城市活断层探测地球物理方法与危险性评价

城市活断层探测的地球物理方法主要包括人工地震测深、微重力测量、高精度磁测、电法勘探和天然地震观测等。城市活断层地球物理探测的目的是准确查明地表附近活动断层的空间分布,确定其深部延伸情况,探测可能存在的隐伏活动断层,揭示地下介质的特性和深部构造环境,为活断层的地震危险性评价提供依据。     

基于遥感影像的城市地下空间资源量估算方法

随着城市建设的发展,地下空间资源被广泛的用于城市交通、商业、仓储、防空等各个领域,为了合理利用和开发城市地下空间资源,在城市总体规划阶段,需要对城市地下空间已利用资源量情况进行一定程度的了解。本文以城市区域性地下空间资源量估算为例,通过高分辨率遥感影像提取建筑物高度,并根据高度数据推算建筑物对其地表以下影响深度,作为已利用(一般不再利用)资源量,按照不同深度进行统计,并将统计结果进行叠加分析,估算地下空间资源量,为总体规划提供数据支撑。在区域性总体规划数据精度要求下,该方式是一种节省人力、物力,缩短工作周期的行之有效的方法。     

地下爆炸地震效应的评价标准探讨

在对地下爆炸地表震动特性进行分析的基础上,对地下爆炸地震效应的评价标准进行了分析与探讨,通过解析的方法,建立了地下爆炸地表运动计算模型和震动反应谱。计算结果表明：地下爆炸地表运动存在两组波群,在评价波对于建筑物的作用时应当考虑到第2波群中粒子运动的周期比第1波群的粒子运动周期长1.5～2.0倍;地面建筑物的响应取决于建筑物的固有频率、阻尼和地震的频率、振幅;对于小当量一次性爆破,震动频率高而震动时间短,可以忽略地表震动频率对结构的影响;但是对于大当量爆炸地震安全问题,不应当忽略频率的影响;对于双层建筑物,第2层结构的不稳定运动有大振幅的特点。     

城市地下空间资源探测方法研究及应用

地下空间资源探测是科学合理开发利用地下空间资源的基本前提,国内各大城市相继开展了地下空间资源调查评价工作,但对地下空间资源探测方法尚未开展系统梳理。在北京城市地下空间资源调查评价工作的基础上,对地下空间资源开发利用2个阶段,即建成区和待建区地下空间资源探测对象和探测方法分别做了阐述,指出建成区的探测对象是已开发利用的地下空间资源,可以采用遥感技术解译建筑物高度,利用建筑物竖向影响深度推算已利用开发地下空间,利用物探手段(电法、磁法、重力、地震)较精确地圈定已开发利用空间;对于待建区,调查对象主要是影响地下空间资源开发利用的地质条件,可以通过相应的地质工作开展调查。最后列举了应用实例,以期为城市地下空间资源探测工作起到借鉴作用。     

上海城市地下空间权利设置与土地管理研究

随着城市地下空间的大规模开发利用,地下建筑物确权登记的需求越来越紧迫。地下空间土地权利是确定地下建筑物产权的基础,通过研究地下空间土地权利设置以及土地管理方法,可以为建立地下建筑物产权制度奠定基础,对保障地下空间合理开发,提高地下空间利用效率,维护城市规划建设秩序具有重要意义。     

断层研究在地震安全性评价和石油勘探工作中的对比分析

对比分析了地震安全性评价和石油勘探中,断层研究的内容和方法。两者研究内容都包括断层活动时代、位置、规模、产状、性质等,但地震安全性评价更关注断层在地表和浅层的状况,活动时代等;石油勘探更关注较深处断层的状况,能否形成断块圈闭是主要研究内容。研究方法都包括地质露头调查、重力、地磁、地震勘探、钻井等。     

郯庐断裂带昌邑北段隐伏活动断层探测

正活动断层是大陆地震的主要载体。活动断层有的出露地表,有的则隐伏于地下。隐伏于地下的断层称为隐伏断层或盲断层。大地震和强震不只是发生在突破地表的活动断层上,还可以发生在隐伏活动断层上。如华北地区1668年郯城Ms 8.5、1679年三河—平谷Ms 8.0和1976年唐山Ms 7.8等大地震都是未知隐伏活动断层产生的,造成了惨重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。     

广东省潼湖生态智慧区浅层地球物理探测与地层物性分析

地质灾害、活动断裂、特殊岩土体和古河道等是影响城市浅层地下空间开发安全的主要地质问题,对于这些地质问题的探测主要采用地球物理无损检测方法。潼湖生态智慧区是国家生态文明建设示范区和惠州智慧城市地下空间开发中的重要区域,浅层地球物理探测与地层物性分析为潼湖生态智慧区城市发展及地下空间开发利用提供详细的地质、岩土和地球物理数据,是构建该地区地下空间模型的必备要素。虽然目前已经开展了针对本区域的基础地质探测研究工作,然而服务于精细地质结构与地层划分的综合地球物理研究还处于空白。针对浅层地下空间探测精细程度低和传统探测方法分辨率有限的问题,本文综合利用浅层反射波地震方法、混合源面波S波速度成像方法、三分量谐振波阻抗比值方法以及综合测井方法对该地区浅层地下空间(200m)进行了高精度地层划分和断层展布精细解释。在浅层地震反射波方法划分厚层和大尺度断层的基础上,利用主动源和被动源微脉动阵列法获得更加精细的浅层地层和构造特征,采用三分量地震频率谐振方法识别浅层土壤层分层,弥补了单一方法在不同深度范围上的探测信号低精度缺点,探讨了潼湖地区地层与地球物理的响应特征,构建了详实的地层物性和地球物理参数关系,为后续的建模提供基础数据。     

城市地下断裂构造可控震源地震勘探试验研究

在城市地下空间开发过程中,断裂构造是引起地质灾害的重要因素之一,有效探查断层的位置、规模及深度,具有重要的意义。地震反射波法已逐渐应用到城市地下空间异常地质构造地探查,但城市地表表层地震地质条件复杂,环境噪音大,硬质路面检波器耦合较差,传统锤击震源能量弱、衰减快、信噪比低,勘探精度很难达到规范要求。这里以某城市勘探区探查地下断裂构造为例,利用可控震源激发,从能量、信噪比、频率等方面对试验资料进行分析,确定适合该区可控震源施工参数,提高了地震时间剖面的分辨率和探查精度,取得了良好的探查应用效果。     

银川城市地下空间开发的地质安全风险分析

城市地下空间受地质环境的影响和制约, 评价地质环境的安全成为地下空间开发的先导问题。结合银川市地下空间资源调查和区划, 选择了地震(活动断裂和场地地震效应)、砂土液化、富水砂卵石层、地基承载力和地表载荷等因素作为评价因子, 在分别确定各要素空间分布的基础上, 进行了单因素的地质风险分析; 采用层次分析和乘积标度相结合的方法, 进行银川市地下空间开发的多因素地质安全风险综合评价。结果表明: 银川市地下空间开发的最主要制约因素是地震和砂土液化; 地质风险的强风险区面积最小, 占总面积的4.10%, 中风险区面积占19.69%, 弱风险区面积最大, 占41.07%, 低风险区占35.13%。这为银川市地下空间开发建设等提供地质参考。     

青藏高原巴塘断裂带地震滑坡危险性预测研究

全新世以来青藏高原东部巴塘断裂带活动强烈,地形地貌和地质构造复杂,历史地震频发,并诱发大量滑坡灾害。基于巴塘断裂带地震滑坡长期防控的需要,在分析区域地质灾害成灾背景和发育分布特征的基础上,采用Newmark模型完成了巴塘断裂带50年超越概率10%的潜在地震滑坡危险性预测评价,并完成地震滑坡危险性区划。结果表明:巴塘断裂带及其临近的金沙江断裂带区域、金沙江及其支流沿岸具有较高的潜在地震滑坡危险性,地震滑坡危险区具有沿断裂带和大江大河等峡谷区分布的总体趋势,受活动断裂和地形地貌影响显著;距离断层越近、坡度越大的斜坡,地震滑坡危险性越高;规划建设中的川藏铁路经巴塘县德达乡、白玉县沙马乡,向西北延伸,跨越金沙江,可以穿越较少的地震滑坡危险区,金沙江水电工程规划建设需加强潜在地震滑坡危害研判及防控。巴塘断裂带潜在地震滑坡危险性评价结果可为区域城镇开发和重大工程规划建设的地震滑坡长期防控提供科学参考。     

隐伏活动正断层地区地下建筑的避让问题:以渭河断裂咸阳段为例

活断层对城市建设的影响长期以来受到科研人员与城市建设者的重视。活断层避让距离的确定直接影响活动断裂地区建筑物的选址。伴随着中国地下空间开发进入快速发展阶段,活动断裂地区的地下建筑选址问题应运而生。以隐伏活动正断层为例,综合考虑地下建筑震害影响、隐伏活动正断层地区地质背景、断裂活动性以及发震破坏特征,对活断层地区地下建筑的避让问题开展研究。研究表明：地下建筑受活断层发震的影响比地面建筑小,但断裂发震的影响依然需要重视;隐伏正断层破坏范围受多方面的影响因素控制,地下建筑避让距离的划定需以断层变形带的边界为起点进行;结合渭河断裂咸阳段的地质背景与断裂活动特点,确定断层上、下盘的避让距离分别为30 m和15 m,得出渭河断裂咸阳段地下30 m以浅限建带的宽度为140 m。     

Seismic hazard analysis for critical infrastructures in California

California is in a highly seismically active region, and structures must be designed and constructed to withstand earthquakes. Seismic hazard analysis to estimate realistic earthquake ground motions and surface fault rupture offsets is done for various mitigation measures. The best policy is to avoid constructing structures crossing seismogenic faults. Because earthquake timings are unpredictable within our current understanding, the best method is time-invariant deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DHSA) to assess effects from the largest single earthquake called Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCEs) expected from seismogenic faults. Time-dependent hazard estimates such as those arrived at through probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) are inherently unreliable. Hazard analyses based on MCEs have been in continuous use for the design and construction of highways and bridges in California for over 30 years.

This paper presents an alternative to other methods of analysis, e.g., Abrahamson (2000) [Abrahamson, N.A., 2000. State of the practice of seismic hazard evaluation. Melbourne: proceedings of GeoEng, 2000].     

Systematization of active faults for the assessment of the seismic hazard

A systematization of active faults has been developed based on the progress of scientists from the leading countries in the world in the study of seismotectonics and seismic hazard problems. It is underlain by the concept of the fault-block structure of the geological-geophysical environment governed by the interaction of differently oriented active faults, which are divided into two groups—seismogenic and nonseismogenic faults. In seismogenic fault zones, the tectonic stress accumulated is relieved by means of strong earthquakes. Nonseismogenic fault zones are characterized by creep displacement or short-term, oscillatory, and reciprocal movements, which are referred to local superintense deformations of the Earth’s crust (according to the terminology used by Yu.O. Kuz’min). For a situation when a strong earthquake happens, a subgroup of seismodistributing faults has been identified that surround the seismic source and affect the distribution of the seismic waves and, as a consequence, the pattern of the propagation of the coseismic deformations in the fault-block environment. Seismodistributing faults are divided into transit and sealing faults. Along transit faults, secondary coseismic effects (landfalls, landslides, ground fractures, liquefaction, etc) are intensified during earthquakes. In the case of sealing faults, enhancement of the coseismic effects can be observed on the disjunctive limb nearest to the epicenter, whereas, on the opposite limb, the intensity of such effects appreciably decreases. Seismogenic faults or their systems are associated with zones of earthquake source origination (ESO), which include concentrated seismicity regions. In such zones, each earthquake source is related to the evolution of a fault system. ESO zones also contain individual seismogenic sources being focuses of strong earthquakes with M of ≥5.5 in the form of ruptures, which can be graphically represented in 2D or 3D as a surface projection of the source. Depending on the type of data based on which they are identified, individual seismogenic sources are divided into geological-geophysical and macroseismic sources. The systematization presented is the theoretical basis for and the concept of the relational database that is being developed by the authors as an information system for the generation of seismotectonic GIS projects required for the subsequent analysis of the seismic hazard and the assessment of the probability of the origination of macroseismic earthquake effects in a predetermined location.     

Assessment of seismic hazard near faults of uncertain type: Inter-plate versus intra-plate

Maximum magnitude is an important input parameter in seismic hazard analysis, but may be difficult to determine directly on the basis of available seismological data. Moreover, there is evidence that the scaling law relating maximum magnitude to fault length for inter-plate faults may differ from the law for intra-plate faults. Thus uncertainty as to the fault type can complicate the problem of determining maximum magnitude. We present a method for examining the implications for seismic hazard analysis of uncertainty regarding fault type. We apply the method to a simple constructed example and find that the problem of assessing fault type can be far more critical to the hazard assessment than the exact statement of fault geometry, especially for sites that are distant from the fault.The opinions and conditions presented in this paper do not neccessarily reflect the official position of the Licensing Division of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission.     

Integrated seismic hazard evaluation and disaster management approach for Turkey

A significant proportion of the urban areas in Turkey is subject to high seismic risk. An important step for seismic risk mitigation is to define the hazard and damage after an earthquake. This paper proposes an integrated seismic hazard assessment and disaster management processes for Turkey. The proposed methodology utilizes information technologies in its seismic assessment component that provides fast results for assessment. First, image process methodology by using satellite images was implemented in the seismic assessment process for fast evaluation right after an earthquake. Second, the seismic assessment process was integrated with disaster management process. As a result, through integrated seismic hazard evaluation and disaster management procedure, an effective, fast and dependable estimation of loss for Turkey was planned.     

中国地震滑坡危险性评估及其对国土空间规划的影响研究

中国是世界上地震滑坡灾害最为严重的国家之一.考虑地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性、河流、地震动参数等6类影响因素,针对50年超越概率10％的抗震设防水准,分别开展了基于信息量模型和Newmark模型的地震滑坡危险性评估.基于最不利原则对两项结果进行地震滑坡危险性综合分区,揭示了中国地震滑坡高危险区集中在南北构造带、青藏高原...     

Seismic hazard analysis of Lucknow considering local and active seismic gaps

The Himalayas are one of very active seismic regions in the world where devastating earthquakes of 1803 Bihar–Nepal, 1897 Shillong, 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar–Nepal, 1950 Assam and 2011 Sikkim were reported. Several researchers highlighted central seismic gap based on the stress accumulation in central part of Himalaya and the non-occurrence of earthquake between 1905 Kangra and 1934 Bihar–Nepal. The region has potential of producing great seismic event in the near future. As a result of this seismic gap, all regions which fall adjacent to the active Himalayan region are under high possible seismic hazard due to future earthquakes in the Himalayan region. In this study, the study area of the Lucknow urban centre which lies within 350 km from the central seismic gap has been considered for detailed assessment of seismic hazard. The city of Lucknow also lies close to Lucknow–Faizabad fault having a seismic gap of 350 years. Considering the possible seismic gap in the Himalayan region and also the seismic gap in Lucknow–Faizabad fault, the seismic hazard of Lucknow has been studied based on deterministic and the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Results obtained show that the northern and western parts of Lucknow are found to have a peak ground acceleration of 0.11–0.13 g, which is 1.6- to 2.0-fold higher than the seismic hazard compared to the other parts of Lucknow.     

Seismic hazard of Bulgaria

A simplified seismotectonic model is proposed for Bulgaria by introducing generalized seismogenic areas containing systems of complex geometry faults. A tectonic scheme, which considers the main faults only, is then derived from this. The assessment of the regional seismic hazard is done using different approaches: the Gumbel, the Cornell, and the fault rupture model methods. A series of relations among seismological parameters are derived from the available data. The results obtained by the different approaches are similar: the most dangerous area is the Struma zone, located in southwestern Bulgaria.     

白龙江引水工程代古寺水库及其周围地区地震危险性评估

白龙江引水工程是我国拟建的一项重大战略工程,而代古寺水库是该工程的水源枢纽。代古寺水库及其周围地区(本文研究区)活动断层发育、大地震频发,故亟需开展可靠的地震危险性评估,为该研究区内的工程建设和运营保驾护航。由于传统评估方法物理依据不足,难以正确评估研究区的地震危险性,故本文采用了基于地震物理预测的地震危险性评估新方法。研究结果表明,该研究区位于海原地震区,未来100年内该研究区的地震危险性主要源于海原地震区的下一次M_S8.5标志性地震。根据断层地震活动、发震潜力与展布特征,我们预判了该标志性地震的可能发震断层和震中位置;应用地震烈度衰减关系,考虑不同震中位置,分别计算了其产生的地震烈度。为确保“百年大计”的白龙江引水工程代古寺水库水资源枢纽安全,我们建议该研究区的抗震设防烈度不宜低于8度。