登州浅滩的形成、动态演化及其可恢复性研究

登州浅滩是位于渤海海峡南部登州水道西侧海域的长条状水下沙洲,经海底地貌形态对比、沉积物取样及海区动力条件分析,初步推断为全新世以来形成的潮流沉积体的一部分,后经波浪和沿岸流等动力的长期改造逐渐稳定成为边缘坝地貌形态.20世纪80年代中期开始在登州浅滩进行的大规模人工挖沙严重破坏了沙体的动态平衡.利用水库模型估算,浅滩在短期内难以恢复到原来的规模.     

长江口横沙东滩近30年来自然演变及工程影响的GIS分析

利用长江口深水航道治理一、二期工程实施前后的地形资料,在GIS软件及相关的统计分析软件的支持下,分析了治理工程对横沙东滩冲淤演变的影响。结果表明:横沙东滩在长期的自然演变过程中滩地面积相对稳定,但20世纪90年代中期以来,由于长江来沙量减少,滩地面积出现减小的趋势;深水航道北导堤工程(1998—2000年5月)使横沙东滩的冲淤形势发生了较大的变化:横沙东滩窜沟扭曲、萎缩,白条子沙及其以东浅水区域淤积加剧;促淤工程实施后,形成了一个有利泥沙沉积的环境,过境泥沙的大量淤积及人工吹泥上滩使得横沙东滩淤长速度显著加快。     

南海西缘曾母西断裂构造特征及其对盆地沉积发育的控制作用

通过解释重新处理的曾母盆地多道地震数据,结合重、磁异常资料,对前人提出南海西缘最南部发育近S-N向“曾母西断裂”的分布区域进行了重新厘定,详细解释了曾母西断裂的构造特征,具体分析了其结构、组成和空间展布特征。确定曾母西断裂由①号断层和②号断层所构成,曾母西①号断层位于4°30′~7°N、109°30′~110°E,主断层面倾向ESE,走向NEN,其为康西坳陷的大型控边断层;曾母西②号断层分布于3°~5°N、109°30′~110°30′E,主断层面倾向NE,走向NNW,其为塔陶垒堑的大型控边断层,曾母西①号断裂往南的延伸终止于曾母西②号断裂。同时分析讨论了曾母西断裂的构造活动特征以及对曾母盆地沉积发育的控制作用。     

台湾浅滩初夏的暖水块和周围的冷水圈

本文根据1986年6月4日的卫星图像,分析了台湾浅滩及附近海域初夏表面水温分布状况,指出初夏在台湾浅滩上存在着暖水块,而其周围为冷水圈。文中计算了研究海区的潮混合状态,认为潮混合对形成这种特殊水文现象起主导作用。     

莱州浅滩表层沉积物元素地球化学特征及物源识别

使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对采自莱州浅滩表层沉积物悬浮组分进行研究, 从地球化学角度分析了6 种常量元素质量分数、24 种微量元素质量比特征及它们与黄河细粒沉积物的联系。研究表明:莱州浅滩所取的7 个样品东西两侧略有差异, 元素质量分数的变异系数较小, 样品间变化不明显, 同源性和整体性显著。同黄河沉积物相比, 莱州浅滩细粒泥沙Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg 和部分金属元素Cu, Zn质量分数略高, 大多数微量元素质量比略低, 两者大多数元素的判别系数绝对值较低, 标准偏差比值也较小, 经过Al 标准化处理后, 各元素对比值变化趋势较一致, 表现出较强的相似性。黄河细颗粒沉积物可以通过余流、环流扩散迁移至整个渤海, 而莱州浅滩所处地理位置及水文环境为黄河悬浮泥沙提供了良好的沉积条件, 黄河泥沙的沉积使浅滩细粒沉积物表现出了黄河沉积物的元素特征, 而两者细微差异可能与附近河流输沙、元素迁移方式及人类活动影响有关。通过莱州浅滩表层沉积物与黄河样各元素地球化学特征对比分析可以为探索黄河的入海悬浮组分在海域中的混合及扩散提供参考。     

南海西南部珊瑚礁区活动断裂分析

利用SEABAT8111多波束系统在南海西南部珊瑚礁区海域进行地形地貌探测,同时还进行了单道和多道地球物理调查。探测表明该区珊瑚礁礁体的活动断裂主要有NE、NW、SN向3组。NE向断裂主要分布在岛礁区内,是晚燕山期南海第一次海底扩张时形成的断裂系,强烈活动于晚白垩世—始新世,晚第三纪以来继承性活动,以张剪性断裂为主,现今活动性中等至弱。NW向断裂主要分布在曾母盆地,以张剪性断裂为主,切割至基底,强烈活动于渐新世至上新世,构成了曾母盆地的主要张裂期,第四纪仍有活动,均为弱活动断裂。SN向断裂主要有南海西部的滨海断裂带,它是南海SN向扩张时期的转换断层,具张剪性,为中活动断裂,是南海西南部珊瑚礁区活动性较强的断裂,该断裂带历史上曾有火山活动和地震活动的记录。     

Sand wave deposition in the Taiwan Shoal of China

The Taiwan Shoal is the convex terrain in the southern Taiwan Strait, the largest strait in China. In 2006 and 2007, 21 samples and more than 200-km sub-bottom data as well as 80-km near shore side-scan sonar data were gotten, which gave an initial image of the boundaries of the Taiwan Shoal and revealed the internal structure of the sand waves in this area. The results showed that the major component of the sediment samples was sand, and sand waves occurred everywhere in this area, which closely followed the range of the Taiwan Shoal as we know. The western boundary of the Taiwan Shoal thus reaches the 30 m isobaths near the shore, and as a result, its area potentially covers approximately 12 800-14 770 km². The sand waves have different shapes under the complex ocean dynamics, and the height of sand waves in the near shore is usually smaller than that in the Taiwan Shoal. The number of sand waves ranged from 1-5 per kilometer, with more waves in the isobath-intensive area, suggesting the importance of topography for the formation of sand waves. The stratigraphic structure under the seabed has parallel bedding or cross bedding, and large dipping groove bedding can be seen locally in different parts, which may be the result of terrestrial deposition since the Late Pleistocene.     

菜州浅滩地貌特征及演化

莱州浅滩是山东半岛北部著名的海岸地貌,位于刁龙嘴外,呈Nw—SE向延伸,浅滩众多,水道纵横,地貌状况复杂。目前对菜州浅滩的形成过程、沉积特征少有研究,或只针对某一方面有所论述。通过实地调查,并对资料进行分析,研究了莱州浅滩的沉积物分布特征、矿物组成、地貌特征、储砂量和演化过程,认为波浪作用是莱州浅滩形成的主要动力,控制着研究区地貌形态分布和莱州浅滩演化趋势。通过以上研究,结合莱州浅滩现状,指出了其目前在开发与保护中存在的问题,并提出了合理开发利用的建议。     

长江口扁担沙动力地貌变化过程研究

河口浅滩不仅为人类提供宝贵湿地资源,而且是调控河势演变的重要因素。研究河口浅滩动力地貌演变规律对航道整治、湿地生态开发及岸堤防护等具有重要价值。本文利用最近150多年的长江口历史海图资料、实测水深与水文泥沙数据,分析长江口南支最大的浅滩—扁担沙动力地貌演变格局及其变化机制。结果表明:(1) 1860?2016年期间,扁担沙反复历经淤积?冲刷?淤积,浅滩由最初水下阴滩发育出露而形成纺锤状沙体,随后演变为细长扁担状,沙尾切滩成爪状沙体,下扁担沙则伴随爪状缝隙被不断填充而淤长;(2)自1954年洪水到目前,扁担沙?2 m、?5 m等深线包络的面积与体积整体上均呈现增长态势,其中面积年均增长率分别为0.88 km2/a和0.81 km2/a,体积年均增长率分别为1.3×106 m3/a和5×106 m3/a;扁担沙浅滩在不同时期冲淤变化不同,其中1998年出现大幅度冲刷,平均冲刷厚度达到1.4 m;(3)扁担沙体积变化和长江入海泥沙的增减无直接联系,但与入海径流量的变化密切相关;(4)白茆沙“南强北弱”的河势、南北港分流工程以及东风西沙水库的建立导致扁担沙向北推移。     

南海曾母盆地油气地质条件及其分布特征

通过分析曾母盆地近几十年来的油气田（井）勘探资料和近年来的地球物理调查成果，在研究区域地质、沉积特征与烃源岩演化关系的基础上，论述了曾母盆地的油气地质条件及其分布特征，并总结其分布规律性。     

春季西南黄海与绿潮相关的物理环境特征

Massive green tides caused by Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea have occurred every summer since 2007 and have caused huge economic losses for local governments. The Subei(North Jiangsu Province, China) Shoal, with its large-scale Porphyra aquaculture, has been regarded as the most important source of U. prolifera for green tides.To reveal the physical mechanisms of floating and drifting algae in this area, the characteristics of the current, the temperature, the salinity and suspended particulate matter(SPM) in the southwestern Yellow Sea, especially in the Subei Shoal, were studied. The topography of the radial sand ridges in the Subei Shoal constrains the features of the currents and causes net longitudinal and latitudinal movements. The longitudinal net movement is a dominant dynamic factor that can bring U. prolifera into offshore waters. The amount of gas that is produced by algae during photosynthesis determines whether U. prolifera can float well on the sea surface after it is disposed into the water from Porphyra aquacultural apparatus. The Subei Shoal is characterized by a high turbidity, which can result in significant light attenuation and affect the photosynthesis together with the buoyancy of a U.prolifera in the water. According to satellite remote sensing data from 2012, the three-month-averaged surface SPM(April, May and June) in the Subei Shoal was 140 mg/dm3, and the north of the Subei Shoal(the north of34.5°N), it was 11 mg/dm3. According to the monthly averaged surface SPM in April, the transparency in the Subei Shoal was only 0.1 m, but it often exceeded 2.0 m outside of the Subei Shoal. The results explain why the floating ability of U. prolifera increases significantly once the green algae drifted outside the Subei Shoal.     

台湾海峡的潮流沉积沙体研究与展望

海底沙体是海洋资源开发利用、环境保护、灾害防治和军事行动等必须密切关注的底质类型。台湾海峡沙体面积分布广泛,主要有台湾浅滩、台中浅滩及海峡内受中小型山溪性河流影响的沙体。近年来,台湾浅滩沙体空间分布、大型沙波与小型沙波形态特征及剖面结构研究等领域取得了许多新进展;台中浅滩不同区域的沙体演化对应了地貌发育的不同阶段;而海峡西侧陆架上残留的中小河流沙体地貌也获得了一些新发现。本文归纳了台湾海峡窄陆架上不同沙体的平面分布特征、剖面结构及成因。今后工作的重点应聚焦于进一步获取不同区域高分辨率的地层、地貌证据,并进行对比研究。这些工作能深化对末次盛冰期以来台湾海峡不同地区沙体成因、关联及演化的认识,并有助于了解人类海洋活动与海底沙体演化的响应关系,丰富海底沙体发育和演化理论。     

Tidal bedforms in eastern part of the Bohai Sea

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春夏季南黄海西部沿岸低盐水入侵温跃层现象的研究

2000年6月至2002年6月春夏季期间,在南黄海春夏季南黄海西部沿岸低盐水入侵温跃层现象的研究鱼产卵场进行了4个航次的多学科调查,海洋水文观测分析结果表明:在苏北浅滩外侧、成山头—石岛外侧的层化海区的温跃层中存在低盐水现象.春夏增温季节温跃层加强,低盐水入侵现象逐渐增强;入侵强度也存在年际变化.苏北浅滩入侵低盐水舌向北偏东方向延伸,水舌较宽,入侵较远;石岛附近入侵低盐水舌向南偏西方向延伸,水舌较窄,入侵较弱.温跃层中低盐水是由于沿岸低盐水入侵造成的,并与当地的潮锋现象存在密切的关系.     

Evolution of Jiuduansha Shoal and Its Influence on Adjacent Channels in the Changjiang Estuary

-Based on historic topographic maps and field surveys,this paper mainly deals with the forma-tion and evolution of the Jiuduansha Shoal and the North Passage and South Passage in the ChangjiangEstuary.Jiuduansha Shoal originated from the partition of the south part of the Tongsha Shoal as the re-sult of connection of a flood channel and an ebb channel.The embryo of the North Passage was a floodchannel,and that of the South Passage was the lower reaches of the former South Channel.There weretwo basic kinds of change in erosion and accumulation since the formation of Jiuduansha Shoal:continu-ous change and periodic change.The former includes the broadening of the island area,accretion on thetidal marsh and tidal flat and downstream migration of the island.The latter includes cyclic erosion andaccumulation on the two river channel banks of the island and the North and South Passages.The islandand the two bifurcated river Passages interacted on each other in erosion and accumulation changes.Atpresent,the cou     

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场多毛类的分布

1987年12月至1988年11月在闽南-台湾浅滩渔场获得83种多毛类，隶属于35科67属。欧努菲虫（Onuphis eremita）、锥唇吻沙蚕（Glycera o-nomichiensis）、拟特须虫（Paralacydonia paradoxa）和滑指矶沙蚕（Eunice indica）等出现频率较高。马氏独毛虫（Tharyx marioni）、奇异稚齿虫（Paraprionospio pin-nata）、多齿全刺沙蚕（Nectoneanthes multignatha）和梯额虫（Scalibregma inflatum）密集地分布于局部水域。闽南-台湾浅滩渔场多毛类年平均生物量为1.13g/m^2，年平均密度为25个/m^2，均低于台湾海峡北部、东山湾湖下带和大亚湾等水域。闽南-台湾浅滩渔场多毛类表现为低多样性特征。这些分布特征取决于底质类型，该海区沉积颗粒较粗，不利于多毛类繁衍。海流和水团也有重要作用。     

Long‐term comparison of structure and dynamics of the red coral metapopulation of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea): a case‐study for a Marine Protected Area in the Mediterranean Sea

A large amount of data on the precious coral Corallium rubrum has attested to a dramatic shift in the size structure of its over‐harvested Mediterranean populations in recent decades. One of the main problems for the conservation of this species is the substantial lack of data concerning the time span necessary for a population subjected to pluri‐decennial harvesting pressure to return to its pristine status. Here, we present a multi‐annual data set gathered from the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Portofino, which hosts the most important shallow‐water coral populations in the Ligurian Sea and was subjected to strong harvesting pressure from the 1950s to the early 1970s. Quantitative comparison of the population structure data recorded in 1964, 1990 and 2012 indicated a strong size increase of the colonies (from 3 to 8 g mean weight), resulting in an increase in colony biomass from 300 to the current 1500 g·m^?2. As a consequence, over the same span of time, the density of colonies has slightly decreased. The role of mass mortality phenomena, like that occurred in this area during 1999, as possible biological features triggering the switch of red coral populations from a ‘grass plain‐like’ towards a ‘forest‐like’ structure, is discussed. All these data indicate that the instigation of MPAs is a winning strategy in the conservation of this precious species and similar management plans should also be evaluated for the protection of the deep benthic communities thriving on off‐shore banks.     

珊瑚礁监测技术发展现状及原位在线监测建设

随着沿海地区社会和经济活动不断增加,在人类活动和全球气候变化的双重压力下,全球珊瑚礁生态健康状况日益衰退。如何有效地监测珊瑚礁生态系统,使管理部门能够及时采取保护措施防止珊瑚礁生态系统的退化,已成为拥有珊瑚礁资源的国家亟需解决的环境问题。各主要国家均在大力发展珊瑚礁监测技术与装备。文中综述了国内外在珊瑚礁生态系统监测技术方面的研究现状,基于前人提出的原位在线监测技术,在南海某岛礁海域建设了珊瑚礁生态环境原位在线监测系统,并进行了1年多的业务化运行。在业务化运行期间,原位在线监测系统成功监测到了珊瑚礁的"白化-死亡-微藻附着-珊瑚骨骼腐烂-大型藻占领"这一退化过程,表明该监测系统能够实现珊瑚礁的长期、实时、连续监测。本文研究对于进一步认识珊瑚礁生态系统的时间变化特征及其影响机制均具有重要意义。     

基于多时相多光谱遥感影像的珊瑚礁面积估算方法研究

准确计算珊瑚礁的面积是评估其资源、环境效应的基础,但我国迄今对南海珊瑚礁的面积估算仍缺乏共识,缺少可靠的估算方法是导致这一现象的重要原因。针对这一问题,本文以西沙群岛羚羊礁为例,提出了一种利用多时相多光谱遥感影像低成本半自动化估算珊瑚礁面积的方法。首先快速目视确定地貌带分界线的粗略位置,然后利用基于梯度向量场的主动轮廓线模型（Gradient Vector Flow-Snake, GVF-Snake）实现这些分界线位置的自动精化,最后将不同时相的瞬时分界线转换为面要素进行多时相的融合,从而得到珊瑚礁的面积。基于53景Sentinel-2 多光谱成像仪（MSI）影像的实验表明,羚羊礁的总面积为17.22 km2（Landsat 8 陆地成像仪（OLI）用于方法稳定性的验证,得到的羚羊礁面积为17.29 km2）,其中礁前斜坡、礁坪?潟湖坡、潟湖的面积分别为1.76 km2、10.29 km2、5.17 km2。该数值与实测数据具有较好的一致性。具体地,该方法获得的地貌带分界点与实测水深所指示分界点的位置偏差能控制在0.2～4.9 m的范围内（不超过0.5个像素）,珊瑚礁最外轮廓线与30 m等深线的位置偏差亦在1个像素大小内（5.7～9.5 m）,而估算面积与高分辨率WorldView-2影像解译得到的面积差异为0.02%。同时,该方法获得的珊瑚礁边界线的完整度、正确度、提取质量精度能够由单时相平均的60%、64%和54%分别提高至84%、83%和72%。此外,该方法能够减小基于不同遥感数据源的珊瑚礁面积估算结果的差异,即6景以上的多时相Sentinel-2 MSI和Landsat 8 OLI影像提取的珊瑚礁面积标准差分别不超过0.01 km2和0.05 km2,仅相当于珊瑚礁总面积的0.2%和0.5%。总而言之,该方法能够用低成本的10 m分辨率Sentinel-2 MSI和30 m分辨率Landsat 8 OLI影像获得接近1.8 m分辨率WorldView-2影像的面积估算精度,且具有良好的稳定性和可靠性。     

Distributional features of temperature and salinity in the southern Taiwan Strait and its adjacent sea areas in late summer, 1994

INTRODUCTIONDuring the late August and early September, 1994, R/Vs Ocean Research l, Yanping 2,Ocean Research 3 and Xiangpenghong 14 conducted a quasi-simultaneous comprehensive marineinvestigation in the southern Taiwan Strait and its adjacent areas, getting CTD data from morethan 330 stations. The selected study area (19' --24'N, 116" -- 122'E) covers more than 250 stations (shown in Fig. I ). According to the Chinese Specification for Oceanographic Survey(SOS), the temperatur…