超高压变质流体的组成与演化：中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔岩心的流体包裹体研究

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔位于大别-苏鲁超高压变质带东段的江苏东海县,孔深为5100m,其上部2050m钻遇的岩石主要为榴辉岩,其次是正、副片麻岩、石榴橄榄(辉石)岩以及少量片岩和石英岩。它们经历了超高压变质作用和随后的角闪岩相退变质作用。通过对上述各种岩石的详细流体包体观察和RAMAN光谱分析,发现了五种不同成分的流体包裹体:(1)中-低盐度水溶液包裹体(Ⅰ型),呈原生的孤立和小群存在于榴辉岩和片麻岩锆石的岩浆核和超高压变质边缘,或存在于绿辉石、黝帘石和被绿辉石包裹的方解石和石英中,偶尔呈出溶包裹体产于磷灰石中,而主要沿绿辉石、石榴石、蓝晶石、黝帘石和石英等矿物的穿颗粒裂隙分布;也呈孤立和小群产于切穿榴辉岩的方解石脉和片麻岩重结晶石榴石和绿帘石中;(2)CO2(±CH4)-H2O包裹体(Ⅱ型),存在于锆石的岩浆核和变质边缘,或沿石英裂隙分布;(3)含石盐±SiO2±CaCO3的复杂盐水包裹体(Ⅲ型),呈原生流体包裹体产在榴辉岩的绿辉石中,与石英出溶棒一起平行于绿辉石的C轴分布,或产在石榴辉石岩透辉石的晶内裂隙中;(4)富CO2包裹体(Ⅳ型),在榴辉岩的石英中随机分布;(5)单气相包裹体(Ⅴ型),沿各种矿物穿颗粒裂隙分布。流体包裹体产状及其与捕获时代关系表明,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型包裹体可以出现在超高压变质岩原岩、峰期变质和退变质各阶段。Ⅲ型包裹体出现在超高压变质岩的早期减压退变质阶段。而Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型包裹体主要形成于角闪岩相及更晚的退变质阶段。本研究的主要认识是:(1)低盐度H2O和CO2流体在进变质、超高压变质和退变质作用各阶段均有存在,这表明在整个超高压变质演化过程中流体具有继承性。(2)超高压变质岩原岩和角闪岩相退变质岩中存在较丰富的流体包裹体,但在超高压峰期捕获的流体包裹体却很少见,这表明丰富的原岩流体或在超高压进变质过程中被排出岩石体系,或进入含水超高压矿物和结合进名义无水矿物。(3)复杂成分原生流体包裹体的发现证明在超高压变质峰期后的早期减压退变质阶段存在一种高盐度似熔体流体,名义上的无水矿物在超高压条件下可以保存相当量的流体,并在退变质过程中分离出来,产生流体-岩石相互作用。(4)角闪岩阶段的流体包裹体具有各种不同的化学组成,且在局部富集,推测可能有部分外部加入的流体。(5)流体包裹体类型、丰度和成分在不同岩石类型中和不同钻孔深度都存在明显差异,表明超高压变质作用过程中没有大规模的透入性流体活动。(6)根据超高压变质峰期包裹体等容线得到的压力值大大低于根据矿物温压计获得的近峰期变质压力,这表明包裹体的密度在捕获后发生了改变。这些改变是由于流体渗漏、部分爆裂和流体-岩石相互作用所引起。     

超高压变质作用过程中的流体——来自苏鲁超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素和流体包裹体研究的限定

苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素、流体包裹体和名义上无水矿物的研究表明，流体-岩石相互作用在大陆地壳的俯冲与折返过程中起到多重的重要作用，并形成了复杂的流体演化过程：（1）大陆表壳岩通过与高纬度大气降水的交换作用被广泛水化，并获得了异常低的氧同位素成分；（2）在水化陆壳物质的俯冲过程中发生了一系列的进变质脱水反应，所释放的流体主要结合进了高压、超高压含水矿物和名义上无水超高压矿物；（3）在超高压变质过程中，以水为主的变质流体通过选择性的吸收使其盐度逐渐升高，并在峰期出现高密度、高盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体。有机质的分解反应在局部形成了以CO2、N2、CH4或它们的混合物为主要成分的变质流体；（4）名义上无水超高压矿物的结构水出溶是早期退变质流体的主要来源，并在局部富集形成了高压变质脉体；（5）透入性的中、低盐度水流体活动使超高压变质岩通过一系列的水化反应转变成角闪岩相变质岩；（6）沿韧性剪切带和脆性破碎带的强烈水流体活动为绿片岩相退变质作用和低压石英脉的形成提供了变质流体；（7）可变盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体是整个超高压变质岩形成与折返过程中的主要流体，但局部的流体．岩石相互作用形成了非极性的变质流体。     

鲁东南岚山头超高压变质岩流体包裹体特征与板片折返史

鲁东南岚山头含柯石英榴辉岩主要产于花岗质片麻岩内,是苏鲁超高压变质带主要榴辉岩体密集分布区之一。流体包裹体研究表明,榴辉岩矿物及细脉石英中捕获有四种类型包裹体:在超高压-高压榴辉岩相条件下捕获的 N_2±CO_2包裹体;在高压榴辉宕重结晶阶段被捕获的 CO_2-H_2O 包裹体和含子矿物高盐度 H_2O 溶液包裹体:在超高压岩石折返过程中的最晚(角闪岩相退变质甚至更晚)阶段捕获的低盐度 H_2O 溶液包裹体。利用榴辉岩矿物及脉体石英中捕获的流体包裹体相互期次关系,可以对本区超高压变质作用板片折返过程中的流体演化史进行重建。     

青龙山超高压变质榴辉岩绿帘石化学成分与流体包裹体特征

青龙山超高压变质榴辉岩中的绿帘石经历了四个演化阶段：早期绿帘角闪岩相进变质阶段形成的绿帘石，其化学成分以含铁高为特征，Fe2O3为14．796～17．84％，XFe=0．413～0．486，而CaO和Al2O3含量较低；柯石英榴辉岩相变质阶段和石英榴辉岩相变质阶段形成的绿帘石，其化学成分呈现连续变化，核部相对富Fe2O3，为11．933～12．993％，XFe=0．322-0．358，而CaO和Al2O3含量低，主要形成于柯石英榴辉岩相变质阶段；边部Fe2O3的含量低，为9．628-10．138％，XFe=0．275～0．286，而CaO和Al2O3的含量高，主要形成于石英榴辉岩相退变质阶段；晚期退变质角闪岩相阶段形成的绿帘石，其化学成分与绿帘角闪岩相变质阶段相似，也以富含Fe2O3为特征，XFe=0．433。绿帘石化学成分的变化反映了苏鲁超高压变质带快速俯冲快速折返的过程。绿帘石中存在三种不同盐度的含Mg^2＋、Fe^2＋等金属阳离子的NaCl水溶液包裹体，高盐度（22．5wt％NaCl至略大于23．2wt％NaCl）的水溶液包裹体形成于柯石英榴辉岩相变质阶段，中高盐度（12．6-16．0wt％NaCl）的水溶液包裹体形成于石英榴辉岩相变质阶段，而中等盐度（6．4-11．7wt％NaCl）的溶液包裹体形成于角闪岩相退变质阶段。绿帘石中流体包裹体的研究证实超高压变质作用及后期的折返过程中并不存在大规模的流体作用，变质流体的活动限于矿物晶体颗粒范围。     

苏鲁超高压变质带桃行榴辉岩及高压脉体中流体包裹体研究

桃行榴辉岩是苏鲁超高压变质带中段主要榴辉岩体密集分布区之一。流体包裹体研究表明,榴辉岩矿物及高压脉体石英中捕获有五种类型的流体包裹体：在超高压-高压榴辉岩相条件下捕获的N2±CH4包裹体;在榴辉岩发生麻粒岩相叠加变质作用期间被捕获的B型纯CO2液相包裹体;在高压榴辉岩重结晶阶段被捕获的C型CO2-H2O包裹体和D型高盐度水溶液包裹体;超高压岩石折返过程中的最晚阶段（角闪岩相退变质甚至更晚）捕获的E型低盐度水溶液包裹体。利用榴辉岩矿物及高压脉体石英中捕获的流体包裹体类型及期次可以重建超高压变质作用板片折返过程中的流体性状与演化,而石榴石中捕获的纯CO2包裹体为本区榴辉岩相岩石遭受了麻粒岩相叠加提供了佐证。     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）高压超高压变质岩中石英脉流体包裹体初步研究

初步的岩相学和冷热台显微测温表明，CCSDHP—UHP岩石中石英脉和后期碳酸盐脉中含有3种流体包裹体：盐水溶液(NaCl-H2O)包裹体(Ⅰ类)、NaCl-CaCl2-H20(Ⅱ类)和N2-CH4纯气相(Ⅲ类)包裹体，其中Ⅰ类盐水溶液包裹体可进一步分为中高盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ia)、中等盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ib)和低盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ic)，而Ⅲ类为CCSD中首次发现：Ia、Ib和Ⅱ型流体包裹体主要以原生或假次生形式赋存在榴辉岩的石英脉或石英颗粒中，在角闪岩相的片麻岩及其石英脉中均未观察到，显示它们可能主要被捕获于榴辉岩的减压重结晶或退变质阶段，而Ic型包裹体分布广泛，表明其主体可能是在超高压变质岩折返过程的最晚阶段捕获的；N2-CH4纯气相包裹体均为原生包裹体，主要呈孤立和小群状与Ia和Ib类包裹体分布于榴辉岩中条带状石英脉中，可能主要是在高压-超高压榴辉岩相变质条件下被捕获的；CCSD榴辉岩中石英脉的主体形成于板块折返有关的减压重结晶和退变质，而片麻岩中石英脉则主要来源于角闪岩相及其后期退变质作用；榴辉岩和片麻岩中石英脉流体包裹体的组成和地球化学特征存在明显区别，但它们各自相似于其寄主岩石中的石英颗粒中包裹体，说明CCSD中HP—UHP岩石在板块折返过程中释放出的变质流体没有经过大规模的迁移。     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔超高压变质岩副矿物锆石中的流体包裹体研究

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔位于苏鲁超高压变质地体南部,钻孔穿过的超高压岩石主要有榴辉岩、正、副片麻岩、石榴橄榄岩、角闪岩,以及少量片岩和石英岩。锆石是超高压岩石中的常见副矿物,按成因可以分为原岩锆石、变质(增生)锆石和新生锆石。这三类锆石中普遍含有矿物包体和少量流体包裹体,它们记录了超高压岩石经历的进变质、超高压变质和退变质期间流体作用的信息。锆石中的流体包裹体具有以下特征:(1)原岩锆石核部常见原生H2O和H2O-CO2包裹体,H2O包裹体的组成和盐度变化较大;而沿原岩锆石裂隙有时还有次生H2O-CO2和(或)CO2包裹体;(2)在变质锆石或锆石的变质增生带(幔部或边部)仅偶尔发现与超高压矿物包体共生的H2O-CO2包裹体;(3)榴辉岩,特别是片麻岩可以含大量微粒新生锆石,其中偶尔可见低盐度的H2O±CO2包裹体;(4)锆石中流体包裹体的丰度与主岩氧同位素值存在一定相关性:即具有很低δ18O值的岩石所含锆石中流体包裹体特别丰富,而具有正常氧同位素组成的岩石中锆石很少或不合流体包裹体;结合原岩锆石、变质锆石和新生锆石中均有中低盐度的H2O和H2O-CO2包裹体存在,反映了在大陆深俯冲-折返过程中变质流体具有继承性。H2O和H2O-CO2包裹体的等容线全都从根据矿物温压计获得的变质峰期压力-温度区间下部通过,推测在进变质-超高压变质峰期捕获的流体包裹体随后受到了改造。在进变质-超高压变质和退变质期间变质流体的存在促进了原岩锆石不同程度地受到溶蚀、变质增生和变质锆石、新生锆石的形成。     

CCSD(0～5158m)HP-UHP变质岩中石英脉流体包裹体研究

本文对中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)0～5158m HP-UHP变质岩石英脉中流体包裹体进行了研究,通过冷热台与拉曼光谱测定发现其中含有4种流体包裹体:(Ⅰ型)盐水溶液包裹体,并进一步分为高盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ⅰa型)、中高盐度盐水溶液包襄体(Ⅰb型)、中等盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ⅰc型)和低盐度盐水溶液包裹体;(Ⅱ型)N2-CH4纯气相包襄体;(Ⅲ型)含方解石子矿物的流体包裹体;(Ⅳ型)CO2-NaCl-H2O包裹体及纯CO2包裹体.其中Ⅲ和Ⅳ型流体包裹体是CCSD石英脉中首次发现.Ⅰa、Ⅰb型流体包裹体主要以原生的形式赋存在榴辉岩及片麻岩的石英脉或石英颗粒当中,它们主要是被捕获于折返早期高压变质重结晶阶段;Ⅰc和Ⅰd两类包裹体则主要以次生的形式赋存于榴辉岩及片麻岩的石英脉或石英颗粒当中.说明它们是在超高压变质岩折返过程的较晚阶段捕获的.以原生形式出现的含方解石子晶及CO2包裹体,指示部分石英脉及其围岩可能经历过超高压变质作用甚至麻粒岩相阶段.CCSD中的石英脉可能主要形成于折返早期高压变质重结晶阶段,其中的HP-UHP岩石在板决折返及其以后退变质过程中释放出的变质流体活动范围有限,没有经历大规模的流动或迁移.     

大陆板块俯冲和折返过程中的流体活动：稳定同位素证据

对大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩矿物稳定同位素的系统研究发现，超高压变质过程中存在少量含水流体，但是流体的活动性很小，在不同岩相界面之间缺乏明显的流体渗透；超高压榴辉岩中的石英脉是蜂期变质后含水矿物降压分解和羟基出溶引起的流体流动结果，不是板块俯冲过程中进变质作用的产物；超高压变质岩经历了广泛的角闪岩相退变质作用，退变质流体主要来源于板块折返过程中超高压矿物中溶解经基的降压出溶。     

江苏东海预先导孔（CCSD-PPl）超高压岩石变质流体及其演化

中国大陆科学钻探工程预先导1孔(CCSD-PPH1)位于大别—苏鲁超高压变质带东段的江苏东海县,孔深为432 m,其岩心为一套变质表壳岩、花岗质片麻岩和镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩。它们经历了超高压变质作用和随后的角闪岩相退变质作用。这些岩石中存在四类流体包裹体:①中高盐度CaCl_2-NaCl-H_2O包裹体(Ⅰ型),宿主为榴辉岩中的石榴子石、绿辉石和蓝晶石石英岩中的蓝晶石,可能代表了峰期变质流体;②H2O-CO_2(±N_2)-NaCl±固体的包裹体(Ⅱ型),宿主为榴辉岩中的石英和蓝晶石石英岩中的蓝晶石,可能为超高压岩石折返和退变质期间带入岩石的流体;③中—低盐度水溶液包裹体(Ⅲ型),产于蓝晶石石英岩、榴辉岩和片麻岩中。蓝晶石石英岩中的包裹体是部分继承了俯冲阶段变沉积岩脱水-脱挥发分流体;榴辉岩和片麻岩中的中-低盐度水溶液包裹体主要是角闪岩相退变质期间或更晚期捕获的;④中-低密度的富CO_2包裹体(Ⅳ型),沿蓝晶石石英岩石英中的(切)穿颗粒裂隙分布。根据包裹体显微测温数据,从Ⅰ型包裹体的等容线得到的压力值大大低于根据矿物温压计获得的压力。这表明大多数Ⅰ型包裹体的组成和密度在捕获后均发生了不同程度改变。这些变化包括渗漏、部分爆裂和流体-岩石相互作用等。流体包裹体研究也表明本区超高压变质作用峰期流     

大陆俯冲带流体活动:超高压变质岩矿物水含量和稳定同位素制约

对超高压变质岩中含水矿物和名义上无水矿物的地球化学研究,极大地深化了我们对大陆碰撞带地壳俯冲和折返过程中流体体制的认识。就流体体制和化学地球动力学来说,有关研究在大别-苏鲁造山带进行的最为详细,因此已经成为研究大陆俯冲带变质的典型地区。本文以大别-苏鲁造山带为对象,从矿物水含量的角度,结合稳定同位素论述了大陆俯冲带流体活动。超高压变质岩中名义上无水矿物含有大量的水,以结构羟基和分子水形式存在。名义上无水矿物中结构羟基和分子水出溶与含水矿物分解共同构成了折返过程中退变质流体的主要来源。名义上无水矿物所释放的水以富集轻的氢氧同位素为特征,而含水矿物分解则提供了富集D的流体来源。折返过程中,名义上无水矿物降压脱水存在亏损D的分子水的优先丢失和不同形式水之间的相互转化。不同岩性的水含量差异导致了它们在折返过程中不同的流体活动行为。大陆板块俯冲和折返过程中,在不同矿物、不同岩性以及板片不同部位之间存在水的再分配;板片的一部分作为富水流体的源,而另一部分可能作为汇。     

Isotopic constraints on age and duration of fluid-assisted high-pressure eclogite-facies recrystallization during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust in the Sulu orogen

Fluid availability during high‐grade metamorphism is a critical factor in dictating petrological, geochemical and isotopic reequilibration between metamorphic minerals, with fluid‐absent metamorphism commonly resulting in neither zircon growth/recrystallization for U‐Pb dating nor Sm‐Nd isotopic resetting for isochron dating. While peak ultra‐high pressure (UHP) metamorphism is characterized by fluid immobility, high‐pressure (HP) eclogite‐facies recrystallization during exhumation is expected to take place in the presence of fluid. A multichronological study of UHP eclogite from the Sulu orogen of China indicates zircon growth at 216 ± 3 Ma as well as mineral Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr reequilibration at 216 ± 5 Ma, which are uniformly younger than UHP metamorphic ages of 231 ± 4 to 227 ± 2 Ma as dated by the SHRIMP U‐Pb method for coesite‐bearing domains of zircon. O isotope reequilibration was achieved between the Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr isochron minerals, but Hf isotopes were not homogenized between different grains of zircon. The HP eclogite‐facies recrystallization is also evident from petrography. Thus this process occurred during exhumation with fluid availability from decompression dehydration of hydrous minerals and the exsolution of hydroxyl from nominally anhydrous minerals. This provides significant amounts of internally derived fluid for extensive retrogression within the UHP metamorphosed slabs. Based on available experimental diffusion data, the consistent reequilibration of U‐Pb, Sm‐Nd, Rb‐Sr and O isotope systems in the eclogite minerals demonstrates that time‐scale for the HP eclogite‐facies recrystallization is c. 1.9–9.3 Myr or less. This provides a maximum estimate for duration of the fluid‐facilitated process in the HP eclogite‐facies regime during the exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust.     

Fluid inclusions in granulites, granulitized eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites from the Dabie–Sulu terranes, eastern China

Minor granulites (believed to be pre-Triassic), surrounded by abundant amphibolite-facies orthogneiss, occur in the same region as the well-documented Triassic high- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP and UHP) eclogites in the Dabie–Sulu terranes, eastern China. Moreover, some eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites have been metamorphosed at granulite- to amphibolite-facies conditions during exhumation. Granulitized HP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites at Huangweihe and Baizhangyan record estimated eclogite-facies metamorphic conditions of 775–805 °C and ≥15 kbar, followed by granulite- to amphibolite-facies overprint of ca. 750–800 °C and 6–11 kbar. The presence of (Na, Ca, Ba, Sr)-feldspars in garnet and omphacite corresponds to amphibolite-facies conditions. Metamorphic mineral assemblages and P–T estimates for felsic granulite at Huangtuling and mafic granulite at Huilanshan indicate peak conditions of 850 °C and 12 kbar for the granulite-facies metamorphism and 700 °C and 6 kbar for amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism. Cordierite–orthopyroxene and ferropargasite–plagioclase coronas and symplectites around garnet record a strong, rapid decompression, possibly contemporaneous with the uplift of neighbouring HP/UHP eclogites.

Carbonic fluid (CO₂-rich) inclusions are predominant in both HP granulites and granulitized HP/UHP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites. They have low densities, having been reset during decompression. Minor amounts of CH₄ and/or N₂ as well as carbonate are present. In the granulitized HP/UHP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites, early fluids are high-salinity brines with minor N₂, whereas low-salinity fluids formed during retrogression. Syn-granulite-facies carbonic fluid inclusions occur either in quartz rods in clinopyroxene (granulitized HP garnet clinopyxeronite) or in quartz blebs in garnet and quartz matrices (UHP eclogite). For HP granulites, a limited number of primary CO₂ and mixed H₂O–CO₂(liquid) inclusions have also been observed in undeformed quartz inclusions within garnet, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase which contain abundant, low-density CO₂±carbonate inclusions. It is suggested that the primary fluid in the HP granulites was high-density CO₂, mixed with a significant quantity of water. The water was consumed by retrograde metamorphic mineral reactions and may also have been responsible for metasomatic reactions (“giant myrmekites”) occurring at quartz–feldspar boundaries. Compared with the UHP eclogites in this region, the granulites were exhumed in the presence of massive, externally derived carbonic fluids and subsequently limited low-salinity aqueous fluids, probably derived from the surrounding gneisses.     

区域变质作用中的流体

区域变质条件下流体的流动有 4种标志 :( 1)细脉 ;( 2 )岩石学 ;( 3 )稳定同位素 ;( 4 )常量元素的交代作用。不同级别的区域变质作用中 ,流体影响着岩石的变质反应和变形 ;在高级变质的情况下甚至有熔体出现。在超高压变质条件下 ,流体量比地壳范围区域变质要少得多 ,从大别山超高压变质带的资料可知 ,流体的演化有明显的阶段性 ,局部曾发现熔融包裹体。水流体的介入 ,引起岩石的退变质和元素地球化学变异 ,是超高压变质岩抬升、进入中下地壳的产物。新近的实验岩石学成果说明 ,多硅白云母、角闪石等含羟基的矿物 ,在俯冲达 10 0km以下依然稳定 ,而一些花岗岩体系在超高压的条件下产生的超临界流体 ,乃是花岗岩、片麻岩只能部分保留超高压矿物组合的原因。     

Origin of retrograde fluid in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks: Constraints from mineral hydrogen isotope and water content changes in eclogite-gneiss transitions in the Sulu orogen

By taking advantage of having depth profiles between contrasting lithologies from core samples of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project, a combined study was carried out to examine changes in mineral H isotope, total water and hydroxyl contents in garnet and omphacite across the contacts between ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogite and gneiss in the Sulu orogen, east-central China. The samples of interest were from two continuous core segments from the CCSD main hole at depths of 734.21-737.16 and 929.67-932.86 m, respectively. The results show δD values of −116‰ to  − 64‰ for garnet and −104‰ to −82‰ for omphacite, consistent with incorporation of meteoric water into protoliths of UHP metamorphic rocks by high-T alteration. Both equilibrium and disequilibrium H isotope fractionations were observed between garnet and omphacite, suggesting fluid-assisted H isotope exchange at local scales during amphibolite-facies retrogression. While bulk water analysis gave total H₂O concentrations of 522-1584 ppm for garnet and 1170-20745 ppm for omphacite, structural hydroxyl analysis yielded H₂O contents of 80-413 ppm for garnet and 228-412 ppm for omphacite. It appears that significant amounts of molecular H₂O are present in the minerals, pointing to enhanced capacity of water storage in the UHP eclogite minerals. Hydrogen isotope variations in the transition between eclogite and gneiss show correlations with variations in their water contents. Petrographically, the degree of retrograde metamorphism generally increases with decreasing distance from the eclogite-gneiss boundary. Thus, retrograde metamorphism results in mineral reactions and H isotope variation. Because hydroxyl solubility in nominally anhydrous minerals decreases with dropping pressure, significant amounts of water are expected to be released from the minerals during decompression exhumation. Decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl from 1 m³ volume of eclogite composed of only garnet and omphacite results in release of a quantitative estimate of 3.07-3.44 kg water that can form 140-156 kg amphibole during exhumation. Therefore, it is concluded that fluid for retrogression of the eclogites away from the eclogite-gneiss boundary was derived from the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl and molecular H₂O in nominally anhydrous minerals. For the eclogites adjacent to gneiss, in contrast, the retrograde metamorphism was principally caused by aqueous fluid from the gneiss which is relatively rich in water. Consequently, both the origin and availability of metamorphic fluid during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust are deciphered by this combined study focusing on the transitions and the retrograde processes between the felsic and mafic UHP rocks.     

Fluid inclusions in coesite-bearing eclogites and jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe, Dabie Shan (China)

Fluid inclusions in coesite‐bearing eclogites and jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe in Dabie Shan, East‐central China, have preserved remnants of early, prograde and/or peak metamorphic fluids, reset during post‐UHP (ultrahigh‐pressure) metamorphic uplift. Inclusions occur in several minerals (e.g. omphacite & epidote), notably as isolated, primary inclusions in quartz included in various host minerals. Two major fluid types have been identified: non‐polar fluid species (N₂ or CO₂) and aqueous, the latter is by far the most predominant. Aqueous fluids cover a wide range of salinity, from halite‐bearing brines to low salinity fluids. For non‐polar fluids, few N₂ inclusions occur in undeformed eclogite, whereas a number of CO₂‐rich inclusions have been found in microshear zones of eclogite or jadeite quartzite in close proximity to marble occurrences. The primary character of N₂ and high‐salinity aqueous inclusions indicates that they are remnants from UHP metamorphic fluids and for some there is the distinct possibility that they are ultimately derived from pre‐metamorphic fluids. This conclusion is supported by the preservation, in some samples, of microdomains containing synchronous inclusions of variable salinities, which tend to relate to the chemical composition of the host crystal. Carbonic fluids may be derived from neighbouring rocks, notably marble and carbonate‐bearing metasediments, during post‐metamorphic uplift. During post‐UHP exhumation, a limited decrease of the fluid density has occurred, with formation of new sets of fluid inclusions. Fluid movements, however, remained exceedingly limited, at the scale of the enclosing crystal.     

Submicron-sized fluid inclusions and distribution of hydrous components in jadeite,quartz and symplectite-forming minerals from UHP jadeite–quartzite in the Dabie Mountains,China: TEM and FTIR investigation

Fluid inclusions and clusters of water molecules at nanometer-to submicron-scale in size have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in jadeite, quartz and symplectite aegirine–augite, albite, taramite and magnetite corona minerals from ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) jadeite–quartzite at Shuanghe, the Dabie Mountains, China. Fluid inclusions from 0.003 μm to 0.78 μm in size occur in jadeite and quartz crystals, and a small number of fluid inclusions from 0.001 μm to 0.25 μm have also been detected in symplectite-forming minerals. Most of the fluid inclusions have round or negative crystal morphology and contain aqueous fluids, but some contain CO₂-rich fluids. They are usually connected to dislocations undetectable at an optical scale. The dislocations represent favorable paths for fluid leakage, accounting for non-decrepitation of most fluid inclusions when external pressure decreased at later stages, although there was partial decrepitation of some fluid inclusions unconnected to defect microstructures resulting from internal overpressure. Non-decrepitation and partial decrepitation of fluid inclusions resulted in changes of original composition and/or density. It is clear that identification of hidden re-equilibration features has significant implications for the petrological interpretation of post-peak metamorphic processes. Micro-FTIR results show that all jadeite and quartz samples contain structural water occurring as hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) and free water (H₂O) in the form of clusters of water molecules. The H₂O transformed from OH⁻ during exhumation and could have triggered and enhanced early retrograde metamorphism of the host rocks and facilitated plastic deformation of jadeite and quartz grains by dislocation movement, and thus the H₂O released during decompression might represent early-stage retrograde metamorphic fluid. The nominally anhydrous mineral (NAM) jadeite is able to transport aqueous fluids in concentrations of at least several hundred ppm water along a subduction zone to mantle depths in the form of clusters of water molecules and hydroxyl ions within crystals.     

超高压变质岩矿物中的显微构造缺陷:来自TEM和FTIR研究的证据

超高压变质矿物的某些显微构造缺陷可能指示了岩石短暂和快速抬升过程。文中报道了中国大别山双河地区超高压硬玉石英岩矿物显微构造缺陷的透射电镜(TEM)和Fourier变换红外光谱(FTIR)的研究结果。用TEM研究方法,在硬玉石英岩中硬玉包裹体内发现了亚微米级天然蒙钠长石(MA,C2/m)、高钠长石(HA,C)和低钠长石(LA,C)三种多形变体。表明岩石在折返过程经历过高温变质作用(>930℃),以及退变质过程的快速冷却;在石英包裹体内发现了纳米级柯石英和石盐子矿物,提供了柯石英转变为石英以及峰期变质条件下高盐流体存在的证据。"名义上无水矿物"(NAMs)的结构水(OH/H2O)是以缺陷形式赋存于矿物结构中。FTIR分析结果显示硬玉、石榴石、金红石和石英中结构水的平均含量分别为1000×10-6、(900~1600)×10-6、>2000×10-6和<4×10-6,硬玉石英岩全岩含水量为(490~600)×10-6,表明在高压-超高压变质作用过程中,地壳或原岩中的水可以通过这些NAMs携带到地球深部。该类显微构造缺陷可能是大陆碰撞造山带在高应变速率下的局部弱化和深部断层作用的结果。     

超高压变质矿物中的多相固体包裹体研究进展

大陆碰撞过程中熔/流体的组成和演化是研究大陆深俯冲动力学的重要内容,而超高压岩石记录了大陆俯冲和折返过程中的熔/流体-岩石相互作用,因而是研究大陆碰撞过程中熔/流体组成和演化的天然实验室。大陆俯冲带高压/超高压变质矿物中多相固体包裹体作为熔/流体活动的直接记录,为我们提供了揭示超高压变质过程中熔/流体演化的重要制约。近年来,围绕超高压岩石中多相固体包裹体的形成时间、演化过程及其所反映的俯冲带超高压变质熔/流体的组成和性质,进行了大量的研究工作。超高压岩石中多相固体包裹体的发现,为理解峰期超高压变质流体的组成和演化提供了重要制约,同时也为研究俯冲板片-地幔楔界面的熔/流体交代作用提供了新的途径。本文从多相固体包裹体形成机制、结构形态特征、矿物化学成分及其地质地球化学意义等方面,对于超高压变质岩中多相固体包裹体的研究现状和存在的问题进行系统地总结和探讨,以期促进多相固体包裹体的岩石学和地球化学研究。