太阳物理中磁螺度研究进展

简要回顾了螺度引入太阳磁场研究中的历史过程，从物理角度讨论了相对磁螺度这个新的可观测量，并指出其在理论和观测中存在的问题；着重介绍了磁螺度在太阳大气中的分配问题；探讨了磁螺度和电流螺度的差别与联系、螺度半球手征性；列举介绍了磁螺度和其他太阳活动的联系，尤其是太阳爆发事件中的磁螺度问题；指出磁螺度理论中几个还没有解决的问题及今后可能取得进展的方向。     

太阳宁静区磁元的空间结构

利用怀柔太阳磁场望远镜,我们对太阳宁静区光球和色球磁场进行了观测。日面中心到边缘的观测表明,太阳宁静区中的小尺度磁结构在从光球到色球的扩展过程中变化不大。日面边缘的观测表明,小尺度磁结构的水平分量在光球和色球都不大。对极区和赤道边缘纵向磁场的比较发现,极区磁场与赤道边缘磁场有着不同的磁结构特性     

色球磁场极性反转结构的某些观测特征

利用怀柔太阳观测站的３００余对球和色球的观测磁图，分析得出色球极性反转结构是存在于太阳大气中的真实物理现象的结论，根据对活动区两个层次上的磁场精细结构的分析，发现球磁场反转结构可能有４种不的存在形式。     

日冕三重无力场电流片的磁场重联

采用二维三分量磁流体力学模型,对日冕三重无力场电流片的磁场重磁联进行了数值研究,揭示了重联过程的基本物理特征,这类重联过程将加热和加速日冕等离子体,并导致多个高温、高密度、高磁螺度的磁岛的形成和向上喷发,这表明,多重无力场电流片的重联可能在日冕磁能释放、上行等离子体的形成和太阳磁场螺度向行星际空间的逃逸方面起重要的作用。     

日冕三重无力场电流片的磁场重联

采用二维三分量磁流体力学模型,对日冕三重无力场电流片的磁场重联进行了数值研究,揭示了重联过程的基本物理特征．这类重联过程将加热和加速日冕等离子体,并导致多个高温、高密度、高磁螺度的磁岛的形成和向上喷发．这表明,多重无力场电流片的重联可能在日冕磁能释放、上行等离子体团的形成和太阳磁场螺度向行星际空间的逃逸方面起重要的作用．     

色球磁场极性反转结构的某些观测特征

利用怀柔太阳观测站的300余对光球(FeIλ5324.19A)和色球(H_βλ4861.34A)的观测磁图,分析得出色球极性反转结构是存在于太阳大气中的真实物理现象的结论.根据对活动区两个层次上的磁场精细结构的分析,发现色球磁场反转结构可能有4种不同的存在形式.     

太阳磁场的红外研究

在简短的引言之后,本文首先叙述在红外波段观测太阳磁场的优越性,然后依次描述用He I10830A、FeI 1.5μ和Mg112μ等红外磁敏线的观测、资料及分析方法。这些谱线分别在色球层、光球最深层和光球上层形成,因此用它们可以探测太阳大气中很大范围的磁场。接着以磁元和黑子磁场为例,介绍现有的主要研究成果。结束语对我国的红外太阳磁场研究提出一些建议。     

太阳光球磁场的螺度

本文首先给出了近两年来我们在太阳活动区光球电流螺度的观测与研究中所取得的一些最新结果。其次,我们也展望了太阳第２３ 周峰年期间有关磁螺度研究的若干课题     

太阳磁场的观测

分析了太阳的观测磁图所涉及的磁场位形，以及磁场观测研究中的一些问题。     

色球和日冕的MHD加热机制

扼要地介绍了色球和日冕加热问题的研究历史。随着空间太阳观测技术的进步，人们认识到色球和日冕加热机制主要与MHD过程有关。因此，在本文中着重介绍四种MHD色球和日冕加热机制：（1）阿尔芬波；（2）MHD湍动；（3）场向电流；（4）磁重联。由于这四种加热机制的有效性都需要通过高分辨率观测来判定，所以空间太阳观测对于研究色球和日冕加热问题具有重大意义。     

Magnetic field, helicity and the 2000 July 14 flare in solar active region 9077

In this paper we analyse the non-potential magnetic field and the relationship with current (helicity) in the active region NOAA 9077 in 2000 July, using photospheric vector magnetograms obtained at different solar observatories and also coronal extreme-ultraviolet 171-Å images from the TRACE satellite.
We note that the shear and squeeze of magnetic field are two important indices for some flare-producing regions and can be confirmed by a sequence of photospheric vector magnetograms and EUV 171-Å features in the solar active region NOAA 9077. Evidence on the release of magnetic field near the photospheric magnetic neutral line is provided by the change of magnetic shear, electric current and current helicity in the lower solar atmosphere. It is found that the 'Bastille Day' 3B/5.7X flare on 2000 July 14 was triggered by the interaction of the different magnetic loop systems, which is relevant to the ejection of helical magnetic field from the lower solar atmosphere. The eruption of the large-scale coronal magnetic field occurs later than the decay of the highly sheared photospheric magnetic field and also current in the active region.     

CMOS图像传感器在太阳磁场观测中的应用研究

磁场是太阳物理的第1观测量,当前太阳磁场观测研究正迈向大视场、高时空分辨率、高偏振测量精度以及空间观测的时代.中国首颗太阳观测卫星—先进天基太阳天文台(ASO-S)也配置了具有高时空分辨率、高磁场灵敏度的全日面矢量磁像仪(FMG)载荷,针对FMG载荷的需求,讨论了大面阵、高帧频互补金属氧化物半导体(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, CMOS)图像传感器应用于太阳磁场观测的可行性.首先,基于滤光器型太阳磁像仪观测的原理,比较分析了目前CMOS图像传感器(可用的或是可选的两种快门模式)的特点,指出全局快门类型更适合FMG;其次搭建了CMOS传感器实验室测试系统,测量了CMOS图像传感器的像素增益及其分布规律;最后在怀柔太阳观测基地的全日面太阳望远镜上开展了实测验证,获得预期成果.在这些研究基础上,形成了FMG载荷探测器选型方向.     

Topological changes of the photospheric magnetic field inside active regions: A prelude to flares?

The detection of magnetic field variations as a signature of flaring activity is one of the main goals in solar physics. Past efforts gave apparently no unambiguous observations of systematic changes. In the present study, we discuss recent results from observations that scaling laws of turbulent current helicity inside a given flaring active region change in response to large flares in that active region. Such changes can be related to the evolution of current structures by a simple geometrical argument, which has been tested using high Reynolds number direct numerical simulations of the MHD equations. Interpretation of the observed data within this picture indicates that the change in scaling behavior of the current helicity seems to be associated with a topological reorganization of the footpoint of the magnetic field loops, namely with the dissipation of small scales structures in turbulent media.     

Magnetic Fields and Solar Activities

We discuss the study of solar magnetic fields based on the photospheric vector magnetograms of solar active regions which were obtained at Huairou Solar Observing Station near Beijing in the period of 22nd and 23th solar cycles. The measurements of the chromospheric magnetic field and the spatial configuration of the field at the lower solar atmosphere inferred by the distribution of the solar photospheric and chromospheric magnetic field. After the analysis on the formation process of delta configuration in some super active regions based on the photospheric vector magnetogram observations, some results are obtained: (1) The analysis of magnetic writhe of whole active regions cannot be limited in the strong field of sunspots, because the contribution of the fraction of decayed magnetic field is non-negligible. (2) The magnetic model of kink magnetic ropes, proposed to be generated in the subatmosphere, is not consistent with the evolution of large-scale twisted photospheric transverse magnetic field and the relationship with magnetic shear in some delta active regions completely. (3) The proposition is that the large-scale delta active regions are formed from contribution by highly sheared non-potential magnetic flux bundles generated in the subatmosphere. We present some results of a study of the magnetic helicity. We also compare these results with other data sets obtained by magnetographs (or Stokes polarimeters) at different observatories, and analyze the basic chirality of the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere.     

Magnetic Helicity Injection in Solar Active Regions

We present the evolution of magnetic field and its relationship with mag- netic(current)helicity in solar active regions from a series of photospheric vector magnetograms obtained by Huairou Solar Observing Station,longitudinal magne- tograms by MDI of SOHO and white light images of TRACE.The photospheric current helicity density is a quantity reflecting the local twisted magnetic field and is related to the remaining magnetic helicity in the photosphere,even if the mean current helicity density brings the general chiral property in a layer of solar active regions.As new magnetic flux emerges in active regions,changes of photospheric cur- rent helicity density with the injection of magnetic helicity into the corona from the subatmosphere can be detected,including changes in sign caused by the injection of magnetic helicity of opposite sign.Because the injection rate of magnetic helicity and photospheric current helicity density have different means in the solar atmosphere, the injected magnetic helicity is probably not proportional to the current helicity den- sity remaining in the photosphere.The evidence is that rotation of sunspots does not synchronize exactly with the twist of photospheric transverse magnetic field in some active regions(such as,delta active regions).They represent different aspects of mag- netic chirality.A combined analysis of the observational magnetic helicity parameters actually provides a relative complete picture of magnetic helicity and its transfer in the solar atmosphere.     

Solar Flare Activity and Variability of Electric Current Helicity

1 INTRODUCTIONRecently Bao, Zhang, Ai, and Zhang (1999), using Huairou vector magnetograph data,have shown that the average current helicity (h.) or the curreflt helicity imbalance ph of activeregions change rapidly after so1ar flares. Up'an the onset of flares it tends to decrease for a fewhours and then to increase again, whereas ifQ some cases the flare promotes an increase in thecurrent helicity The observations led to tbe fol1owing conclusions: (1) raPid and substantialchanges of c…     

The Big Bear Solar Observatory Ca II K‐line index for solar cycle 23

We present an analysis of 2634 Ca II K‐line full‐disk filtergrams obtained with the 15‐cm aperture photometric full‐disk telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory during the period from 1996 January 1 to 2005 October 24. Using limb darkening corrected and contrast enhanced filtergrams, solar activity indices were derived, which are sensitive to the 11‐year solar activity cycle and 27‐day rotational period of plages around active regions and the bright chromospheric network. The present work extends an earlier study (solar cycle 22), which was based on video data. The current digital data are of much improved quality with higher spatial resolution and a narrower passband ameliorating photometric accuracy. The time series of chromospheric activity indices cover most of solar cycle 23. One of the most conspicuous features of the Ca II K indices is the secondary maximum in late 2001/early 2002 after an initial decline of chromospheric activity during the first half of 2001. We conclude that a secular trend exists in the Ca II K indices, which has its origin in the bright chromospheric network and brightenings related to decaying active regions. Superposed on this secular trend are the signatures of recurring, long‐lived active regions, which are clusters of persistent and continuously emerging magnetic flux. Such features are less visible, when the activity belts on both side of the equator are devoid of the brightenings related to decaying active regions as was the case in October/November 2003 at a time when a superactivity complex including several naked‐eye sunspots emerged (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Projection Effects on Physical Parameters Obtained from Solar Vector Magnetograms

1 INTRODUCTION Magnetic field plays an important role in solar activity. The stressing and subsequent partialrelaxation of magnetic fields in the active regions are generally accepted to be the energy sourceof solar flares. To quantitatively study the extent of stressed magnetic field as distinct from itspotential field, Hagyard et al. (1984) defined a magnetic shear angle膖he azimuth differencebetween the observed transverse magnetic field vector and the computed potential field vectorth…     

Coronal activity from dynamos in astrophysical rotators

We show that a steady mean-field dynamo in astrophysical rotators leads to an outflow of relative magnetic helicity and thus magnetic energy available for particle and wind acceleration in a corona. The connection between energy and magnetic helicity arises because mean-field generation is linked to an inverse cascade of magnetic helicity. To maintain a steady state in large magnetic Reynolds number rotators, there must then be an escape of relative magnetic helicity associated with the mean field, accompanied by an equal and opposite contribution from the fluctuating field. From the helicity flow, a lower limit on the magnetic energy deposited in the corona can be estimated. Steady coronal activity including the dissipation of magnetic energy, and formation of multi-scale helical structures therefore necessarily accompanies an internal dynamo. This highlights the importance of boundary conditions which allow this to occur for non-linear astrophysical dynamo simulations. Our theoretical estimate of the power delivered by a mean-field dynamo is consistent with that inferred from observations to be delivered to the solar corona, the Galactic corona, and Seyfert 1 AGN coronae.     

Coronal Magnetic Flux Rope Equilibria and Magnetic Helicity

1 INTRODUCTIONObservations show that the magnetic helicity of solar magnetic structures has a predominantsign in each hemisphere of the Sun, positive in the southern hemisphere and negative in thenorthern, regardless of the solar cycle (Rust, 1994). The magnetic helicity is strictly conservedin the frame of ideal MHD (WOltjer, 1958), and approximately conserved in the presence ofresistive dissipation and magnetic reconnection in a highly conductive plajsma (Taylor, 1974;Berger, 1984; H…