粤北长江铀矿田基性岩脉年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

粤北长江铀矿田位于诸广山复式岩体中南部,发育不同类型和期次基性岩脉。文章通过开展系统的岩石学、Ar-Ar年代学和地球化学分析,探究了基性岩脉类型、成岩年龄、构造背景、岩浆来源以及与铀成矿的关系。岩石学和年代学研究表明,该地区基性岩脉类型主要为辉绿岩、辉绿玢岩、闪斜煌岩及辉石煌斑岩等,基性岩脉至少分为三期：136.8 Ma、120.7 Ma、113.8～110.1 Ma,与华南中生代主要的地壳拉张活动时间相一致。地球化学研究结果表明,基性岩脉中大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、Sr富集,高场元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti相对亏损,各类元素参数特征显示其具有拉张裂谷带玄武岩地球化学特征,可能为俯冲交代作用形成的富集地幔部分熔融形成。综合分析认为,该地区铀成矿作用是基性岩脉侵位后的地质事件,基性岩脉与铀成矿时空关系密切,受控于华南岩石圈伸展的动力学背景。     

桂北沙子江铀矿床成矿年代学研究：沥青铀矿U-Pb同位素年龄及其地质意义

苗儿山矿田为中南地区五大铀矿田之一,其内分布有我国最大规模碳硅泥岩型的铲子坪铀矿床及诸多花岗岩型铀矿床,沙子江矿床为矿田内重要的花岗岩型铀矿床之一。沥青铀矿是理想的铀矿床直接定年样品,同时,也是U-Pb同位素研究的理想矿物。本次研究以沥青铀矿为对象进行U-Pb同位素分析,获得了沙子江矿床早、晚两期铀成矿作用的年代分别为104.4Ma和53.0±6.4Ma,结合铲子坪矿床主成矿期年代74.1±9.9Ma,它们可能分别代表了苗儿山矿田3期主要铀成矿作用的时代。沙子江矿床等时线拟合所得高的初始Pb值反映了该期成矿作用之前存在铀的预富集作用。3期成矿作用与华南地区基性脉岩年代数据统计反映的岩石圈伸展期次相对应,暗示了铀成矿受控于华南岩石圈伸展这一大的动力学环境。     

诸广中段鹿井地区辉绿岩40Ar-39Ar年代学特征

诸广—贵东地区作为华南热液型铀矿最为重要的花岗岩型铀矿大型矿集区,区内发育了大量与铀矿化作用密切相关的基性岩脉。为了厘定区内基性岩年代学数据,更好地约束铀成矿时限,以诸广中段鹿井地区辉绿岩脉为研究对象,开展了⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年代学研究。结果表明：辉绿岩全岩⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar同位素年龄为（171.7±1.6）、（169.1±3.8）Ma,反映鹿井地区在中侏罗世（约170 Ma）发生了一次岩石圈伸展裂解作用。诸广—贵东地区至少存在200、170、140、105和90 Ma 5期基性岩浆活动,195、165、125、90、75和55 Ma 6期铀成矿事件,成矿热液往往紧随每次区域性玄武岩事件之后（5~20 Ma）,铀成矿与以辉绿岩墙为代表的区域玄武岩事件有紧密的时间、空间和成因联系。辉绿岩脉与成矿构造上的关联性以及来源于地幔的深部岩浆浅部表现形式的成因特点,决定了其可以为铀成矿提供一定的挥发分（矿化剂）和后期铀沉淀富集场所,提高成矿热液对铀的携带能力,进而促进铀的成矿作用。     

诸广中部鹿井铀矿田辉绿岩磷灰石U- Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其与铀成矿关系

辉绿岩脉与热液型铀矿化关系十分密切。本文以鹿井矿田辉绿岩为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、磷灰石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究,旨在探究其成岩时代、岩石成因、成岩构造背景及其与铀成矿关系,为探讨区域铀成矿机制提供依据。辉绿岩中磷灰石的U-Pb定年指示,辉绿岩的成岩年龄为~200 Ma,是诸广—贵东地区200~190 Ma基性岩浆活动的重要组成。辉绿岩地球化学组成类似于洋岛玄武岩（OIB）特征,形成于早侏罗世—晚三叠世之交的岩石圈伸展构造背景下,岩浆起源于亏损地幔源区被流体交代的石榴石橄榄岩经过约5%~10%部分熔融,成岩过程经历了一定程度的分离结晶和地壳混染作用。鹿井矿田主要铀矿床的成矿年龄为128~51 Ma,明显早于区内辉绿岩的成岩时代（~200 Ma）,因此,由~200 Ma的基性岩浆活动直接提供成矿所需的矿化剂∑CO2的可能性较小。辉绿岩在鹿井矿田“交点”型矿化的形成过程中,不仅提供了有利的氧化—还原界面,而且基性岩浆侵位时所形成的次级构造裂隙还为成矿提供了有利的空间。     

赣南6722铀矿床方解石Sm-Nd等时线年龄及其地质意义

6722热液型铀矿床位于东西向南岭构造和北东向武夷隆起交汇部位的禾草坑铀矿田内。本文利用采集于该矿床花岗岩型矿石中的8件方解石进行Sm-Nd年龄测定,确定了成矿年龄为113.4±6.9 Ma。这期发生在花岗岩中的铀矿化早于隐爆角砾岩中的矿化。我们推测前期花岗岩中的矿化为后期隐爆角砾岩中富矿体的形成提供了预富集。白垩纪时6722矿床所在会昌地区处于岩石圈伸展的地段,伸展作用为铀成矿创造有力条件,岩石圈伸展与铀成矿之间具有良好的对应关系。     

华南诸广山岩体中段岩脉40Ar-39Ar年龄及与铀成矿关系

诸广山岩体中段鹿井地区矿床周边常有花岗斑岩脉及煌斑岩脉等晚期岩脉产出。钾长石40Ar-39Ar同位素年代学测试结果表明,花岗斑岩脉与煌斑岩脉侵位年龄分别为116.24±0.49 Ma和128.27±0.86 Ma,是早白垩世地壳伸展的岩浆响应。岩脉记录的岩浆活动时代与鹿井矿田铀成矿作用时代具有较好的对应关系。花岗斑岩脉与铀矿石均具有幔源特征,表明以花岗斑岩为代表的酸性岩浆在为铀矿化提供热源的同时可能还提供了部分成矿物质。在铀成矿作用过程中,以煌斑岩为代表的基性岩浆为铀成矿作用提供了热源、矿化剂、流体及动力条件等有利条件。     

华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要特征与成矿作用研究进展

花岗岩型铀矿床是我国最重要的铀矿床类型之一,且主要分布在华南地区。本文在简要介绍华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要地质特征的基础上,重点总结了华南花岗岩型铀矿床的产铀花岗岩、成矿时代、成矿流体和成矿物质来源等方面的研究进展。华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要分布在华夏地块,以桃山-诸广铀成矿带最为重要。矿床以中小型(300～3000t U)和中低品位(0.05%～0.2%U)为主。产铀花岗岩主要形成于三叠纪(240～205Ma)和侏罗纪(165～150Ma)两个时期,属于S型花岗岩,源区以泥质沉积岩为主。三叠纪过铝质淡色花岗岩是有利的铀源岩,其中铀主要赋存于晶质铀矿。黑云母、晶质铀矿、磷灰石和锆石成分特征是评价花岗岩产铀潜力的有效工具。华南大多数花岗岩型铀矿床形成于白垩纪-古近纪(110～50Ma),以后生热液成因为主,其形成主要与区域白垩纪-古近纪岩石圈伸展作用和幔源基性岩浆活动有关。成矿流体以大气降水为主,成矿温度集中在120～260℃、盐度一般小于10%NaCleqv,铀在流体中主要以铀酰碳酸络合物和铀酰氟化物形式迁移,物理化学条件变化和CO_2去气导致铀在有利部位沉淀。文章指出应加强花岗岩中铀活化机制、铀成矿时代、以及下庄铀矿田侏罗纪(175～145Ma)铀成矿作用研究。     

下庄铀矿田成矿模式

笔者对下庄铀矿田不同类型矿床的成矿期次、流体包裹体温度及成分特征等进行了对比研究,结果表明该矿田不同类型的铀矿床具有相同的物质来源,铀成矿作用经历了3个阶段。第1阶段成矿年龄为138 Ma,矿化主要受东西向构造控制,为中高温碱性热液成矿;第2阶段成矿年龄为96.4~81 Ma,矿化主要受北东向构造控制,为中低温酸性热液成矿;第3阶段成矿年龄为61 Ma,表现为后期改造作用成矿。结合区域构造、岩浆演化历史,建立了下庄铀矿田的构造控矿三维成矿模式,认为铀矿床具有多阶段叠加成矿的特点,早期构造在晚期应力作用下派生的张裂部位是找矿的有利部位。希望铀矿床存在东西向基性岩脉充填构造,其深部具有寻找东西向矿体的潜力。     

粤北长江花岗岩型铀矿田沥青铀矿原位U-Pb年代学研究及其地质意义

花岗岩型铀矿床是我国重要的工业铀矿床类型,广泛分布于南岭地区。粤北长江铀矿田位于南岭中段诸广山岩体中南部,是我国典型的花岗岩型铀矿田。由于铀矿物在化学组成和成因上的固有属性,前人通过传统的铀矿物U-Pb同位素定年获得的成矿年龄(157～52Ma)变化范围较大且分散,难以有效约束精确的铀成矿时代。本文在精细矿物学研究的基础上,对长江铀矿田棉花坑、书楼坵和长排三个铀矿床的沥青铀矿开展了LA-ICP-MS原位微区U-Pb同位素定年研究。结果表明,棉花坑矿床成矿年龄为60. 8±0. 6Ma和66. 8±1. 6Ma,书楼坵矿床成矿年龄为71. 4±1. 3Ma和74. 4±1. 7Ma,长排矿床成矿年龄为62. 4±2. 5Ma和70. 2±0. 5Ma,总体分为～75Ma、～70Ma和～60Ma三期成矿年龄,代表了华南花岗岩型铀矿的晚期铀矿化。长江铀矿田成矿时代与诸广地区北东向断裂带、断陷盆地的强烈拉张时期(80～60Ma)同步,指示区内铀矿化与南岭地区晚白垩世-古近纪地壳拉张作用有关,区内铀成矿的幔源矿化剂CO_2来自区域性北东向断裂带的拉张作用。综合前人资料,认为诸广地区的铀成矿具同时性和多期性特征,成矿峰期为～140Ma、～125Ma、～105Ma、～90Ma和80～60Ma,成矿统一受制于华南岩石圈伸展的动力学背景,诸广山-南雄盆山体系白垩-古近纪的构造演化可能是促使区域铀矿化形成的主要因素。     

陕西蓝田铀矿田控矿因素与成矿作用过程探讨

蓝田铀矿田是我国第一个进行地下堆浸开采的铀矿田,笔者对其控矿因素进行了系统研究:空间上位于古近—新近系断陷盆地边缘,多期多阶段的岩浆活动,北北东向断裂与北东向复合断裂以及矿区内出露大量的基性岩脉是主要控矿因素。其成矿过程主要分为五个阶段:①牧护关岩体第二次主侵入体的形成。②多期多阶段的岩浆活动使岩体中的铀预富集。③伴随基性岩脉涌入的地幔流体使岩体副矿物中的铀活化释放,并且为铀的迁移提供了丰富的矿化剂∑CO2。④以铀酰碳酸络阴离子的形式运移的铀在适宜的物理化学条件下沉淀富集成矿,⑤潜水氧化淋滤改造叠加成矿作用。     

Oceanic mafic rocks in the Eastern Alps

The Eastern Alps in Austria have been interpreted as a pile of thrust sheets resulting from the collision of two continental masses. The only remains of the ocean-floor which may once have separated these continents could be the highly deformed greenschists, metasediments and serpentinites found in the lower thrust sheets. To test this hypothesis, a total of sixty mafic rocks from the Großglockner, Mooserboden, Fusch, Hochtor, Matrei Zone and Strobl localities have been analysed for the stable trace elements, Ti, Zr, Y, Nb and Cr, and the less stable elements K, Rb, and Sr. Visual and statistical comparison of the stable elements with known magma types reveals that five of the sample groups classify clearly as tholeiitic ocean-floor basalts, while one group, the Fusch locality, classifies as within-plate (probably ocean island) basalts. It is suggested that the tectonic units containing such rocks comprise a mélange of disrupted oceanic crust, upper mantle and seamounts, pelagic sediments and continental margin sediments. The rocks may have formed in a large ocean basin, rather than a marginal basin behind an island arc.     

鹿井铀矿床铀矿物学特征

鹿井矿床位于南华活动带华夏褶皱带武功—诸广断隆区,闽、赣后加里东褶皱地块西缘,诸广山复式岩体中段,受遂川断裂及热水断裂组成的地堑式断陷带控制。本文主要对鹿井矿床内铀矿物的赋存状态、成分特征及组合特征进行了研究。     

Uranium-series fractionation in mafic extrusives

Based on U-series disequilibrium arguments there is good evidence for the presence of U-rich accessory minerals in the outer mantle. The very large excesses of ²²⁶Ra and ²³¹Pa activity relative to ²³⁰Th, ²³⁸U, and ²³⁵U in most mid-ocean ridge basalts and some non-divergent plate-margin basalts are inconsistent with prevailing incompatibility models of U-series fractionation. Application of a fundamental principle of equilibrium balance reveals that in these instances more than half of the original U and Th remains behind in the residual outer mantle when basaltic magmas separate. One is forced to conclude that, in the outer mantle, U and Th do not occur primarily in major silicate minerals, where they would indeed be incompatible. Rather, they must be occurring as high concentration components in refractory accessory minerals. The precipitous concentration gradients bounding such minerals would allow for the operation of physical processes, such as alpha recoil and daughter diffusion, to produce paired disequilibrated phases. Daughter deficiencies would develop in the high concentration minerals, and daughter excesses in the surrounding low concentration major silicates. This would constitute a steady-state condition existing in the mantle before the onset of melting. Subsequent preferential melting of the matrix silicates would readily result in the disequilibria observed in basalts.     

Late Cretaceous mafic dykes in the Dharwar craton

Palaeomagnetic, geochemical and geochronological studies have been conducted on a set of dolerite dykes intruding the Peninsular gneisses near Huliyurdurga town, Karnataka, as a reconnaissance survey indicated a Cretaceous age for them. The dykes are mainly tholeiitic in composition with their 87Sr/86Sr ratios tightly clustered around 0·7045. Their palaeomagnetic data (D _m =329°,I _m =−55°) and the corresponding palaeopole coordinates (λ _p = 34°S,L _p =108°E) are strikingly close to those of the Deccan Traps to the north. Whole rock K-Ar ages of these dykes ranging between 69 and 84 Ma are also similar to the range of K-Ar ages of the Deccan basalts. The chemical, palaeomagnetic and temporal coherence between the dykes and the Deccan basalts indicate that they may indeed be tectonically related events.     

Dissolution kinetics and the weathering of mafic minerals

Fayalite, hypersthene, basalt, and obsidian were dissolved in buffered solutions (25°C; pH 4.5 and 5.5) under air, N₂ or O₂ atmospheres, in order to follow the kinetics of dissolution. Each dissolved more rapidly at lower pH values, dissolving most rapidly in the initial few days, followed by slower dissolution for periods up to six months. Dissolution was more rapid when air was excluded. In oxygen atmospheres an Fe(OH)₃ precipitate armors mineral surfaces, thus inhibiting further dissolution, and further affects the solution by scavenging dissolved silica and cations. Dissolution reactions include initial exchange between cations and H⁺, incongruent dissolution of silicate structures, oxidation of Fe²⁺ in solution, precipitation of Fe(OH)₃, and scavenging of dissolved silica and cations by Fe(OH)₃. Dissolution kinetics may explain weathering of mafic rocks and minerals at the Earth's surface, the formation of Fe-oxide coatings on mineral grains, weathering of submarine mafic rocks and intrastratal solution of mafic minerals in buried sandstones. Early Precambrian weathering would have been more rapid before the appearance of large amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere, and continental denudation rates may have been higher than at present because of this effect and the predominance of mafic igneous rocks at an early stage of continent formation and growth.     

相山矿田铀的中和还原成矿作用”

该文以相山矿田为例介绍了铀的中和还原成矿作用的概念和机理。     

Nd and Sr isotopic geochemistry of mafic layered intrusions in the eastern Baltic shield: implications for the evolution of Paleoproterozoic continental mafic magmas

 Nd and Sr isotopic data are presented for the 2449–2441 Ma Olanga and Burakovka layered mafic complexes in the eastern Baltic Shield. These complexes have similar tectonic position, but differ in two aspects: the age of the enclosing crust and the post-crystallization metamorphic history. The Sm–Nd isotopic results for the Kivakka and Lukkulaisvaara intrusions, Olanga Complex, are consistent with the model of closed-system crystallization of a single magma without significant wallrock assimilation. The Rb–Sr systems of minerals were disturbed by late Rb addition during 1.75–1.50 Ga metamorphism. The Nd and Sr isotopic systems in the Burakovka complex show no metamorphic disturbance and indicate mixing of at least four isotopically distinct components. Isotopic variations in the Burakovka Complex can be explained by a 4–20 per cent contamination of a primary komatiitic or picritic magma with a Mesoarchean crust, similar to that exposed in the region. A similar model, applied to the Olanga Complex using a Neoarchean crustal isotopic composition, cannot reproduce the observed isotopic signature. The nearly uniform initial ɛ_Nd values between −1 and −2.3, observed in the Kivakka and Lukkulaisvaara intrusions of the Olanga Complex, as well as in the other 2.50–2.44 Ga layered mafic intrusions throughout the eastern Baltic Shield, are better explained by a mantle plume model with small amounts of crustal contamination and minor involvement of asthenospheric material. This model is also consistent with the geological observations and the temporal distribution of the Paleoproterozoic mafic magmatism in the eastern Baltic Shield. As an alternative, the enriched isotopic characteristics may be explained by melting of a metasomatically modified lithospheric mantle source. Received: 4 August 1994/Accepted: 5 April 1996     

Precambrian mafic magmatism in the Bastar craton,central India

The Bastar craton has experienced many episodes of mafic magmatism during the Precambrian. This is evidenced from a variety of Precambrian mafic rocks exposed in all parts of the Bastar craton in the form of volcanics and dykes. They include (i) three distinct mafic dyke swarms and a variety of mafic volcanic rocks of Precambrian age in the southern Bastar region; two sets of mafic dyke swarms are sub-alkaline tholeiitic in nature, whereas the third dyke swarm is high-Si, low-Ti and high-Mg in nature and documented as boninite-norite mafic rocks, (ii) mafic dykes of varying composition exposed in Bhanupratappur-Keskal area having dominantly high-Mg and high-Fe quartz tholeiitic compositions and rarely olivine and nepheline normative nature, (iii) four suites of Paleoproterozoic mafic dykes are recognized in and around the Chattisgarh basin comprising metadolerite, metagabbro, and metapyroxenite, Neoarchaean amphibolite dykes, Neoproterozoic younger fine-grained dolerite dykes, and Early Precambrian boninite dykes, and (iv) Dongargarh mafic volcanics, which are classified into three groups, viz. early Pitepani mafic volcanic rocks, later Sitagota and Mangikhuta mafic volcanics, and Pitepani siliceous high-magnesium basalts (SHMB). Available petrological and geochemical data on these distinct mafic rocks of the Bastar craton are summarized in this paper. Recently high precision U-Pb dates of 1891.1±0.9 Ma and 1883.0±1.4 Ma for two SE-trending mafic dykes from the BD2 (subalkaline) dyke swarm, from the southern Bastar craton have been reported. But more precise radiometric age determinations for a number of litho-units are required to establish discrete mafic magmatic episodes experienced by the craton. It is also important to note that very close geochemical similarity exist between boninite-norite suite exposed in the Bastar craton and many parts of the world. Spatial and temporal correlation suggests that such magmatism occurred globally during the Neoarchaean-Paleoproterozoic boundary. Many Archaean terrains were united as a supercontinent as Expanded Ur and Arctica at that time, and its rifting gave rise to numerous mafic dyke swarms, including boninitenorite, world-wide.     

东南极格罗夫山镁铁质麻粒岩的变质作用

东南极内陆－格罗夫山存在一套经历了麻粒岩相变质作用的镁铁质麻粒岩和斜长角闪岩。变质反应结构显示该区多为单一的区域性麻粒岩相变质作用。但是，对含石榴石的镁铁质麻粒岩的详细工作则显示了包括3个阶段的近等温降压（ITD）的顺时针PT演化轨迹，M1：0．93GPa＞800℃：M2:0.65GPa,733-850℃;M3:0.46-0.61GPa，并有着与拉斯曼丘陵相似的演化历史。根据矿物组合和成分、变质反应结构及温压计算结果，格罗夫山镁铁质麻粒岩可能为高压麻粒岩。     

闽西晚中生代基性岩脉的地球化学研究

对闽西三个地区基性岩脉的地球化学研究发现,该区域的基性岩脉为亚碱性岩石系列,具有高 Al、低 Ti、Na2O > K2O的特征;相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高强场元素.半村辉绿岩脉和拔里角闪辉长岩脉以 Nb、Ta、Ti负异常为特征,林子坟辉长辉绿岩脉具有 Nb、Ta负异常和 Ti弱正异常.半村和拔里的岩脉稀土元素总量高,明显富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)N=6.8～8.4;林子坟的岩脉稀土元素总量相对较低,轻稀土元素弱富集,(La/Yb)N=2.0.结合基性岩脉的地球化学特征和区域构造演化分析,初步认为半村和拔里的基性岩脉来自与俯冲作用有关的富大离子亲石元素流体交代的富集地幔;林子坟基性岩脉是软流圈地幔部分熔融的产物,地壳混染作用是其相对富集大离子亲石元素的原因.结合玄武岩构造环境判别图解可知,半村和拔里岩脉具有的大陆边缘弧的特征并不指示基性岩脉形成的构造环境,而是说明其源区受到俯冲板片派生出来的流体交代作用.半村和拔里岩脉形成于大陆板内拉张带,林子坟岩脉形成于板内裂谷环境.与华南其他地区的基性岩脉对比表明,虽然晚中生代华南地区处于拉张的构造背景下,但是岩脉形成的构造环境与微量元素地球化学特征均有明显的差异,反映了各地区构造环境演变和地幔演化的复杂性.