三峡工程运用后长江中游河床调整沿程变化特点

三峡工程运行后,坝下游河道发生持续冲刷。本文研究了长江中游(955 km)不同河段沿程演变差异及其原因。总体而言,河床形态调整幅度自上而下减弱,这是因为在河床持续冲刷过程中,水流含沙量沿程恢复,故越往下游冲刷相对缓慢。平面形态方面,长江中游岸线崩退及洲滩变形的强度均呈沿程减弱趋势,且在荆江河段最为显著。断面形态方面,河床冲深幅度在宜枝下段>荆江河段>宜枝上段>城汉河段>汉湖河段。理论上距离三峡工程最近的河段冲刷应最为剧烈,但由于宜枝上段床沙粗化显著,限制了冲刷的进一步发展。过流能力方面,宜枝河段由于距洞庭湖较远,并未受到入汇顶托作用,故其平滩流量的调整基本由进口水沙条件控制,并随着河床冲深下切而增大;对于荆江、城汉和汉湖河段,河床冲刷虽显著,但支流或湖泊的入汇顶托对平滩流量产生的影响大于前者,故平滩流量总体随上下游水位差同步波动。     

三峡工程运用后荆江河段崩岸时空分布及其对河床调整的影响

三峡工程运用后长江中游荆江河段河床持续冲刷,局部河段崩岸频发,影响河道内悬沙输移与河床形态调整.本研究采用实测长程河道地形及固定断面地形资料,确定了2002-2018年荆江河段的主要崩岸区域,估算了崩岸土体的泥沙总量,进而定量分析了河岸崩退对河床调整的影响.计算结果表明:荆江段累计河岸崩退体积约为2.0亿m3,约占该河...     

三峡工程运行后荆江河段分汇段航道水深资源及碍航驱动机制

系统解析长江中游河湖交汇区域航道水深资源的变化,可支撑“黄金航道”的可持续发展。本研究以洞庭湖-荆江交汇段为对象,研究洞庭湖分汇区域水沙条件、荆江河段滩槽演变与河湖交汇段航道水深资源的关系。研究表明:三峡工程运行以来,洞庭湖三口分流量和分沙量延续了三峡工程运行前的减少态势,伴随洞庭湖分流量减少,相对增加的长江干流径流量增强了河床冲刷强度,反馈使得洞庭湖三口分流量和分沙量均处于较低值;荆江河段河床冲刷给航道尺度提升奠定了有利基础,河湖分汇区域不满足4.5 m×200 m(水深×宽度)的长度为12.6 km,占荆江河段碍航总长度的68.35%。碍航驱动机制上:松滋口分流区段(枝城-昌门溪)的4.5 m水槽贯通但宽度不足200 m,汊道分流关系不稳定及洲滩萎缩制约航道条件稳定,枯水位下降及“坡陡流急”现象仍然严峻,不利于航道条件保障及船舶安全航行;太平口分流区段水位下降、洲滩萎缩、汊道交替发展使得枯水航路不稳定或水深不足4.5 m;藕池口分流区域的洲滩崩退、洲滩冲刷引起的向下游泥沙输移,碍航表现为航宽不足200 m或出现水深不足4.5 m的浅滩;洞庭湖入汇影响区段(熊家洲-城陵矶)受弯道冲淤...     

三峡工程蓄水后长江中游城陵矶—汉口河段过流能力变化及影响因素分析

受上游水库运行的影响,自2003年后长江中游河段河床调整,引起河道自身过流能力的变化.本文选取长江中游城陵矶-汉口河段作为研究对象,根据实测资料计算了2003-2016年两个水文断面的水位-流量关系及特征流量变化,并采用一维水动力学模型计算了河段尺度的平滩流量.结果表明:(1)螺山站及汉口站2003-2016年的水位-流量关系呈现枯水流量下水位降低、洪水流量下水位抬升的特点;(2)两站年最大流量下对应的水位整体抬升,警戒水位下对应的流量分别减小9%和16%;(3)2003-2016年城汉河段平滩流量有增有减,无明显单向变化趋势,2014年后呈减小趋势.分析断面的过流能力变化,发现螺山站与汉口站警戒流量与动床阻力呈明显的反比关系,过流能力由于河道阻力的增大而减小;床沙粗化、河道相对水深的减小及洲滩植被覆盖度的增大是引起河道阻力增大、过流能力减小的原因.     

考虑河道整治工程影响的一维水沙数学模型及其应用

在冲积河流上,各类河道整治工程的实施一定程度上会影响河床的演变过程.本文通过改进现有的一维水沙数学模型,重点研究护岸及护滩(底)这类限制河床进一步冲刷的整治工程对水沙输移及河床冲淤变形的影响.首先对固定断面的各节点采用特定的代码进行标记,以此区分河漫滩、有或无整治工程的主槽区域.然后对悬沙输移及河床冲淤变形模块进行改进:当断面发生淤积时,其形态调整不受整治工程的影响,淤积量将在整个断面上进行分配;当发生冲刷时,断面形态调整仅发生在未实施工程的位置或者受工程限制但形成了一定厚度淤积层的区域;在实施了整治工程且无法提供沙源的区域,河床冲刷则不会发生.最后长江中游荆江段2016年的模拟结果表明:考虑整治工程情况时,改进模型计算的河道冲刷量偏小且与实测值更为接近;河槽断面形态与实测结果也更为吻合.     

三峡水库蓄水运用以来长江中下游沙量平衡分析

以三峡工程为核心的梯级水库群联合调度运用显著改变水沙条件,坝下游河段出现长时间、长距离的冲淤调整,长江中下游沙量平衡分析是合理评估水库群修建对河道影响的重要依据,是河湖管理与保护的关键支撑.本文基于长时间序列原型观测资料,采用沙量平衡法分析长江中下游不同时空尺度泥沙沿程恢复特征,对比断面地形法计算结果,结合河道空间区域性特征,从临底悬沙测验误差、断面代表性及断面间距、河道采砂等多角度深入揭示两种方法计算冲淤量产生差异的主要原因.结果表明:(1)2003-2018年宜昌至大通河段冲刷泥沙10.76亿t,其中粒径d<0.125 mm的泥沙冲刷量占比达90.9%.以螺山为界,宜昌至螺山段"粗细均冲",螺山至大通河段则"细冲粗淤";(2)宜昌至大通河段2003-2018年沙量平衡法与断面地形法计算冲淤量相对偏差为71%,从沿程差异分布来看,距离三峡大坝坝址较近的宜昌至沙市河段两方法计算绝对差值较小,而沙市至大通河段差值较大,占宜昌至大通全河段绝对偏差的近86%;(3)宜昌至沙市河段河道采砂量占实测河床冲刷量的比例约为20%,临底悬沙对输沙量的改正比例为13.2%~26.7%(平均约为20%),修正后,沙量平衡法、断面地形法计算结果吻合相对较好;沙市至大通河段泥沙测验、固定断面布设、河道采砂等是导致沙量平衡法与断面地形法出现差异的主要原因.     

黄河尾闾段一维耦合水沙数学模型研究及其应用

小浪底水库于1999年运用以后,该河道经历了长时间持续冲刷过程.为掌握小浪底水库运用后黄河尾闾段洪水演进特点及河床冲淤规律,采用一维水沙数学模型研究是一条重要的途径.本研究首先采用浑水控制方程,建立了一维耦合水沙数学模型,并利用2003年利津-西河口段汛期实测水沙及汛前断面地形资料对该模型进行率定,计算的流量、水位及含沙量等过程与实测值吻合较好;然后采用2015年利津—汊3段汛期实测资料对该模型进行验证,结果显示水位与冲淤量计算值与实测值较为符合;最后基于2015年实测洪水过程,计算了若干组不同断面间距下的洪水演进及冲淤过程,分析了不同断面间距对沿程水位及河段冲淤量等计算结果的影响,结果表明:采用不同断面间距对水位计算结果影响较小,而对冲淤量计算结果会产生一定影响;在河段水沙及冲淤特性复杂的情况下,采用一维数学水沙模型计算时应考虑断面间距的选择.     

长江下游仪征河段汊道分流属性及航道滩槽演变机制

长江下游仪征河段处于枯季潮流界的上边界,揭示其汊道分流属性及滩槽联动演变机制,对河势控制工程及深水航道工程实践具有重要意义.本研究收集了1955—2021年水文泥沙及地形等资料,在汊道分流关系及调整成因上:世业洲右汊的分流属性为枯水倾向型汊道,即低流量时期分流比大于高流量时期;1959—2021年期间,世业洲右汊分流比经历了“稳定-下降-上升”的调整过程,上游河段滩槽格局调整及流域来沙减少引起的汊道间不均衡冲刷是分流关系调整的主因;流域流量过程调整、河道崩岸等综合影响引起1959—2017年期间世业洲右汊分流比为减小态势,航道工程实施起到了调控汊道关系的功能,世业洲右汊分流比为增加态势.在滩槽联动演变关系上:仪征河段进口段以展宽为主,世业洲左汊展宽程度大于右汊,左汊河床形态变化与进口段滩槽形态的一致性关系优于右汊,即上游进口段滩槽演变、流域来沙量减少等综合作用会加速了左汊发展;2015年南京以下12.5 m深水航道二期工程建设以来,工程区域淤积且洲体完整性增强,且深槽冲刷及河槽容积增大,表明航道工程已实现汊道分流关系及滩槽调控的功能.     

三峡水库蓄水后下荆江河段典型洲滩调整机理

三峡工程运行后长江中下游河道洲滩普遍冲刷萎缩,航道条件极不稳定.为探究影响洲滩演变的主控因素,采用近期水文、泥沙和地形观测资料,以下荆江铁铺水道广兴洲边滩为例,分析了边界条件、水沙过程及整治工程等因素对洲滩调整特征的影响程度.结果表明:洲滩组成中的细沙(0.125 mm15000 m³/s)有一定关系,其持续时间越长,一般表现为滩体面积越小;汛期悬移质分组沙输移过程中,细沙的大幅减少导致边滩萎缩明显,其影响程度比漫滩流量更大.滩体冲淤变形特征与前3年漫滩流量下平均水流冲刷强度的相关性最好.守护工程实施后,漫滩流量下平均水流冲刷强度仍然较大,但滩体后退趋势得以抑制且小幅淤积,工程效果得以充分发挥.     

三峡水库蓄水后上荆江不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机制

三峡及上游梯级水库群运用后,大坝下游江心洲以冲刷为主,直接影响分汊河段河势条件及航道边界的稳定性。本文采用卫星遥感影像、实测水沙及固定断面床沙级配等资料,分析上荆江枝江、沙市河段中不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机理。结果表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后(2003—2019年),沙市段沙质江心洲较枝江段卵石夹沙质江心洲萎缩更为显著,出露面积的减幅分别达31%和24%。(2)以关洲和金城洲分别代表卵石夹沙质和沙质江心洲,三峡工程运用后关洲洲头形态较为稳定,受无序采砂的影响其沙质组成的洲尾面积显著减小,而金城洲面积萎缩程度更大。(3)床沙组成对江心洲冲刷程度差异具有重要影响,关洲洲头较金城洲抗冲性更强,与其床沙在年内达到起动条件的数量更少、时长更短有关;建立了江心洲面积与水流冲刷强度及相对水深的定量关系,该关系能综合考虑水沙变化与床沙组成调整的影响,能更好地反演近期江心洲的面积变化特点。     

Geomorphic response of the Jingjiang Reach to the Three Gorges Project operation

Upstream damming often causes significant downstream geomorphic adjustments. Remarkable channel changes have occurred in the Jingjiang Reach of the Middle Yangtze River, since the onset of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). Therefore, it is important to investigate the variations in different fluvial variables, for better understanding of the channel evolution characteristics as an example of the Jingjiang Reach. Recent geomorphic adjustments in the study reach have been investigated quantitatively, including variations in sediment rating curve, fluvial erosion intensity, channel deformation volume and bankfull channel geometry. These fluvial variables adjusted in varying degrees in response to the altered flow and sediment regime caused by the TGP operation. A focus of this study has been especially on variation in the bankfull channel geometry. Calculated bankfull dimensions at section‐ and reach‐scale indicate that: (i) there were significant bank‐erosion processes in local regions without bank‐protection engineering, with empirical relations being developed to reproduce the variation in bankfull widths at four typical sections; (ii) the variation in the reach‐scale channel geometry occurred mainly in the component of bankfull depth, owing to the construction of large‐scale bank‐revetment works, with the depth increasing from 13.7 m in 2002 to 15.0 m in 2014, and with an increase in the corresponding bankfull area of about 11%; and (iii) the reach‐scale bankfull channel dimensions responded to the previous 5‐year average fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons at Zhicheng, with higher correlations for the depth and area being obtained when calibrated by the measurements in 2002–2012. Furthermore, these relations developed for the section‐ and reach‐scale bankfull channel geometry were also verified by the observed data in 2013–2014, with encouraging results being obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Signal crayfish burrowing,bank retreat and sediment supply to rivers: A biophysical sediment budget

Burrowing into riverbanks by animals transfers sediment directly into river channels and has been hypothesised to accelerate bank erosion and promote mass failure. A field monitoring study on two UK rivers invaded by signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) assessed the impact of burrowing on bank erosion processes. Erosion pins were installed in 17 riverbanks across a gradient of crayfish burrow densities and monitored for 22 months. Bank retreat increased significantly with crayfish burrow density. At the bank scale (<6 m river length), high crayfish burrow densities were associated with accelerated bank retreat of up to 253% and more than a doubling of the area of bank collapse compared with banks without burrows. Direct sediment supply by burrowing activity contributed 0.2% and 0.6% of total sediment at the reach (1.1 km) and local bank (<6 m) scales. However, accelerated bank retreat caused by burrows contributed 12.2% and 29.8% of the total sediment supply at the reach and bank scales. Together, burrowing and the associated acceleration of retreat and collapse supplied an additional 25.4 t km⁻¹ a⁻¹ of floodplain sediments at one site, demonstrating the substantial impact that signal crayfish can have on fine sediment supply. For the first time, an empirical relation linking animal burrow characteristics to riverbank retreat is presented. The study adds to a small number of sediment budget studies that compare sediment fluxes driven by biotic and abiotic energy but is unique in isolating and measuring the substantial interactive effect of the acceleration of abiotic bank erosion facilitated by biotic activity. Biotic energy expended through burrowing represents an energy surcharge to the river system that can augment sediment erosion by geophysical mechanisms.     

Adjustment of self-formed bankfull channel geometry of meandering rivers: modelling study

We consider the evolution of the hydraulic geometry of sand-bed meandering rivers. We study the difference between the timescale of longitudinal river profile adjustment and that of channel width and depth adjustment. We also study the effect of hydrological regime alteration on the evolution of bankfull channel geometry. To achieve this, a previously developed model for the spatiotemporal co-evolution of bankfull channel characteristics, including bankfull discharge, bankfull width, bankfull depth and down-channel bed slope, is used. In our modelling framework, flow variability is considered in terms of a specified flow duration curve. Taking advantage of this unique feature, we identify the flow range responsible for long-term bankfull channel change within the specified flow duration curve. That is, the relative importance of extremely high short-duration flows compared to moderately high longer duration flows is examined. The Minnesota River, MN, USA, an actively meandering sand-bed stream, is selected for a case study. The longitudinal profile of the study reach has been in adjustment toward equilibrium since the end of the last glaciation, while its bankfull cross-section is rapidly widening due to hydrological regime change in the last several decades. We use the model to demonstrate that the timescale for longitudinal channel profile adjustment is much greater than the timescale for cross-sectional profile adjustment due to a lateral channel shift. We also show that hydrological regime shift is responsible for the recent rapid widening of the Minnesota River. Our analysis suggests that increases in the 5–25% exceedance flows play a more significant role in recent bankfull channel enlargement of the Minnesota River than increase in either the 0.1% exceedance flow or the 90% exceedance flow. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of afforestation on stream bank erosion and channel form

Modification of the land use of a small catchment through coniferous afforestation is shown to have influenced stream bank erosion and channel form. Field mapping and erosion pin measurements over a 19-month period provides evidence of more active bank erosion along forested channel reaches than along non-forested. Extrapolation of downstream increases in bankfull width, bankfull depth, and channel capacity with increasing basin area for the non-forested catchment has demonstrated that afforestation of the lower part of the catchment has had a marked effect on channel form. Channel widths within the forest are up to three times greater than that predicted from the regression. These changes in bankfull width have led to stream bed aggradation and the development of wide shallow channels within the forest, and channel capacities within the forest are over two times that predicted from the basin area. The relationship between channel sinuosity and valley gradient for non-forested reaches of the river also indicated decreased sinuosity resulting from afforestation. These changes in channel form result from active bank erosion within the forest with coarse material being deposited within the channel as point-bars and mid-channel bars. Active bank erosion is largely attributed to the suppression by the forest of a thick grass turf and its associated dense network of fine roots, and secondly to the river attempting to bypass log jams and debris dams in the stream channel.     

Controls on the transition from meandering to straight channels in the wetlands of the Okavango Delta,Botswana

Previous studies of alluvial rivers have shown that channel patterns form a continuum controlled by interactions among factors such as gradient, discharge, sediment size, and bank strength. Data from channels in the permanent wetlands of the Okavango Delta add to these ?ndings by focusing on pattern transitions in channels with banks formed by sedges and grasses that are rooted in peat and underlain by unconsolidated sediment. Channels are well de?ned, and transport ?ne–medium sand as bedload between the vertical, vegetation‐lined banks. Water depths, velocities, grain sizes, and bankline vegetation do not vary signi?cantly or systematically downstream, but the permeable banks allow water to leak from the channels, contributing to an overall downstream decrease in discharge and width. In addition, as the Okavango River ?ows from the <12 km wide ‘Panhandle’ and splits into distributaries in the broader ‘Fan’, valley gradient steepens by c. 60 per cent. These downstream changes result in channel pattern adjustments. In the Panhandle, the Okavango River is a relatively wide (c. 30–100 m), actively meandering, sinuous channel (P > 2·0), but further downstream in the Fan, the narrower (<40 m) distributaries follow laterally stable, less sinuous (‘straight’) courses (P < 1·75). Some channel pattern discrimination diagrams based on simple indices of gradient, discharge, sediment size or stream power are inadequate for analysing the meandering–straight transition in the Okavango but Parker's (1976) approach, based on ratios of depth–width and slope–Froude number, accurately characterizes the transition. Our ?eld observations, combined with the results from previous experimental studies, suggest that in relatively wide channels (w/d > 10), thalweg meandering results in scour of the unconsolidated sediment at the bank base, leading to undermining and collapse of the vegetation, and to slow meander migration. However, as channels narrow downstream (w/d < 10) with discharge losses, proportionally increasing sidewall drag exerted by bankline vegetation suppresses thalweg meandering and bank scour, and channels follow stable, less sinuous courses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Meander hydrodynamics initiated by river restoration deflectors

River restoration projects have installed j‐hook deflectors along the outer bank of meander bends to reduce hydraulic erosion, and in this study we use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to document how these deflectors initiate changes in meander hydrodynamics. We validated the CFD with streamwise and cross‐channel bankfull velocities from a 193° meander bend flume (inlet at 0°) with a fixed point bar and pool equilibrium bed but no j‐hooks, and then used the CFD to simulate changes to flow initiated by bank‐attached boulder j‐hooks (1^st attached at 70°, then a 2^nd at 160°). At bankfull and half bankfull flow the j‐hooks flattened transverse water surface slopes, formed backwater pools upstream of the boulders, and steepened longitudinal water slopes across the boulders and in the conveyance region off the mid‐channel boulder tip. Streamwise velocity and mass transport jets upstream of the j‐hooks were stilled, mid‐channel jets were initiated in the conveyance region, eddies with a cross‐channel axis formed below boulders, and eddies with a vertical axis were shed into wake zones downstream of the point bar and outer bank boulders. At half bankfull depth conveyance region flow cut toward the outer bank downstream of the j‐hook boulders and the secondary circulation cells were reshaped. At bankfull depth the j‐hook at 160° was needed to redirect bank‐impinging flow sent by the upstream j‐hook. The hooked boulder tip of both j‐hooks funneled surface flow into mid‐channel plunging jets, which reversed the secondary circulation cells and initiated 1 to 3 counter rotating cells through the entire meander. The main outer bank collision zone centered at 50° without the j‐hook was moved by the j‐hook to within and just beyond the 70° j‐hook boulder region, which displaced other mass transport zones downstream. J‐hooks re‐organized water surface slopes, streamwise and cross‐channel velocities, and mass transport patterns, to move shear stress from the outer bank and into the conveyance and mid‐channel zones at bankfull flow. At half bankfull flows a patch of high shear re‐attached to the outer bank below the downstream j‐hook. J‐hook geometry and placement within natural meanders can be analyzed with CFD models to help restoration teams reach design goals and understand hydraulic impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluvial geomorphology of the Middle Reach of the Huai River

The Middle Reach of the Huai River （MRHR） flows northeast into the Hongzehu Lake. Before entering the Hongzehu Lake, the Huai River has a braided channel which is shallow and wide, and the riverbed has a negative slope. Based on the characteristics of the MRHR, this river reach can be divided into the following sections： a quasi-straight （or mildly curved） section, a bend section, and a braided section. The majority of the MRHR is quasi-straight. In this paper, several parameters are used to assess the geomorphology of the MRHR. Statistical analyses are performed to establish a relationship between the span length ＂L＂ and channel width ＂B＂ for different channel patterns. The relationship between the meandering length ＂S＂ and bankfull channel width ＂B＂ is also derived. Results indicate that the bankfull channel width ＂B＂, the bankfull cross sectional area ＂A＂ and the average flow depth ＂H＂ are mainly dependent on the dominant discharge in the channel. A relationship is derived that describes the denendencv of the curvature radius ＂R＂ on the dominant discharae ＂O＂. water surface slone ＂J＂and the turning angle ＂α＂.