产卵期及越冬期蓝点马鲛渔场分布变化及其与海表温度的关系

蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)是我国近海重要经济鱼类,近年来产量维持在40万t左右,是我国近海资源衰退背景下,少数保持持续高产的种类之一。为研究近年来蓝点马鲛渔场分布状况,本文根据2009～2016年农业部海洋捕捞动态信息采集网络中的蓝点马鲛CPUE数据以及卫星遥感海水表温(SST)数据,分析了产卵期及越冬期蓝点马鲛渔场分布变化及其与SST的关系。结果表明,越冬期黄渤海蓝点马鲛渔获重心逐渐向东南移动,东海渔获重心逐渐向东北移动;产卵期黄渤海渔获重心逐渐向西北移动,东海渔获重心逐渐向西南移动,渔获重心的变化与蓝点马鲛越冬、产卵洄游趋势一致。2月和4月渔获重心经纬度变化与整个海域的SST距平变化相关性不显著(p0.05),但CPUE分布与SST异常相关。本研究探索了蓝点马鲛产卵期及越冬期浮拖网作业渔场变化,为蓝点马鲛渔场研究及资源变动提供了参考依据。     

渤海主要渔业资源结构的演变分析

通过对现有资料的系统分析,简化了渤海生态系统食物网,并剖析了近50年来渤海主要渔业资源结构的变化特征,这对进一步阐明渤海生态系统动力学的变化特征以及研究渔业资源衰退的原因有重要的科学意义。研究表明,渤海主要鱼类可聚为4类:游泳动物食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类和腐屑食性鱼类,在此基础上渤海生态系统食物网可简化为3条食物链:浮游植物→浮游动物→浮游动物食性鱼类→游泳动物食性鱼类(第一条食物链);浮游植物和碎屑→底栖动物→底栖动物食性鱼类和头足类→游泳动物食性鱼类(第二条食物链);碎屑→腐屑食性鱼类(第三条食物链)。20世纪50年代末以来,第一条食物链渔业资源已取代第二条食物链渔业资源成为最主要的渔业资源,第三条食物链渔业资源生物量百分比呈上升趋势,近年来已成为继第一条食物链渔业资源的第二大类渔业资源。渔业捕捞、渤海次级生产力结构的变化以及各渔业资源生物自身生长和繁殖特点的不同是导致渤海主要渔业资源结构变化的重要因素。     

蓝点马鲛在黄、渤海的渔场、渔期与环境的关系

蓝点马鲛Scomberomorus niphonius(C.&V.)(又称蓝点鲅、鲅鱼)为东、黄、渤海洄游性中上层经济鱼类之一,其最高年产量达4万吨之多。近年来,在北方海区不少经济鱼类资源下降的情况下,黄、渤海区篮点巴的资源,却在十多年间仍继续保持相对稳定的状态,其年产量一直保持在2—3万吨的水平。随着蓝点鲅流网渔业的发展,渔业生物科学面临的任务,是要进一步了解并掌握蓝点鲅捕捞群体的洄游分布和资源变动的规律,以为渔情预报、资源的合理利用及渔业的发     

黄渤海蓝点马鲛种群变动与海表面温度的关系

本文基于1992—2012年黄渤海海域蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)渔获量,利用实际种群分析方法推算了蓝点马鲛再生产成功率(Recruitment Per Spawner,RPS),并研究了其与黄渤海海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)的关系。研究表明,蓝点马鲛RPS与SST于4月在长江口附近海域负相关性较强,于5月在海州湾与长江口附近负相关性较强,于6月在辽东湾、莱州湾、海州湾负相关性较强,于8—11月在黄海西南部海域负相关性较强,以上相关性均达0.6以上(P0.05)。根据负相关性较强区域的出现位置与时间,推测过高的SST抑制了性成熟成鱼产卵和当年幼鱼的摄食过程,从而影响次年的补充量,导致RPS降低。研究结果可为我国海洋渔业的保护、管理和开发提供一定的理论参考与数据支撑。     

基于耳石微结构的黄、渤海蓝点马鲛幼鱼日龄与生长

鱼类的生长是影响群体资源量的要素,研究鱼类的生长规律是开展资源评估工作的基础。本研究依据2016年9-10月和2017年8-10月在黄渤海采集的当年生蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)幼鱼,通过耳石微结构分析,确定了蓝点马鲛孵化期,建立了生长模型并估算了生长率。结果显示,幼鱼日龄范围为64~151 d,孵化日期为5月3日至6月15日,高峰期集中在5月20日至6月3日。叉长和体质量的生长符合Logistic生长模型。叉长平均绝对生长率和特定生长率分别为2.45 mm/d和0.85%/d,生长率随着日龄增大而小幅度减小。体质量平均绝对生长率和特定生长率分别为5.33 g/d和2.68%/d,最大绝对生长率和最大特定生长率分别出现在111~120 d和91~100 d。本研究表明,蓝点马鲛幼鱼生长随日龄发生变化,早期生长较以往进一步加快。     

黄海南部春季蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)渔场海洋学特征与渔期渔场分布

以国家"973"项目资料和历史资料为基础,研究了黄海南部水域渔业海洋学特征、蓝点马鲛洄游行为及与渔场形成、渔期更迭关系.侧重分析2006和2007年春季水温年际变化对蓝点马鲛渔场、渔期分布的影响.结果表明,相对于2006年冷春,2007年黄海南部水域升温较早,渔汛盛期出现于4月25日,较2006年的5月1日左右明显提前,10℃等温线分布是早春南黄海蓝点马鲛鱼群分布与形成渔场的重要因子,而密集中心渔场往往出现于5月初;文中还讨论了南黄海大沙和吕泗渔场的性质特征,以期为蓝点马鲛渔情预报提供基础资料.     

浙江南部沿岸产卵场春、夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与分布

根据2011年4月、5月与6月对浙江南部沿岸产卵场进行的共3个航次的调查资料,对该海域的鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成和数量分布进行了分析,结果表明,共发现鱼卵、仔稚鱼72个种类,分别隶属11目38科48属。其中鱼卵29种,分别隶属6目18科24属;仔稚鱼55种,分别隶属10目29科40属。4—6月仔稚鱼数量呈逐月递减的趋势,而鱼卵数量6月最多,5月最少。鱼卵优势种4月以斑鰶、棱鱚、小黄鱼与蓝点马鲛为主,5月以斑鰶、鳀、龙头鱼、银鲳、蓝点马鲛与石首鱼科为主,6月以鳀、龙头鱼、多鳞鱚与鲱科鱼类为主;仔稚鱼优势种4月以虾虎鱼类、褐菖鲉与平鲉科为主,5月以鳀、虾虎鱼类、棱鱚、斑鰶与长鳍篮子鱼为主,6月以鳀与虾虎鱼类为主。斑鰶、鲳鱼、小黄鱼、棱鱚、蓝点马鲛与褐菖鲉的产卵盛期为4月,而鳀与龙头鱼的产卵盛期为6月。     

黄渤海蓝点马鲛繁殖生物学的研究

根据１９６０－１９９３年在渤海，黄海及东海渔业生产和调查中收集的１９０９６尾蓝点马鲛样品，进行繁殖生物研究。结果表明，卵巢成熟度依据外部形态观察、切片镜检、卵内结构分析、卵径测量和成熟系数计算等分为Ⅰ－Ⅵ期；性腺周年内成熟一次，并存在发育、成熟产卵后和恢复阶段。     

渤海鱼类区系分析

关于渤海的鱼类区系,张春霖等(1955)曾报道了116种;林福申1)根据1958年6月-1959年11月渤海大面试捕资料(其间12-3月未调査)记载了渤海底层鱼类74种,他在分析了这些鱼类的区系性质后提出,其中暖水性鱼类19种、温水性鱼类44种、冷温性鱼类11种,并认为渤海鱼类的区系性质属温水性。根据中国科学院海洋研究所1982年4月至1983年5月在渤海进行的底拖网逐月试捕调査和1983年6,7月上层拖网试捕调査资料,以及有关文献和本所历年来的采集记录鉴定,渤海已记录的鱼类有19目,66科,156种,其中我所试捕调查获108种,文献和采集记录补充了48种。本文根据以上资料,对渤海鱼类的种类组成和区系性质进行分析。渤海鱼类名录和种的区系性质按分类系统(成庆泰、郑葆珊,1987)列于附表。由于调査范围、时间及捕捞工具有限,遗漏种类在所难免，但作者认为上述材料已基本上能反映渤海鱼类的全貌。     

黄渤海蓝点马鲛短期渔情预报的研究

本文报道了水文环境因子在生殖洄游群体的短期渔情预报中的应用,具体阐述了春汛水温、盐度、气温等因子与渔期及中心渔场的相关程度.预报的主要参考指标是:(1)利用4月上旬表层水温作为蓝点马鲛Scomberomorus niphoius(Cuvieret Valeniennes)初鱼期的预报因子,其准确率较高;(2)利用4月上旬表层水温10℃等温线的分布状况和位置,可作为判断蓝点马鲛中心渔场的范围和位置的重要指标.生产实践证明,1972年以来的十余年的蓝点马鲛汛期预报,正确率较高,此预报方法,在群众流网渔业中已得到普遍应用,取得了较佳的经济效益.     

渤、黄、东海高营养层次重要生物资源种类的营养级研究

利用2000年和2001年2次大面调查所收集的11970个胃含物样品分析结果,计算了黄海和东海生态系统高营养层次35个重要生物资源种类的营养级,同时,结合对渤海和黄海39个种类营养级历史数据的修正,讨论研究了我国海洋高营养层次生物资源种类营养级的研究策略和计算方法。主要研究结果为：(1)渤海重要生物资源种类营养级的变化范围为3．12～4．9,黄海为3．2～4．9,东海为3．29～4．55。近年来各海域高营养层次的营养级呈下降趋势,如渤海从1959年的4．1下降到1998～1999年的3．4,黄海从1985～1986年的3．7下降到2000～2001年的3．4;(2)高营养层次营养级波动主要是由于群落种类组成变化及单种类营养级年间波动引起的,而单种类营养级年间波动又直接与群体个体变小以及摄食食物的低营养层次化有关。因此,高营养层次的营养级变化是认识海洋生态系统生物生产动态的重要指标,需要对其进行长期和系统的监测;(3)建议在今后的研究中,根据简化食物网的概念,对占生物量绝对多数的重要生物资源种类的营养级进行重点研究并采用国际通用的标准划分计算营养级。     

人工增殖蓝点马鲛作为利用鳀鱼资源另一途径的分析

一、前言 本文提出一个雏议,旨在引起有关方面对开发利用鳀鱼Engraulis japonicus Temminck & Schegel资源的另一途径问题进行讨论,以期取得对这个问题的充分认识和作出可行性判断。 我国近海和外海拥有的鳀鱼资源非常丰富。根据著者等的调查,1983年夏季在渤海上层的鱼类生物量中,鳀鱼占四分之三(6月)和三分之一(7月)的高比例。朱德山、王为祥报道的调查结果表明,1984年11月—1985年4月,黄东海外海鳀鱼资源量达200万     

Feeding ecology of Japanese Spanish mackerel(Scomberomorus niphonius) along the eastern coastal waters of China

Feeding activities provide necessary nutrition and energy to support the reproduction and development of fish populations. The feeding ecology and dietary plasticity of fish are important factors determining their recruitment and population dynamics. As a top predator, Japanese Spanish mackerel(Scomberomorus niphonius) supports one of the most valuable fisheries in China. In this study, the feeding ecology and diet composition of Japanese Spanish mackerel spawning groups were analysed based on samples collected from six spawning grounds along the eastern coastal waters of China during spring(March to May) in 2016 and 2017. Both stomach contents and stable isotope analysis were conducted. Stomach content analysis showed that spawning groups of Japanese Spanish mackerel mainly fed on fish, consuming more than 40 different prey species. Diets were significantly different among sampling locations. The most important prey species were Stolephorus in Fuzhou, Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in Xiangshan, Euphausia pacifica in Lüsi, sand lance Ammodytes personatus in Qingdao and Weihai, and Leptochela gracilis in Laizhou Bay. Stable isotope analysis showed that the trophic level of Japanese Spanish mackerel was relatively high and generally increased with latitude from south to north. In the 1980 s, the diet of Japanese Spanish mackerel was dominated solely by Japanese anchovies in the eastern coastal waters of China. The results in the present study showed that the importance of Japanese anchovies declined considerably, and this fish was not the most dominant diet in most of the investigated waters. Both the spatial variations in diet composition and changes in the dominant diet over the long term indicated the high adaptability of Japanese Spanish mackerel to the environment. Combining the results of stomach analysis and stable isotope analysis from different tissues provided more comprehensive and accurate dietary information on Japanese Spanish mackerel. The study provides essential information about the feeding ecology of Japanese Spanish mackerel and will benefit the management of its populations in the future.     

渤海经济无脊椎动物群落的年代变动

With the decline of fish stocks, the proportions of economically important invertebrates like crustaceans and cephalopods have increased in the Bohai Sea. The community structure and trophic level of economically important invertebrates were analyzed using the bottom trawl survey data collected by the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute in the Bohai Sea in May and August of 1958–1959, 1982, 1992–1993, 2004, 2009 and 2015. A total of 37 species of economically important invertebrates, belonging to 5 orders, 24 families, were captured. The biomass densities of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015. Oratosquilla oratoria and Loligo spp. were the most dominant species in the past 30 years, the biomass proportion of O. oratoria increased gradually in both May and August from 1982 to 2015. Moreover,biodiversity indices of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea appeared to decline from 1982 to2004 and then increased in 2015. Similarly, the mean trophic level of economically important invertebrates declined from 1982 to 2004 and increased slightly in 2015. Overall, although the proportions of invertebrates have increased, the biomass densities in the Bohai Sea have displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015.The increases in the biodiversity and trophic level of economically important invertebrates after the 2000 s,possibly benefit from stock enhancement projects implemented by governments at different levels and national fishery management measures such as the "double-control" of the total number and engine power of fishing vessels and summer moratorium of fishing.     

渤海中华哲水蚤摄食的初步研究

于１９９２年８月－１９９３年６月期间，在渤海进行渔业资源增殖生态基础调查， 型浮游生物网采取浮游动物样品，从中取出４００个消化道内含有食物的中华水蚤标本。分析结果表明：中华哲水蚤营浮游植物食性，主要摄食硅藻类、辐射圆筛藻、偏心圆筛藻，未查明的圆筛藻和星脐圆筛藻是它的主要摄食对象。合计占８９．２％；此外，也摄食很少量的甲藻类，金藻类和纤毛虫类，它在渤海所摄食的食物类群，季节变化不大，食物类九更替率各     

Ecosystem structure and resilience—A comparison between the Norwegian and the Barents Sea

Abundance and biomass of the most important fish species inhabited the Barents and Norwegian Sea ecosystems have shown considerable fluctuations over the last decades. These fluctuations connected with fishing pressure resulted in the trophic structure alterations of the ecosystems. Resilience and other theoretical concepts (top-down, wasp-waste and bottom-up control, trophic cascades) were viewed to examine different response of the Norwegian and Barents Sea ecosystems on disturbing forces. Differences in the trophic structure and functioning of Barents and Norwegian Sea ecosystems as well as factors that might influence the resilience of the marine ecosystems, including climatic fluctuation, variations in prey and predator species abundance, alterations in their regular migrations, and fishing exploitation were also considered. The trophic chain lengths in the deep Norwegian Sea are shorter, and energy transfer occurs mainly through the pelagic fish/invertebrates communities. The shallow Barents Sea is characterized by longer trophic chains, providing more energy flow into their benthic assemblages. The trophic mechanisms observed in the Norwegian Sea food webs dominated by the top-down control, i.e. the past removal of Norwegian Spring spawning followed by zooplankton development and intrusion of blue whiting and mackerel into the area. The wasp-waist response is shown to be the most pronounced effect in the Barents Sea, related to the position of capelin in the ecosystem; large fluctuations in the capelin abundance have been strengthened by intensive fishery. Closer links between ecological and fisheries sciences are needed to elaborate and test various food webs and multispecies models available.     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of trophic structure of the southern Huanghai Sea fish communities

The spatial and temporal characteristics of trophic structure of fish communities in the southern Huanghai Sea were examined based on the data sampled from bottom trawl surveys conducted during the autumn of 2000 and the spring of 2001. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster method and bootstrap randomization were used to identify significant trophic groups for each fish assemblage in the southern Huanghai Sea. A total of six major trophic groups were identified within this system, which classified predators based upon location in the water column or prey size （ i. e. , benthic to pelagic predators or fish to small invertebrate prey predators）. The similarity level used to identify significant trophic groups in each assemblage ranged from 24% to 34%. Although planktivores were the dominant trophic group in each assemblage （60% - 79% ）, there were spatial and temporal variations in the trophic structure, which reflected the differences in the abundance and availability of dominant preys. Simplified food webs were constructed to evaluate the most important trophic relationships between the dominant prey taxa and the fishes in each assemblage within this system. Although there were some differences in the key prey species among different food webs, pelagic prey items （mainly euphausiids and copepods） represent the most important energetic link between primary producers and higher trophic level predators. The trophic level for most fishes was between 3 and d, and the weighted mean trophic level for each assemblage ranged from 3.3 to 3.4. Compared with previous study in the mid-1980s, there was an obvious downward trend in the trophic level for most fish species, which resulted mainly from the fluctuation in key prey species in the Huanghai Sea. The decrease in the importance of Japanese anchovy seems to be offset by other abundant prey species such as Euphausia pacifica and copepods （ mainly Calanus sinicus ） .     

渤海鲈鱼食物组成与摄食习性的研究

对渤海３５３尾鲈鱼的胃含物样品进行了分析，得出如下结论：（１）鲈鱼为游泳动物食性的鱼类，游泳动物占其胃含物总重量的６３．５８％；（２）主要摄食鱼类，甲壳类，其饵料种类主要包括口虾蛄，Ｔｉ鱼，凤鲚，黄鲫等；（３）食物组成与摄食习性呈现明显的月变化；（４）幼鲈主要摄食小型鱼类，甲壳类及其幼体，在相应月份里，与成鲈的食物组成相似程度很小。     

黄海鱼类食物网的研究

于1985年3月—1986年10月和1988年5月间,对黄海海域40科69属80种鱼的食性及其相互关系进行了较系统地调查、分析。结果表明:1.黄海鱼类饵料分为4个生态类型;2.黄海鱼类摄食有明显的季节变化;3.黄海鱼类基本属于第二—第四营养级;4.日本鳀、脊尾褐虾、太平洋磷虾等优势饵料生物在黄海鱼类食物网中起着举足轻重的作用;5.黄海多数鱼类间的食物竞争关系基本是协调的。     

Quantitative model of trophic interactions in Beibu Gulf ecosystem in the northern South China Sea

1IntroductionThe Beibu Gulf is a natural semiclosed conti-nental sea of the South China Sea,which is situatedat17°00′~21°45′N,105°40′~110°10′E,and sur-rounded by China and Vietnam(see Fig.1).It hasa subtropic monsoon climate with an average winter