally oriented atmospheric trough systems extending from Scandinavia or Siberia to the EM during the period with rainy events. In such situations, air flows with strong northern components lead to intense transport of cold air masses to the EM. Meeting of the cold air masses the warm and humid air over the sea surface in the offshore zone causes formation of persistent squall lines and heavy rains there. Such processes may continue quite long as long as the troughs are stationary.     

A methodology of determination of the maximum water discharges and volumes of rain floods in small catchments

A method of computation of maximum discharges caused by rainfalls fallen onto small catchments is presented. This method is based on usage of the catchments’ hydrometeorological parameters, soil properties and observed characteristics of rainfalls.     

利用最大降水量拟合福州城市内涝积水深度的误差分析

利用2015—2016年福州城区内涝和地面气象观测资料,分析内涝成因、最大降雨量与积水深度的关系,建立城市内涝积水深度拟合方程,并对拟合效果进行了检验。结果表明:1)导致福州城市内涝的突发性原因占26%,是城市管网等数据更新困难的主因,非突发性原因占74%;2)在3次不同天气系统的降雨量拟合结果中,雨季降水过程拟合平均绝对误差最小,午后雷雨天气降雨过程拟合平均绝对误差最大;3)对内涝积水深度负拟合值进行归零处理和阈值限定后,其结果均与实况相符;4)基于最新数据资料所得拟合值的误差更小。     

中国东部降水的气候模态及雨季划分

应用中国东部地面观测气候平均候降水量数据和谐波分析方法,研究了华南、长江中下游、淮河流域、华北四个区域降水的年变化特征,特别是夏季风降水的阶段性和区域特征,并对构成降水年变化的气候分量进行分析,将各区降水年变化分解为年循环模态、季节模态、季节内振荡和月内振荡四个气候模态。结果表明:不同模态间的相互调制对降水的阶段性和区域性具有重要影响,年循环是影响雨季的主要模态,季节和季节内振荡模态对决定主汛期起重要作用。基于气候模态划分中国东部雨季和主汛期,方法简单,结果客观合理。