西藏双湖古近纪唢呐湖组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄与古海拔高度

青藏高原北部古近纪晚期大面积发育唢呐湖组湖相沉积,主要为砖红色、棕色、灰白色泥灰岩、泥岩、粉砂岩互层,夹石膏层和灰岩,广泛出露于羌塘中部、可可西里、东昆仑南部,形成时代为41.1±0.8~32.5!0.3Ma,向可可西里东部过渡为雅西错群。对双湖采坑唢呐湖组上部湖相沉积地层进行详细观测和系统取样,对泥灰岩和粘土岩样品选碎屑锆石作LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年,对不同层位泥灰岩、粘土岩、灰岩样品作碳、氧同位素分析,结合区域地质相关资料,良好揭示了碎屑锆石来源、沉积地貌环境及古海拔高度。双湖采坑唢呐湖组碎屑锆石绝大部分为岩浆锆石,统计分析碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄,发现存在4期峰值,分别为280~200Ma、780~830Ma、1920~1790Ma、2600~2360Ma;对比区域地质和岩浆岩测年资料,推断晚二叠世—三叠纪(280~200Ma)碎屑锆石主要来自于羌中隆起岩浆岩,新元古代中期(~800Ma)、古元古代晚期(~1800Ma)、太古宙末期—古元古代初期(~2500Ma)碎屑锆石主要来自于东昆仑造山带。双湖采坑碎屑锆石部分测点U-Pb同位素呈线性分布,交点年龄及谐和年龄为1883!51~1837!12Ma、2483!24~2520!37Ma,对应东昆仑造山带早前寒武纪2期岩浆热事件年龄。根据唢呐湖组湖相沉积空间分布和碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄统计分布,推断青藏高原北部古近纪晚期发育自北向南流动的古水系,古洪流将东昆仑造山带出露地表的前寒武纪基底岩浆锆石自北向南长距离搬运,汇聚于双湖古湖盆并沉积于唢呐湖组。根据双湖采坑唢呐湖组湖相沉积碳同位素和氧同位素,估算双湖古湖盆35~34Ma古海拔高度为3427~3510m,这与应用Airy均衡模式根据地壳厚度和密度变化估算的古海拔高度在误差范围内基本吻合。     

塔河地区三叠系主要砂体沉积相类型分析

塔河地区三叠系主要为厚层砂岩夹泥岩沉积,砂岩分选性中等-好,颗粒呈次棱角状,成岩矿物以岩屑和石英为主.综合岩心资料、岩石矿物及粒度分析、测井和钻井等资料分析认为,3个油组的厚层砂体主要为辫状河流相沉积,各油组厚层砂体之上的砂泥岩主要为滨浅湖、半深湖-深湖及三角洲相沉积.通过地震资料和测钻井资料分析,研究区南部中油组可识别出湖底扇相和下切水道相.沉积相演化分析表明,湖平面较低时,研究区沉积厚层辫状河流相砂体,湖平面上升时为沉积滨浅湖-半深湖-深湖暗色泥岩和三角洲砂泥岩,研究区三叠系可识别出4次湖平面升降变化,形成4套厚层砂岩夹泥岩的沉积组合(包括柯吐尔组泥岩).     

西昆仑甜水海-麻扎地块上石炭统恰提尔群B组沉积环境分析

本文在详细描述甜水海-麻扎地块上石炭统恰提尔群B组地层剖面基础上,结合野外沉积构造、室内薄片鉴定、粒度分析成果,讨论了该组的岩石组合特征和沉积环境。其岩性组合为细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、页岩等碎屑岩类,为一套湖陆过渡的三角洲沉积,可进一步划分为三角洲平原、三角洲前缘与前三角洲3个沉积亚相,其物源区为再循环造山带、混合物源区。     

广东省河源盆地北部红层的初步研究

广东省河源盆地北部红层厚度大于4km。根据岩性特征，自下而上划分为南雄群的大风组、主田组和贞水组，上湖组和丹霞组。大风组厚837m，由砾岩和砂砾岩组成；主田组厚为1200m，由含砾的紫红色砂岩，分选性差的砂岩，长石石英砂岩伴有条带状粒砂岩、粉砂岩、含砂质泥岩组成。主田组富含钙质结核，河源龙（窃蛋龙科），龟鳖类化石发现于本组中。贞水组沉积厚900m，由粗的沉积物组成，包括粒状的砾岩和斜层理发育的砂岩。上湖组厚280m，由紫红色的含砾石粗砂岩夹粉砂岩组成。     

松嫩盆地扶余地区白垩系嫩江组岩石地层与沉积环境

松嫩盆地白垩纪地层发育,其嫩江组沉积厚度大,呈盆地演化后期的沉积特征。本文从扶余地区嫩江组岩石组合、韵律变化、厚度及区域分布入手讨论其特点,对其影响因素(泥质、粉砂质、细砂质岩石)进行分析总结。根据岩石组合,该区嫩江组可划分成三段:下段黑色泥(页)岩—粉砂质泥岩互层;中段灰绿色粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、细砂岩互层;上段杂色粉砂质泥岩互层。分析沉积岩石颜色、构造及韵律组合特征,推测嫩江组由下而上为半深湖—深湖—半深湖(浅湖)相交替变化—滨湖(湖滩)相演化过程。     

乌什凹陷及东部邻区白垩系层序划分与沉积古地理

对乌什凹陷乌参1井的白垩系进行了层序划分,分为5个三级层序,其中亚格列木组只有低位体系域,与其上舒善河组合在一起可分为两个三级层序;巴西盖组分为两个三级层序;巴什基奇克组沉积后受到剥蚀而只剩一个三级层序。亚格列木组的沉积相为冲积扇相和辫状河相。舒善河组由辫状河、湖泊三角洲和湖泊沉积组成,岩性为中至粗粒砂岩和泥质岩。巴西盖组沉积相组合包括辫状河三角洲相、扇三角洲、湖泊三角洲和湖泊相并夹有滨浅湖相。巴什基奇克组由低位体系域的冲积扇相、扇三角洲相和湖进体系域的浅湖沉积组成。地震反射特征指示乌什凹陷白垩系沉积具有南北双向物源的特征。北部物源为南天山褶皱带,南部物源为温宿凸起。砂岩碎屑成分分析表明乌什凹陷与东部邻区白垩系存在三个较为明显的物源区,即(1)天山南侧的再循环造山带,(2)温宿凸起再循环造山带快速抬升区,(3)塔北隆起或东、东南方向的大陆蚀源区。它们控制了白垩系沉积相带在研究区的展布。绘制的乌什凹陷及东部邻区白垩系巴什基奇克组沉积古地理图对今后在该区的油气勘探有参考意义。乌参1井白垩系储集岩分布于舒善河组、巴西盖组和巴什基奇克组低位和高位体系域,储集岩类型以含砾粗砂岩、含砾中砂岩和中砂岩为主,它们与其上的湖相泥岩组成三套储盖组合。乌什凹陷白垩系具有良好的油气勘探前景。     

东昆仑东段下三叠统洪水川组沉积序列与盆地构造原型恢复

下三叠统洪水川组沉积地层研究结果表明,洪水川组由底到顶可划分为6个岩性段,一段主要为灰绿-肝红色粗碎屑岩及紫红色细碎屑岩组合;二段主要为灰绿色含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩夹砾岩组合;三段以深灰色-灰黑色薄层-中薄层灰岩为主,四段主要为浅灰色-灰色中-薄层粉砂岩夹灰色薄层灰岩组合,五段主要为鲍马序列中某几段有规律的浊积岩组合,六段主要为灰色中薄层细砾岩、含细砾粗砂岩、细砂岩夹薄层钙质粉砂岩及灰岩组合。岩石组合及沉积结构构造特征表明,洪水川组一段和二段属于扇三角洲沉积体系,三段和四段属于浅海混积陆棚沉积体系,五段属于半深海-深海浊流沉积体系,六段属于滨浅海沉积体系。洪水川组沉积序列与弧前盆地沉积序列相似,记录了一个弧前盆地初始沉积、正常沉积、晚期沉积等连续的沉积-构造演化过程,认为洪水川组是一套形成于阿尼玛卿-布青山古特提斯洋向北俯冲过程中的弧前盆地的产物,客观记录了东昆仑三叠纪弧前盆地形成及古洋壳俯冲过程。     

西藏南部侏罗纪—古近纪砂岩重矿物分析：探讨岩浆弧与大陆地块物源差异性

物源分析是古地理重建与盆地分析的关键,典型的物源区包括岩浆弧、大陆地块、再旋回造山带等。重矿物种类多样,蕴含丰富的母岩信息,是物源分析的重要对象。现代砂的研究表明,不同大地构造背景下形成的沉积物具有不同的重矿物组合。遗憾的是,由于古代沉积的重矿物组合在成岩过程中会被改造,现代砂的重矿物组合与物源区的耦合规律并不能直接应用于古代砂岩。科学界尚不清楚岩浆弧与大陆地块来源的古代砂岩的重矿物特征。西藏日喀则弧前盆地与特提斯喜马拉雅侏罗纪—古近纪砂岩物源明确,要么来自亚洲大陆的冈底斯弧,要么来自印度大陆地块,是探讨岩浆弧与大陆地块来源的古代砂岩重矿物特征的绝佳场所。16件砂岩重矿物定量分析结果表明,两个物源区来源的砂岩重矿物组合均被成岩作用严重改造,辉石、角闪石等不稳定矿物消失,绿帘石等自生矿物出现;冈底斯弧来源的砂岩以出现大量绿帘石或磷灰石为特征,ZTR指数小于40;印度大陆地块来源的砂岩以出现大量锆石、电气石和金红石为特征,ZTR指数大于75。这一结果指示岩浆弧与大陆地块来源的砂岩的重矿物组合具有明显差异性,可以用来探讨物源的大地构造背景。     

苏南堰桥组火山碎屑沉积岩的发现及其意义

<正> 苏南下二叠统堰桥组分布于宜兴—江阴一线以东地区,厚292—315m,根据岩性特征、沉积旋迴、古生物组合自下而上划为三段:下段为厚层深灰色粉砂岩和泥岩互层,厚110—135m;中段深灰色细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩互层,厚130—160m;上段为灰、浅灰色中粗粒长石石英砂岩,夹深灰色泥岩和3—4层砂质灰岩,厚45—80m。我们在苏南煤田勘探过程中,选择苏南东山和沙洲妙桥两个勘探区,在钻孔中系统采集了40余个砂岩样品,对龙潭组底部砂岩(即中粗粒长石石英砂岩)及堰桥组中、上段砂岩进行了一系列岩石     

滇西保山地块南部公养河群研究新进展

保山地块是滇西特提斯多岛洋的重要组成部分,属滇-缅-马-泰微大陆的北端。出露的最老地层被称为公养河群,主要分布于保山地块南部酒房—旧城—大汪塘和镇安街—绕廊街—公养河—芒海—瑞丽2个片区,为一套厚度巨大的砂岩、长石石英砂岩-砂质板岩-泥质板岩组合,夹硅质岩、泥质硅质岩、薄层灰岩,具有典型的浊流沉积特征,部分地段有低级变质现象。公养河群中生物化石稀少,缺乏年代学依据,其时代被推测为震旦纪—中寒武世。近年来的1:25万、1:5万区域地质调查项目对公养河群进行了深入研究,在新发现的中酸性火山熔岩、凝灰岩夹层中获得了一批可靠的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄(925.0±9.2~499.2±2.1Ma)。结合岩性组合、沉积环境的差异,建议将公养河群自下而上细分为青白口—南华系大汪塘组、震旦系—中寒武统公养河组、上寒武统—奥陶系蒲满哨组3个组级岩石地层单元。主要介绍大汪塘组的分布、岩性组合、沉积环境、时代依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.