夏季南黄海海水化学要素的分布特征及影响因素

基于2006年7月对南黄海调查所得资料,对南黄海海水化学要素的分布特征及影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明:(1) 调查海域底层122°E～123°E,33°N以南范围内存在明显的DO亏损现象,证实了长江口外低氧区向南黄海的扩展态势.(2) 南黄海西南部上层水体中的营养盐主要来源于长江冲淡水及苏北沿岸流的输运,且营养盐与盐度之间呈较好的负相关,具有一定的保守性,同时发现表层无机氮盈余状况的分布与该海域环流的扩展途径密切相关;南黄海西南部底层东北向的高营养盐水舌是长江冲淡水、台湾暖流前缘水以及底层有机物分解释放营养盐综合作用的结果;南黄海冷水域因有机物分解而积聚了大量营养盐.(3) 根据南黄海冷水域海水化学要素的断面分布,指出自DO最大值层开始产生至观测之时该层之下、真光层以内光合作用产氧在温跃层下界的积累和保存在氧最大值形成过程中具有极其重要的作用.     

风影响夏季长江冲淡水扩展的数值模拟研究

基于EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)数值模式建立了长江口及其邻近海域的三维水动力学模型,用于研究风对夏季长江冲淡水扩展的影响。基于实测资料的验证结果表明,模型能够比较真实的反映潮汐、海流、温度和盐度的变化过程。敏感性试验的结果显示,风对夏季长江冲淡水的扩展有着非常显著的影响。在Ekman输送的作用下,长江冲淡水将向风向的右侧扩展。5 m/s风速下,东风、东南风、南风和西南风4个风向下的冲淡水明显向外海扩展,而西风、西北风、北风和东北风下的冲淡水都被限制在近岸水域。Ekman输送的强度随风速增强而增强,冲淡水向风向右侧的扩展也越来越明显。舌轴区因为层结明显,湍流活动相对较弱,对风能量的耗散相对较小,所以相同的风速增量对舌轴区表层水的加速作用最强,这导致更多的淡水经由舌轴区输送,使得淡水舌宽度随风速的增加而变窄。对长江口海域表面风的气候统计分析表明,上述数值试验结果能够很好的解释气候态下长江冲淡水扩展方向与表面风变化的关系。     

沿岸海区冬季垂直环流及其温盐结构的数值研究──Ⅱ.温盐结构

冬季沿岸海区温度和盐度的数值计算结果表明：温度在近岸近表层大致呈垂直均匀分布,外海近表层形成较强的温跃层,近岸至外海的下层保持冷水特征。表层和底层盐度高,中层盐度低,在中层形成自近岸伸向外海且盐度逐渐由低变高的低盐水舌,河口冲淡水区形成较强的盐跃层。随着自南往北海区水深的逐渐变浅、岸界坡度的由大变小和沿岸下降流的由强变弱,近岸温度和盐度的垂直分布越来越均匀,外海近表层的温跃层强度越来越弱。盐度自南至河口区逐渐由高变低,而自河口区至北逐渐由低变高。沿岸下降流使河流冲淡水区的益跃层变厚。     

Thermal and haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Seas: Surface and subsurface seasonality comparison

Seasonal variability of surface and subsurface thermal/haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Seas (YES) has been investigated using three-dimensional monthly-mean temperature and salinity data from U.S. Navy’s Generalized Digital Environmental Model (Version 3.0). The density-compensated Cheju-Yangtze Thermal/Haline Front has (northern and southern) double-tongues. The northern tongue is most evident throughout the depth from December to April. The southern tongue is persistent at the subsurface with conspicuous haline fronts. The thermal (haline) frontal intensity of the northern tongue is controlled mainly by the temperature (salinity) variation on the shoreward (seaward) side of the front. The cold water over the Yangtze Bank is influential in generating the southern tongue and intensifying the Tsushima Thermal Front. The year-round Cheju-Tsushima Thermal Front is evident throughout the depth and intensifies from July to December. The northern arc of the Yangtze Ring Haline Front is manifest in spring and is sustained until summer, whereas the southern one is fully developed in summer because of eastward migration of the Yangtze Diluted Water. The area showing strong frontal intensity in the Chinese Coastal Haline Front shifts seasonally north and south along the Zhejiang-Fujian coast. The Generation and evolution of YES fronts are closely associated with YES circulation (inferred from the linkage of the water masses). Moreover, the subsurface temperature/salinity evolution on the fronts in the Yellow Sea differs from that in the East China Sea owing to local factors such as wintertime vertical mixing and a summertime strong thermocline above the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water.     

Current and Turbidity Variations in the Western Part of Suo-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: A Hypothesis on the Oxygen-Deficient Water Mass Formation

A hydrographic survey and a 25-hour stationary observation were carried out in the western part of Suo-Nada in the summer of 1998 to elucidate the formation mechanism of the oxygen-deficient water mass. A steep thermocline and halocline separated the upper layer water from the bottom water over the observational area except for near the Kanmon Strait. The bottom water, in comparison with the upper layer water, indicated lower temperature, higher salinity, lower dissolved oxygen, higher turbidity, and higher chlorophyll a. Turbidity in the upper layer water changed with semi-diurnal period while the bottom water turbidity showed a quarter-diurnal variation, though the M₂ tidal current prevailed in both waters. From the turbidity distribution and the current variation, it is revealed that the turbidity in the upper layer water is controlled by the advection due to the M₂ tidal current. On the other hand, the quarter-diurnal variation in the bottom water turbidity is caused by the resuspension of bottom sediments due to the M₂ tidal current. The steep thermocline and halocline were maintained throughout the observation period in spite of the rather strong tidal currents. This implies an active intrusion of the low temperature and high salinity water from the east to the bottom of Suo-Nada. Based on the observational results, a hypothesis on the oxygen-deficient water mass formation was proposed; the periodical turbidity variation in the bottom water quickly modifies the oxygen-rich water in the east to the oxygen-deficient bottom water in Suo-Nada in a course of circulation.     

秋季湛江港和入海口温盐结构及生态特征

采用2015年10月采集的湛江港海域水体叶绿素a浓度、温度、盐度等参数,分析了秋季湛江港和入海口温盐结构及生态特征。研究结果表明,湛江港海域盐度的水平分布上由湾内往湾外逐渐递增,叶绿素a浓度由湾内往湾外逐渐递减,水深比较浅的区域水温较高,同时在航道入海口底层存在着“高盐低温低叶绿素”的相对稳定的冷水团结构。该水团的形成是由于湛江港出海口独特的地形构造促进区域性水体层化,同时底部水体透明度低,限制航道入海口区域底层的浮游植物的生长等因素所致。     

长江口深水航道三维泥沙数值模型相关问题探讨

基于近年来长江口三维水沙盐数值模型及水沙运动机理的研究进展,系统梳理了在长江口实际应用中面临的若干理论和技术难题,其中包括长江口物质输运模拟计算格式的守恒性和稳定性、河口区域河床切应力的准确计算、拦门沙区域近底高浓度泥沙形成机理及数值模型模拟、长江口近底高浓度泥沙横向入槽模式等问题,通过对于上述问题的梳理和总结,表明在长江口这类巨型河口进行三维水沙盐数值模型和水沙机理研究的复杂性,并针对此类区域的模型技术研发和水沙运动理论研究,提出了有科学意义和研究价值的方向和思路。     

长江口、济州岛海域温、盐分布探讨

分析了长江口及济州岛以南海域温盐分布特征,指出黄海沿岸水在向南运动过程与外海水混合变性的某些规律;指出表层长江冲淡水影响的厚度及范围;阐述了黄海低温低盐水与黑潮高温高盐水的侧向相互作用,在济州岛南部海域形成了多跃层结构和逆盐逆温现象,并对整个调查海区的跃层现象进行了分类和分析。此外还分析了黄海沿岸水下沉与黑潮次—中层水爬升对东海北部底层冷水的影响。     

山东半岛东北部海域悬浮体季节分布及控制因素

基于2018年山东半岛东北部海域冬、夏两季悬浮体浓度、浊度及水温和盐度调查资料,分析了研究区水体悬浮体浓度的季节性变化,探讨了其控制因素。结果表明:夏季浊度在0.2~37.8FTU之间变化,冬季浊度在1.5~100.1FTU之间变化,均表现为底高表低、东高西低的特征。夏季水温分层明显,表现为表层高、底层低的特征,盐度整体无明显变化;冬季温盐垂向上混合均匀,平面上表现为近岸低温低盐水体向远岸高温高盐水体的过渡。悬浮体浓度分布受潮流、波浪、温跃层和温盐锋面等因素影响。夏季,悬浮体垂向上受到温跃层影响,底层悬浮体难以向表层输运;平面上潮混合和波浪差异性作用阻碍了悬浮体的水平输运。冬季,强风浪促使悬浮体垂向混合剧烈,表层悬浮体浓度明显较夏季变高;平面上沿岸流和黄海暖流形成的温、盐锋面阻碍了水团间悬浮体的输运。     

长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的初步分析

基于变性水团的概念,本文把聚类分析用于确定长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的边界。由聚类分析得到的结果表明,在该海区有十个水团。对它们的特征、分布与变化进行了初步分析。作者得出的结论是:1、在十个水团中,有四个大洋性水团,六个变性水团。2、该海域水团变性的特点为暧季增温、降盐、降氧,而冷季则相反。3、水团变性是由海区内、外因素综合作用而发生的,而后者在浅水区域起主要作用。4、水团边界的舌状分布与流向之间有明显关系。因之,海流的方向及强度,大致可依水团舌状分布而判断。5、底层中心渔场基本上位于各变性水团之间的混合区或其附近。     

普里兹湾水文特征与变化

根据澳大利亚学者分别在１９８２年１２月和１９８７年２月普里兹湾的调查资料,并结合中国＂极地＂号南极考察船１９９０～１９９１年间的调查资料印证,提出在中国＂中山站＂所在地普里兹湾在初夏与晚夏期间的水文特征。     

Three Dimensional Baroclinic Numerical Model for Simulating Fresh and Salt Water Mixing in the Yangtze Estuary

For simulating fresh and salt water mixing in estuaries, a three dimensional nonlinear baroclinic numerical model is developed, in which the gradients of horizontal pressure contain the gradient of barotropic pressure arising from the gradi-ent of tidal level and the gradient of baroclinic pressure due to the gradient of salinity. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is employed to descretize both the momentum equations of tidal motion and the equation of salt water diffusion so as to im-prove the computational stability and accuracy. The methods to provide the boundary conditions and the initial conditions are proposed, and the criterion for computational stability of the salinity fields is presented. The present model is used for modeling fresh and salt water mixing in the Yangtze Estuary. Computations show that the salinity distribution has the characteristics of partial mixing pattern, and that the present model is suitable for simulalion of fresh and salt waler mixing in ihe Yanglze Esluary.     

基于个体模型的东海鲐鱼渔场形成机制研究

鲐鱼Scomber japonicus资源丰富,在我国近海渔业中占有重要地位。其渔场的形成受海洋环境的制约,本文确定鲐鱼运动和物理环境之间的响应关系,建立起了基于个体的东海鲐鱼生长洄游模型。结果显示,鲐鱼集群分布与捕捞生产渔场基本吻合,鲐鱼聚集主要受台湾暖流、大陆沿岸水、黑潮影响,往往集群在一定温度范围内并在冷暖交汇区温盐梯度大偏暖水一侧。在台湾暖流和沿岸水交汇的锋面附近、台湾暖流暖水舌前端、黑潮与中国大陆沿岸水形成的潮境区域均有大量的鲐鱼聚集,并形成渔场。产卵位置的变动使偏西产卵位置的鲐鱼由于受台湾暖流影响较大,鲐鱼会呈长带状大量聚集在台湾暖流和沿岸水的锋面附近,并使在台湾暖流暖水舌前端的聚集数量增多,而偏东的产卵的鲐鱼受黑潮影响较大,聚集分布范围较大,会使黑潮形成的锋面附近聚集数量增多,而使台湾暖水舌的前端的聚集量减少。正常产卵位置在生存率方面是最佳产卵位置。研究表明鲐鱼所处空间位置不同,会影响其集群的位置,用数值模型验证了物理环境会对鲐鱼的洄游和渔场的形成产生影响。     

长江水下三角洲浅表沉积层中的生物扰动构造

为查明长江水下三角洲生物扰动类型、特征和分布规律，探讨生物扰动构造的可能影响因素，使用箱式采样器获取包括三角洲前缘、前三角洲、过渡带以及正常浅海的无扰动沉积岩心，利用高分辨X-ray成像技术对浅表沉积层中的生物扰动构造进行了研究。结果表明，长江水下三角洲发育虫孔构造和挖掘构造，虫孔构造直径0．5-2mm，长度数厘米至数十厘米，多数虫孔垂直于层理发育，挖掘构造形态呈漏斗状，其内沉积物混合强烈；生物扰动构造具有明显的分带性，三角洲前缘生物扰动指数〈1，前三角洲及过渡带扰动指数为2-3级，最高达4级，而紧靠前三角洲的正常浅海生物扰动指数为2级。生物扰动构造的发育主要受上覆水体盐度、悬浮体含量制约，在盐度接近正常浅海水体盐度、悬浮体含量中等的前三角洲、过渡带是生物扰动构造发育的有利环境。研究未发现底质沉积物类型、底质环境因子对生物扰动构造的明显制约作用。     

A quasi-three-dimensional numerical prediction model of salinity structure in Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea

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基于三层嵌套网格的珠江口冬季盐度层化的数值模拟

运用三层嵌套网格的ROMS模式较好地模拟了2009年冬季珠江口的主要水动力过程和盐度分布。结果表明,珠江口盐度层化具有明显的潮周期变化特征,涨潮时表底层盐度差较小,层化较弱;落潮时层化较强。利用势能异常变化平衡方程分析影响层化的贡献项,结果表明势能异常的平流项和应变项是影响珠江口势能异常变化的主要因素。     

Water masses in Thermaicos Gulf,north-western Aegean Sea

Physical oceanographic data were collected during September 1975 at stations in the shallow water (max. depth 45 m) embayments of Salonica Bay and Thermaicos Gulf, and comparisons are made with data collected during other seasons. The distribution of temperature and salinity in the water column indicated the following features: fresh surface water predominantly related to river discharge; an intermediate water mass, apparently formed by mixing between the fresh and open sea waters; a thermocline, and deep bottom water open sea characteristics. The summer distribution of density in the surface and bottom waters, and the seasonal variation in the pattern of surface salinity, suggested an anti-clockwise water circulation throughout the embayments.     

初春南黄海水文特征及环流状况的分析

根据1996年初春中韩黄海水循环动力学合作调查所获资料,分析了南黄海水文特征及其环流状况,并获得了以下几点主要认识:(1)初春南黄海的温、盐分布特征及环流基本形态,与以往所揭示的冬季状况基本相似.然而,本次调查发现,在30m以浅,黄海中部暖水舌轴线比冬季的明显偏东;且出现一范围较小的孤立的相对高温高盐区.在垂向,一种中层冷水和表层逆温跃层现象出现在黄海局部区域.(2)直接测流的结果,不仅部分地印证了由温、盐场所显示的环流基本形态,而且较好地揭示了流场中发生的一些新现象,其中尤其是绕济州岛的流动.(3)黄海暖流水是对马暖流水和陆架水混合而成.而且,它主要是在济州岛西侧水域,从锋带中衍生出来的.     

舟山渔场及其邻近海域水团的气候学分析

根据多年(1958—1990)月平均温、盐度资料，采用模糊聚类分析法划分了舟山渔场及其邻近海域的水团，并对该海域水团的配置、主要特性及其季节变异特征进行了气候学分析。结果表明，舟山渔场及其邻近海域共存在4个水团，即江浙沿岸水、台湾暖流表层水、台湾暖流深层水和黄海混合水；全年水团的配置可归纳为冬季型、夏季型和过渡型3种类型；江浙沿岸水的主要特征为低盐，其分布范围和盐度的季节变化与长江入海径流密切相关，而温度的季节变化则主要受太阳辐射的影响；台湾暖流表层水具有高温、次高盐特征，其北伸程度和温、盐特性均具有明显的季节变化，即冬季北伸强、温度低、盐度高，夏季北伸弱、温度高、盐度低；台湾暖流深层水以低温、高盐为主要特征，仅存在于4—9月，其温、盐性质较稳定；黄海混合水的主体不在研究海域。     

Interannual and Decadal Variabilities of NPIW Salinity Minimum Core Observed along JMA’s Hydrographic Repeat Sections

We investigated the variation of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) distribution in the western North Pacific, focusing on the intermediate salinity minimum (S < 34.2) core observed along the meridional hydrographic sections including the 137°E repeat section by the Japan Meteorological Agency. This core is a cross-section of a low salinity tongue extending westward along the recirculation in the subtropical gyre. The core size shows remarkable variabilities in interannual and decadal time scales. The salinity change in the density layer during the period of core expansion (shrinking) represents the spatial salinity change in the tongue toward the west (east). Thus, we conclude that the core size variation is associated with the zonal wobble of the tongue having thicker distribution to the east, rather than temporal changes of the water mass itself. The core size at 137°E is well correlated with the meridional gradient of the depth in the isopycnal surface at the salinity minimum representing the recirculation intensity, suggesting a relation with the intensity of the subtropical gyre. A significant lag-correlation between the gradient and the wind forcing over the North Pacific suggests that the first mode baroclinic Rossby waves excited in the central North Pacific propagated westward to change the intensity of the recirculation in interannual time scales. In decadal time scales, it is found that the wind stress curl and heat flux fields in the North Pacific precede the recirculation by about 11 years.