塔里木盆地和田河气田下奥陶统白云岩成因

塔里木盆地和田河气田是最近探明的大型碳酸盐岩气田,下奥陶统主要发育两类白云岩。下部为层状白云岩,以细晶为主,阴极发光呈紫红色和蓝紫色,有序度为0.57～0.68,Sr、Na含量低,碳氧同位素偏负,成岩深度约1500m;上部斑状灰质白云岩与层状白云岩相比,晶形较粗、以中晶为主,有序度较高、为0.85～0.90,Sr偏高、Na偏低,碳氧同位素更偏负,成岩深度约2000m。通过对上述特征综合研究,认为层状白云岩形成于早期浅埋藏海水-淡水混合环境,提出斑状灰质白云岩形成于晚期深埋藏压实流-淡水混合环境,总结了两种成因机理,建立了相关的白云石化模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部中奥陶统斑状白云岩成因研究

在鄂尔多斯盆地西北部,中奥陶统桌子山组和马五段到马三段斑状白云岩广泛分布。通过岩石、矿物学及地球化学特征研究,发现该白云岩具有岩溶、生物遗迹、深埋藏的证据,其原岩是早成岩阶段浅埋藏环境下形成的粉晶~细晶白云岩,在晚成岩阶段深埋藏环境下发生差异白云石化,形成细~粉晶白云石组成的斑块。因此,细晶~粗粉晶斑状白云岩受生物影响,是表生岩溶作用和深埋藏环境导致的差异白云石化作用的产物。     

塔里木盆地古城地区中下奥陶统白云化流体性质厘定-来自稀土元素的证据

为明确古城地区中下奥陶统白云岩成因,在岩石学研究基础之上,对塔里木盆地古城地区6口井中下奥陶统蓬莱坝组及鹰山组的基质白云岩、泥晶灰岩及充填白云石进行了稀土元素分析。结果表明,不同类型基质白云岩之间的ΣREE差异性小,细中晶白云岩的ΣREE略低于粉晶及粉细晶白云岩。基质白云岩稀土分配模式总体具有LREE富集、HREE亏损,Ce负异常,La正异常的特征,与泥晶灰岩分配模式一致,反映了沉积及成岩流体主要为孔隙间残留海水。部分粉细晶岩与细中晶白云岩具有Eu轻微正异常表明在后期成岩过程中受到了热液作用的改造。充填白云石ΣREE显著高于基质白云岩,具有最高的ΣLREE/ΣHREE值,显著的Eu正异常,属于典型的热液成因,热液流体可能为寒武系地层热卤水。     

中二叠统茅口组白云岩发育机理:以川中-川东地区为例

白云岩储层是茅口组一种重要的储层类型,其成因是研究重点。为此,以川中-川东地区茅口组白云岩为例,通过露头观测、岩心观察、岩石薄片鉴定及岩石地球化学分析的方法,分析了茅口组白云岩(石)的成因。结果表明:茅口组白云岩(石)可划分为层状粉晶白云岩、层状细-中晶白云岩、灰岩中零散分布的白云石、透镜状中-粗晶白云岩和鞍形白云石胶结物5种类型。其中,层状粉晶白云岩原始结构保存较好,地球化学特征与原始灰岩相似,是早期埋藏环境下形成的产物;层状细-中晶白云岩与层状粉晶白云岩相伴生,δ¹⁸O值较灰岩偏负,包裹体均一温度大于正常地层埋藏温度,部分样品可见Eu正异常,是由层状粉晶白云岩在热液作用下重结晶形成;灰岩中零散分布的白云石则与矿物的稳定化有关;透镜状中-粗晶白云岩和鞍形白云石胶结物镜下可见白云石晶面弯曲和波状消光,其δ¹⁸O值可达-10‰,包裹体均一温度高于正常地层埋藏温度,Eu正异常明显,是典型的热液白云岩(石)。     

塔里木盆地塔中北坡奥陶系一间房组储集层主控因素分析

综合分析钻井岩心、岩石薄片、测井资料以及各种化验分析资料,认为塔里木盆地塔中北坡中奥陶统一间房组深层碳酸盐岩储集层主要发育在台内滩相颗粒灰岩中,储层类型主要为裂缝型、裂缝-孔洞型和孔洞型。沉积微相、断裂和溶蚀作用是储层形成的主控因素。其中,台内高能滩的发育为后期选择性溶蚀奠定了物质基础,大气淡水溶蚀作用和埋藏期岩溶作用在一定程度上改善了储集性能,多期次活动的北东向断裂带是优质储层形成的关键。     

塔里木盆地塔北东部下奥陶统基质白云岩的稀土元素特征及其成因

白云岩成因机制的核心问题之一是白云石化流体的来源.本文选择塔北东部地区下奥陶统蓬莱坝组白云岩、云质灰岩作为研究对象,在沉积学和岩石学基础上对基质白云岩的稀土元素地球化学特征进行了分析研究.结果表明,白云岩、云质灰岩中Sc、Th、Hf、Zr等元素的含量远远低于这些元素在陆源沉积物中的含量,并且Th、Zr的含量与Y/Ho比值间不具有明显的正相关关系,La的正异常、较高的Y/Ho比值等特征均表明塔北东部下奥陶统蓬莱坝组碳酸盐岩形成的环境为未受陆源物质混染的浅海相沉积.而白云岩负Ce异常、正La异常、轻微富集的Gd正异常以及La正异常与Y异常的正相关性等典型稀土元素特征均反映了白云石化流体具有典型的海水来源特征;而基质白云岩与白云质灰岩之间的ΣREE+Y,ΣLREE和∑HREE含量差异表明,在白云石化过程中稀土元素发生了一定程度的流失,且HREE较之于LREE更易于发生流失,因此白云石化过程中成岩流体对HREE的移出量大于LREE的移出量是塔北东部下奥陶统白云岩具有相对富集的LREE及相对较低的Y/Ho比值的主要原因.结合岩石学、沉积学、微量元素以及稳定同位素特征的综合分析认为,塔北东部地区下奥陶统蓬莱坝组基质白云岩是海水白云石化作用的结果.个别白云岩样品的Eu正异常以及同层位构造裂隙方解石的δ~(18O) 、~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr以及流体包裹体均表明下奥陶统蓬莱坝组受到后期热液流体的影响,但其对研究样品基质白云岩的影响程度比较弱.     

沉积成岩环境对白云岩储层的影响

塔里木盆地寒武-下奥陶统广泛发育深层碳酸盐岩,白云岩储层中的溶孔、裂缝和溶洞极为发育,是最具储集潜力的缝洞型储层,其发育与否对油气储集有重要影响.为深入研究深层白云岩储层发育条件,利用钻井岩心、沉积相、地球化学等资料,从白云岩岩石学特征和储集空间类型出发,从原始沉积相带、白云石化类型、白云石化程度、构造裂缝发育及深埋岩溶作用几方面,分析了影响白云岩储层质量的主要因素.通过综合分析研究,认为塔里木盆地深层白云岩具有形成优质储层的条件.     

新疆塔里木盆地轮古东气田良里塔格组沉积特征及其与油气关系

为探讨塔里木盆地轮古东地区上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩体灰岩的沉积模式、储集层特征和油气富集规律,开展了新一轮气藏精细描述研究。结果表明,良里塔格组自下而上可分为瘤状灰岩段和颗粒灰岩段,沉积环境属远端变陡的无镶边缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地沉积;储集层主要发育于颗粒灰岩段,为低孔中低渗层状裂缝-孔洞型储集层,储集层的发育主要受岩性、岩溶风化壳及断裂的控制;油气以垂向断裂与礁滩体储集层为纵横向输导体系,主要分布于主干断裂及多期断裂交汇部位的断裂破碎带附近。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘奥陶系马家沟组四段豹斑状云质灰岩特征及成因: 以关家崖剖面为例*

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘中奥陶统马家沟组发育豹斑状云质灰岩,因其分布广泛、成因复杂以及具有重要的油气储集意义而长期受到关注。文中以山西省兴县关家崖剖面马家沟组四段顶部为例,依据宏观、微观岩石学特征,结合碳氧稳定同位素、原位激光剥蚀的微量稀土元素等地球化学分析手段,分析了豹斑状云质灰岩的特征及其成因。研究表明,豹斑状云质灰岩的特征为: (1)常发育于(含颗粒)泥晶灰岩中,且向上白云石化程度增强,云质斑块内常伴有针状或板条状石膏假晶;(2)按产状可大致分为水平、斜交和不规则花斑3种类型,分别对应于向上变浅序列的下部、中部和上部,序列顶部多见近原地角砾化;(3)基质灰岩与云质斑块的δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O值较同期海水略显负偏,顶部不规则云质斑块负偏程度最大;(4)“豹斑”与基质灰岩均具有较低的Mn、Sr、Ba等含量和低Mn/Sr值;(5)“豹斑”的ΣREE含量较基质灰岩略低,且皆表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的稀土配分模式,δCe微弱负异常,δEu无异常。依据上述结果,推测关家崖剖面马四段豹斑状云质灰岩产状受到生物扰动和高频海平面驱动的早成岩期岩溶耦合控制,序列由下至上耦合改造由弱变强,形成下—中部以岩溶影响较小的水平和斜交虫迹为特征、上部叠合岩溶强改造形成不规则花斑的垂向序列组合;早成岩期的暴露岩溶不仅叠合改造生物潜穴,而且蒸发浓缩的有限重卤水沿叠合优势通道优先交代孔渗条件更好的区域,至埋藏时期白云石化作用进一步加强,从而形成了区内类型多样的豹斑状云质灰岩。研究结果还揭示出沉积期微地貌控制的早成岩期岩溶作用是马四段这类特殊的豹斑状云质灰岩或豹斑状云岩储集层形成的关键,且在很大程度上控制了这类储集层的分布,这一认识可为高频暴露驱动的早成岩期岩溶研究提供新的材料。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘奥陶系马家沟组四段豹斑状云质灰岩特征及成因: 以关家崖剖面为例*

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘中奥陶统马家沟组发育豹斑状云质灰岩,因其分布广泛、成因复杂以及具有重要的油气储集意义而长期受到关注。文中以山西省兴县关家崖剖面马家沟组四段顶部为例,依据宏观、微观岩石学特征,结合碳氧稳定同位素、原位激光剥蚀的微量稀土元素等地球化学分析手段,分析了豹斑状云质灰岩的特征及其成因。研究表明,豹斑状云质灰岩的特征为: (1)常发育于(含颗粒)泥晶灰岩中,且向上白云石化程度增强,云质斑块内常伴有针状或板条状石膏假晶;(2)按产状可大致分为水平、斜交和不规则花斑3种类型,分别对应于向上变浅序列的下部、中部和上部,序列顶部多见近原地角砾化;(3)基质灰岩与云质斑块的δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O值较同期海水略显负偏,顶部不规则云质斑块负偏程度最大;(4)“豹斑”与基质灰岩均具有较低的Mn、Sr、Ba等含量和低Mn/Sr值;(5)“豹斑”的ΣREE含量较基质灰岩略低,且皆表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的稀土配分模式,δCe微弱负异常,δEu无异常。依据上述结果,推测关家崖剖面马四段豹斑状云质灰岩产状受到生物扰动和高频海平面驱动的早成岩期岩溶耦合控制,序列由下至上耦合改造由弱变强,形成下—中部以岩溶影响较小的水平和斜交虫迹为特征、上部叠合岩溶强改造形成不规则花斑的垂向序列组合;早成岩期的暴露岩溶不仅叠合改造生物潜穴,而且蒸发浓缩的有限重卤水沿叠合优势通道优先交代孔渗条件更好的区域,至埋藏时期白云石化作用进一步加强,从而形成了区内类型多样的豹斑状云质灰岩。研究结果还揭示出沉积期微地貌控制的早成岩期岩溶作用是马四段这类特殊的豹斑状云质灰岩或豹斑状云岩储集层形成的关键,且在很大程度上控制了这类储集层的分布,这一认识可为高频暴露驱动的早成岩期岩溶研究提供新的材料。     

塔里木盆地下古生界白云岩储层类型及特征

根据60口井岩心及薄片的观察,塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系白云岩储层可划分为五种类型。萨布哈白云岩储层发育于潮间—潮上坪蒸发环境,以泥晶白云岩为特征,孔隙类型有膏溶孔及白云岩砾间孔。渗透回流白云岩储层发育于潟湖蒸发环境,以礁滩体组构选择性白云石化为特征,孔隙类型有铸模孔、膏溶孔、残留粒间孔。埋藏白云岩储层以白云石交代灰质或白云石重结晶形成的结晶白云岩为特征,孔隙类型有晶间孔及晶间溶孔。热液白云岩储层以受热液改造的结晶白云岩为特征,往往与热液矿物伴生,受断层、不整合面等热液通道控制。构造裂缝型白云岩储层储集空间除裂缝外,常见沿裂缝发育的溶孔。不同类型白云岩储层的主控因素和分布规律各不相同。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区下奥陶统白云岩成因

塔里木盆地塔中地区下奥陶统白云岩广泛发育,岩石类型复杂多样,主要包括结晶白云岩、残余颗粒白云岩、残余灰质白云岩、藻云岩、亮边雾心白云岩、环带白云岩及少量膏云岩等结构类型。白云岩交代现象明显,δ18O普遍为中—高负值（-3.2‰～-8.7‰）;δ13C值基本为低中负值（-3‰～-0.77‰）,Z值大多集中在118～123...     

REE Compositions of Lower Ordovician Dolomites in Central and North Tarim Basin, NW China： A Potential REE Proxy for Ancient Seawater

Rare earth element compositions of Lower Ordovician dolomites in the Central and Northern Tarim Basin are studied. Most dolomite samples are more or less contaminated by clay minerals. Their rare earth element compositions have been consequently changed, showing both seawater-like and non-seawater-like features. The clay contamination should be disposed before the REE data are used. Through ICP-MS and ICP-AES analyses, the REE features are well documented. The clay contamination is quantitatively determined by microscopic investigation, trace elements and REE contents. The dolomites, at least in the Tarim Basin, are thought to be pure when their total LREE contents are less than 3×10^-6. Through comparison, the pure dolomites show similarities in REE patterns but differences in REE contents with co-existing pure limestone, which indicates that dolomitization may slightly change the REE compositions. Nevertheless, whatever the change is, the pure dolomites may act as a potential REE proxy for Ordovician seawater, which would be significant for ancient massive dolomite strata that lack limestone.     

REE Compositions of Lower Ordovician Dolomites in Central and North Tarim Basin, NW China: A Potential REE Proxy for Ancient Seawater

Rare earth dement compositions of Lower Ordovician dolomites in the Central and Northern Tarim Basin are studied. Most dolomite samples are more or less contaminated by clay minerals. Their rare earth element compositions have been consequently changed, showing both seawater-like and non-seawater-like features. The clay contamination should be disposed before the REE data are used. Through ICP-MS and ICP-AES analyses, the REE features are well documented. The clay contamination is quantitatively determined by microscopic investigation, trace elements and REE contents. The dolomites, at least in the Tarim Basin, are thought to be pure when their total LREE contents are less than 3x10-6. Through comparison, the pure dolomites show similarities in REE patterns but differences in REE contents with co-existing pure limestone, which indicates that dolomitization may slightly change the REE compositions. Nevertheless, whatever the change is, the pure dolomites may act as a potential REE proxy for Ordovician seawater, which would be significant for ancient massive dolomite strata that lack limestone.     

华南下扬子区下奥陶统仑山组:岩石学、地层学和古地理学*

华南地区下奥陶统仑山组为奥陶系最底部的岩石地层单位之一,其以大套白云岩为主要特征,广泛分布于下扬子区。通过对安徽池州洪家剖面仑山组的系统分析,并结合下扬子区多个相关剖面的资料,进一步确定仑山组岩性为白云岩、灰质白云岩和白云质灰岩,夹有部分亮晶颗粒灰岩和亮泥晶颗粒灰岩。整体上以亮晶生屑灰岩或泥晶生屑灰岩的出现作为仑山组顶界,在下扬子区内部、北部及东南部地区以白云质灰岩或灰质白云岩出现为其底界,而在下扬子区西南部大部分地区则以白云岩化出现为其底界。整个仑山组所含生物化石种类和数量较少,自下而上可建立5个牙形石带,分别是Monocostatus sevierensis带、Acanthodus lineatus-A. costatus带、Scolopodus? pseudoplanus带、Glyptoconus quadraplicatus带和Paltodus deltifer-Tripodus proteus带,推测其时代为早奥陶世特马豆克早期。仑山组主要形成于浅潮下带至深潮下带环境中,其地层总厚度和其中的白云岩厚度受到古地理因素的控制。通过岩石学特征分析,推断仑山组白云岩主要为准同生条件下的多种白云岩化作用叠加中等埋藏条件下的白云岩化形成。     

山西襄汾奥陶系岩石学特征及沉积环境分析

山西襄汾地区奥陶系只有下、中统,主要由碳酸盐岩与蒸发岩组成.燧石及陆源碎屑岩少见。同位素资料表明δ13O较低（平均-5.832‰PDB）,δ13C（平均-1.210‰PDB）变化较小,表示古盐度的指数Z多大于120。微量元素表明碳酸盐岩沉积于近陆环境,受大气淡水影响强烈。沉积环境主要是潮上（膏泻湖）、潮间坪、潮下局限海及开阔海。峰峰期后最大的海退结束了本区海相沉积史。     

Dolomite-rock textures and secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southeastern New Mexico

Pervasive early- to late-stage dolomitization of Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group carbonates in the deep Permian Basin of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico is recorded in core samples having present-day burial depths of 1.5–7.0 km. Seven dolomite-rock textures are recognized and classified according to crystal-size distribution and crystal-boundary shape. Unimodal and polymodal planar-s (subhedral) mosaic dolomite is the most widespread type, and it replaced allochems and matrix or occurs as void-filling cement. Planar-e (euhedral) dolomite crystals line pore spaces and/or fractures, or form mosaics of medium to coarse euhedral crystals. This kind of occurrence relates to significant intercrystalline porosity. Non-planar-a (anhedral) dolomite replaced a precursor limestone/dolostone only in zones that are characterized by original high porosity and permeability. Non-planar dolomite cement (saddle dolomite) is the latest generation and is responsible for occlusion of fractures and pore space. Dolomitization is closely associated with the development of secondary porosity; dolomitization pre-and post-dates dissolution and corrosion and no secondary porosity generation is present in the associated limestones. The most common porosity types are non-fabric selective moldic and vuggy porosity and intercrystalline porosity. Up to 12% effective porosity is recorded in the deep (6477 m) Delaware basin. These porous zones are characterized by late-diagenetic coarse-crystalline dolomite, whereas the non-porous intervals are composed of dense mosaics of early-diagenetic dolomites. The distribution of dolomite rock textures indicates that porous zones were preserved as limestone until late in the diagenetic history, and were then subjected to late-stage dolomitization in a deep burial environment, resulting in coarse-crystalline porous dolomites. In addition to karst horizons at the top of the Ellenburger Group, exploration for Ellenburger Group reservoirs should consider the presence of such porous zones within other Ellenburger Group dolomites.     

塔里木盆地东部地区寒武系白云岩成因类型*

塔里木盆地东部地区（简称塔东地区）寒武系白云岩主要有泥-粉晶白云岩、细晶白云岩和中-粗晶白云岩。通过岩石学特征、有序度、碳氧同位素、锶同位素比值、阴极发光和微量元素等分析,认为该地区有4种成因的白云岩,即深水回流准同生白云岩、潮坪蒸发泵准同生白云岩、回流渗透白云岩以及深埋藏白云岩。不同类型的白云岩,其岩性及地球化学特征不同。深水回流准同生白云岩为泥-粉晶白云岩,分布在塔东盆地中,是附近的碳酸盐岩台地上蒸发浓缩形成的咸化海水在重力作用下沿海底回流到深水盆地中并使刚沉积不久的灰泥发生白云化而形成的。潮坪蒸发泵准同生白云岩亦为泥-粉晶白云岩,形成于台地潮坪环境。回流渗透白云岩为细晶白云岩,发育于潮坪准同生白云岩和蒸发岩之下。深埋藏白云岩为中-粗晶白云岩,是石灰岩在地下深处由循环流动的富含Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺的地层水白云化形成的,Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺主要来自于已经存在的白云岩的溶蚀,而非来自页岩压实排替出来的地层水。     

Multiphase dolomitization of deeply buried Cambrian petroleum reservoirs,Tarim Basin,north‐west China

Cambrian dolostone reservoirs in the Tarim Basin, China, have significant potential for future discoveries of petroleum, although exploration and production planning is hampered by limited understanding of the occurrence and distribution of dolomite in such ancient rocks buried to nearly 8 km. The study herein accessed new drill core samples which provide an opportunity to understand the dolomitization process in deep basins and its impact on Cambrian carbonate reservoirs. This study documents the origin of the dolostone reservoirs using a combination of petrology, fluid‐inclusion microthermometry, and stable and radiogenic‐isotopes of outcrop and core samples. An initial microbial dolomitization event occurred in restricted lagoon environments and is characterized by depleted δ¹³C values. Dolomicrite from lagoonal and sabkha facies, some fabric‐retentive dolomite and fabric‐obliterative dolomite in the peloidal shoal and reef facies show the highest δ¹⁸O values. These dolomites represent relatively early reflux dolomitization. The local occurrence of K‐feldspar in dolomicrite indicates that some radiogenic strontium was contributed via terrigenous input. Most fabric‐retentive dolomite may have precipitated from seawater at slightly elevated temperatures, suggested by petrological and isotopic data. Most fabric‐obliterative dolomite, and medium to coarse dolomite cement, formed between 90°C and 130°C from marine evaporitic brine. Saddle dolomite formed by hydrothermal dolomitization at temperatures up to 170°C, and involved the mixing of connate brines with Sr‐ enriched hydrothermal fluids. Intercrystalline, moldic, and breccia porosities are due to the early stages of dolomitization. Macroscopic, intergranular, vuggy, fracture and dissolution porosity are due to burial‐related dissolution and regional hydrothermal events. This work has shown that old (for example, Cambrian or even Precambrian) sucrosic dolomite with associated anhydrite, buried to as much as 8000 m, can still have a high potential for hosting substantial hydrocarbon resources and should be globally targeted for future exploration.