泉州湾洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物重金属污染评价

泉州湾洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物中12种重金属元素含量分析表明,Co,Fe含量与海岸带土壤背景值较接近且变异系数很小,其含量主要来源于沉积物的本底值,受到人类活动的影响较小,而其他重金属与海岸带土壤背景值相差甚大(达几倍至几十倍)且变异系数较大,说明其已受到人类活动的影响较大,受到一定程度的污染.基于沉积物中重金属总量,用5种评价方法对洛阳江湖间带表层沉积物中重金属污染进行评价.以海洋沉积物质量标准(GB18668-2002)进行评价,洛阳江湖间带表层沉积物中各重金属平均含量均为二类沉积物质量标准,不能满足该区域应执行的一类标准.据地累积指数法,表层沉积物中V,Co,Hg,Fe为无污染水平,Cr,Mn,Zn,Pb为无-中等污染水平,Cu为中等污染水平,而Cd为强污染水平.以潜在生态风险指数法评价,研究区内各元素的平均潜在生态危害系数(Et)顺序为:Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni＞Zn＞Pb＞Co＞Mn＞V＞Ti.沉积物中重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)表明,研究区域总体上处于生态风险极高水平,Cd,Hg,Cu为重要污染因子.以生物效应浓度法评价,Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb的区域总平均含量均在其各自的ER-L与ER-M之间,说明洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物中以上元素对生物的负面效应中等.以综合响应因子法评价,从研究区总平均来看,沉积物重金属污染指示元素及其污染贡献大小顺序为:Cd＞Cu＞Ni＞Zn＞Mn,大多站位重金属污染严重.洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物属中度-重度污染水平.     

洞庭湖沉积物重金属环境地球化学

对洞庭湖沉积物样进行了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As和Hg等8种元素含量分析.结果显示,洞庭湖沉积物中重金属污染物主要是Cd和Hg,其次是Pb、Zn、As和Cu;Cd平均含量达到2.7mg/kg,是国家土壤环境质量三级标准(1.0mg/kg)的近3倍;Cu、Pb、Zn、As和Hg平均含量分别为51.3mg/kg、52.8mg/kg、140mg/kg、22.5mg/kg和0.22mg/kg,均超过国家土壤环境质量一级标准.运用地累积指数法对其污染程度进行了评价,认为重金属污染最严重的湖区是东洞庭湖的鹿角至城陵矶湖区(段),污染物可能主要来源于湘江流域;各子湖区(段)重金属综合污染状况评价结果是:东洞庭湖＞大通湖＞横岭湖＞万子湖＞西洞庭湖＞采桑湖.入湖各河口区沉积物重金属含量与历史资料的对比表明,8种重金属含量均有较高程度的富集,反映近年来洞庭湖流域内重金属污染有增加的趋势.     

洞庭湖水系入湖口表层沉积物中重金属的污染特征与生态风险

分析了洞庭湖7条环湖河流入湖口表层沉积物中9种重金属元素(As、Hg、Cd、Pb、Sb、Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn)的含量水平、分布特征和污染变化趋势,并采用地累积指数法、内梅罗污染指数和对数衰减模型初步评价了重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险。研究结果表明,沉积物中9种重金属的平均含量在0.257~123 mg/kg之间,其含量大小为ZnCrPbCuNiAsCdSbHg。在近30年来,洞庭湖水系中湘江入湖口沉积物中重金属污染累积最严重,其中Cd和Hg表现最突出。地累积指数法(Igeo)和内梅罗单因子污染指数(Ii)显示研究区域中Cd和Hg重金属污染累积效应显著,综合地累积指数(Itot)和内梅罗多因子综合污染指数(Pn)显示各个入湖口沉积物重金属污染累积程度大小为:湘江资江沅江汨罗江澧江松滋河东支新墙河。对数衰减模型评价显示湘江、资江和沅江入湖口沉积物重金属污染极有可能存在较高的水生生物风险,各个河流入湖口沉积物重金属潜在水生生物危害可能性大小排序为为湘江(极有可能)资江(极有可能)沅江(极有可能)澧江(可能)汨罗江(可能)松滋河东支(可能)新墙河(不会),从产生可以观察到毒性效果的可能性大小看,整个研究区域各个重金属潜在生物毒性风险的高低顺序依次是:AsSbCdNiHgCrPbZnCu。     

高邮湖底泥及出入湖河口表层沉积物重金属元素分布与潜在生态风险评价

为查清高邮湖底泥及出入湖河口表层沉积物重金属分布特征,评价其潜在生态风险,以湖区及周边25个底泥和沉积物样品为载体,重点研究8种重金属元素,选用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,相似比对重金属污染等级及评价潜在生态风险。测试数据表明,8种重金属元素中,仅Hg含量（平均值）未超过里下河浅洼平原表层土壤重金属元素背景值,As含量（最大值）超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。Pearson相关系数矩阵表明,重金属元素Ni与Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu之间具显著同源性;单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合指数法评价结果显示,污染指数均值排序均为As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Ni＞Cr＞Hg,但对As、Cd评价前者为轻度污染,后者为中度污染;地累积指数Igeo显示,仅As为轻度污染,其余元素均为无污染状态。沉积物单项潜在生态风险指数排序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Pb＞Cu＞Ni＞Cr＞Zn,仅Cd属中风险,其余元素为低风险;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI均值为115.7,表明全区总体生态风险属于低风险状态,重金属有沿入湖河口向湖心区富集趋势。     

小秦岭金矿区西峪河底泥重金属污染的潜在生态危害评价

重金属元素易于累积,生态效应影响强烈.分析了陕豫接壤的西峪河水系沉积物中Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn 7种重金属元素的含量,根据地区参比值,评价了金矿活动对西峪河底泥的污染.结果显示Hg、Pb是主要的污染元素;进而用潜在生态危害指数法探讨了重金属元素污染的潜在生态危害性,认为整个西峪河流域的Hg、Pb潜在生态危害很强,Cd具有强的潜在生态危害,而Cr、As、Zn的潜在生态危害性轻微.     

小秦岭金矿区西峪河底泥重金属元素污染的潜在生态危害评价

重金属元素易于累积,生态效应影响强烈。分析了陕豫接壤的西峪河水系沉积物中Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn 7种重金属元素的含量,根据地区参比值,评价了金矿活动对西峪河底泥的污染。结果显示Hg、Pb是主要的污染元素;进而用潜在生态危害指数法探讨了重金属元素污染的潜在生态危害性,认为整个西峪河流域的Hg、Pb潜在生态危害很强,Cd具有强的潜在生态危害,而Cr、As、Zn的潜在生态危害性轻微。     

渤海湾西部海域表层沉积物重金属含量分布与评价

通过分析测定渤海湾100个站位表层沉积物中重金属元素的含量,探讨其分布特征及富集状况,并通过地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对渤海湾西部岐口凹陷海域底质环境进行了评价。结果表明:渤海湾西部海域表层沉积物中As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd的平均含量分别为12.9×10~(-6)、0.031×10~(-6)、29.5×10~(-6)、27.4×10~(-6)、0.159×10~(-6)。结合5种元素的地球化学图及地累积指数法分析表明,研究区表层沉积物整体上未受到As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd的污染,而在高值区Pb和Cu达到轻度污染的水平;潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果指明,重金属元素的潜在危害程度顺序是HgCdAsPbCu,研究区重金属的潜在生态危害轻微,只有在高值区,Hg和Cd才达到中等程度的生态危害。     

武汉市东西湖区主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

人类活动对水环境影响巨大,同时水环境影响着人类的生产生活。采用地质累积指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对武汉市东西湖区主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属情况展开评价发现东西湖主要湖泊表层沉积物平均污染程度处于相对较低水平。地累积指数法评价结果表明,东大湖和金湖中Cd元素处于中度污染水平累积,墨水湖和上金湖中Cd元素为偏中度污染累积水平,其他湖泊沉积物中重金属均处于轻度或无污染水平。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明金湖和东大湖沉积物中重金属的潜在风险处于重度生态风险水平,墨水湖、上金湖、下银湖处于中度风险水平,其余湖泊沉积物中重金属的潜在风险均处于低风险水平。主成分分析表明,Hg、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb可能来自于工业和交通源的排放,而As可能与农药的使用有关。后期金湖、东大湖、墨水湖、上金湖和下银湖的内源污染治理过程中需考虑重金属的生态风险问题。     

近50年来抚仙湖重金属污染的沉积记录*

文章以抚仙湖污染严重的北部和基本未受人类活动影响的中部为研究对象,分别采集了沉积岩芯FB和FZ,通过对岩芯的¹³⁷ Cs测年和重金属元素(Cu,Ni,Ti,Cr,V,Pb,Cd和Zn)的含量分析,研究了湖泊重金属来源和污染历史,并利用地质累积指数法评价了湖泊重金属污染程度。结果表明:抚仙湖北部的平均沉积速率约为2.0~2.8mm/a;20世纪80年代以前,湖泊北部和中部的重金属元素(Cu,Ni,Ti,V,Pb,Cd,Zn)以自然来源为主;80年代以后,抚仙湖受到人类活动的影响,但湖泊中部Cu,Ni,Ti,V,Pb,Zn以及湖泊北部Cu,Ni,Ti,V仍以自然来源为主;湖泊北部Pb和Zn地质累积指数值小于1,属无污染到中度污染;北部Cd地质累积指数为3~4,达强度污染;中部Cd地质累积指数为2~3,属中强度污染;且Pb,Zn和Cd污染程度有加速增大的趋势。     

农田表层土壤中重金属潜在生态风险效应研究

皖江经济区南陵县是我国商品粮生产基地之一,该区农田表层土壤中重金属元素潜在生态风险效应研究对于提高粮食安全具有重要意义。文章以南陵县基本农田区作为主要研究区,按土地质量地球化学调查评价要求,布设和采集了0~20 cm深度的表层土壤样品500组,分别监测了土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn等重金属含量现状,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法量化解析了这些重金属在土壤中的潜在生态风险效应。结果表明:（1）土壤中除了Cr元素,其余重金属元素都不同程度存在异常;（2）局部土壤中Cd、Hg和Fe等元素含量存在异常,平均含量分别是所在区域背景值的1.92,1.95,7.13倍,存在潜在生态风险的影响;（3）土壤中重金属元素的潜在生态风险值（平均RI值）为164.5,Cd和Hg元素为主要影响元素。     

石臼湖近代环境演化历史

以2007年在石臼湖采集的浅岩芯钻孔(SJH07-C1)研究近代石臼湖湖泊环境演化历史以及人类活动的影响。运用核素²¹⁰Pb和 ¹³⁷Cs进行定年,²¹⁰Pb 的CRS模式定年结果与¹³⁷Cs方法获得的年代具有较好的可比性。同时分析了岩芯沉积物的理化指标,包括烧失量、总磷、金属元素和磁化率。分析表明：  1955年以前地球化学指标表明石臼湖湖泊沉积物中人类活动信息较弱,但总磷和有机质（烧失量）开始出现增加,湖泊营养水平开始升高。1955～1969年,湖泊沉积物磁化率较高,重金属（包括铜、铅、锌和汞）含量快速增加,可能与该期开始大量使用化肥、农药有关,导致入湖污染物增加。1969～1997年期间,1969～1979年时段湖泊沉积物磁化率最高,重金属含量比较稳定,在石臼湖进行了大规模的围垦;   1979～1997年,湖泊沉积物磁化率较高但呈减少趋势,重金属含量再次快速增加,总磷增加较快,说明该阶段入湖污染物增加,湖泊营养水平也在增加。1997～2007年,磁化率较低,重金属含量保持在高水平,总磷快速增加,显示该阶段湖泊营养水平较高,但入湖物质通量在减少。     

长江中游网湖沉积物重金属元素变化特征分析

在放射性核素¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb精确计年的基础上,建立了长江中游网湖近代沉积物年代序列。通过对沉积物中金属元素含量和粒度的测定,结合相关的文献资料,分析了100多年来网湖沉积物中重金属元素的垂直分布特征、物源变化,以及自然因素和人类活动对其的影响,最后采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行了重金属污染评价。研究结果表明：  20世纪50年代以前,人类活动对重金属元素沉积影响不大,重金属元素含量低于或接近参考的背景值,主要表现为自然沉积。其中1920～1950年间,流域高频率的洪灾使网湖沉积物中粘土物质减少,战乱和血吸虫病造成阳新县工农业生产衰退,人口急剧下降,受此影响沉积物中重金属含量出现了一段低谷。50年代以后,随着人口的增长、经济的速猛发展,尤其是矿产开发和大规模的水利工程建设,流域水土流失加重,大量陆源物质进入湖泊,使Cu,Ti,Mn,Zn,Co,Fe和Pb含量增加。重金属污染评价结果表明：  100多年来网湖总体上污染较轻,主要污染元素为Pb;   Cu和Zn在60年代后出现轻度污染;   Mn在沉积物表层出现轻度污染。目前,网湖RI=40.83,生态风险较小,但作为水生生物的养殖基地,中国重要的湿地保护区,其重金属污染问题应引起有关方面的关注,以防患于未然。     

Accumulation of heavy metals in the lacustrine sediment of Longgan Lake, middle reaches of Yangtze River, China

Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals (Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc) in the sediment of Longgan Lake, middle reaches of Yangtze River, China were analyzed to discuss their enrichment characteristics and history in combination with geochronological data and to identify anthropogenic effects. The results showed that the enrichment state of heavy metals was higher in the western versus eastern lake area, although their concentrations behave in the opposite case, which demonstrated that stronger human activities existed in the western lake catchment. The enrichment history of heavy metals pointed out that prior to 1950, the enrichment state was lower in the ambient lake areas illustrating the natural effect on the lake; thereafter the human activities in the catchment enhanced markedly causing an increasing heavy metal enrichment. The increase of heavy metal enrichment in the 1970s occurred in the central lake areas. The temporal difference between the ambient and central areas elucidated that the heavy metal accumulation might be buffered by the lake before they entered the sediment. Correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant correlation between heavy metals in the sediment suggesting their similar sources. Heavy metals were distinctly related to aluminum, calcium, lithium, iron, and organic matters, which could denote their forms in the sediment.     

雄安新区白洋淀表层沉积物重金属地球化学特征及生态风险评价

【研究目的】白洋淀为雄安新区核心生态功能区,为支撑白洋淀湿地生态修复与保护,系统开展了全淀区表层沉积物环境质量调查。【研究方法】在白洋淀湿地采集表层沉积物样品484组,查明了白洋淀表层沉积物重金属地球化学特征,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法等多种方法开展了重金属生态风险评价。【研究结果】白洋淀表层沉积物重金属含量普遍偏高于河北省表层土壤重金属含量背景值,府河入淀口及白沟引河入淀口为重金属元素主要富集区,入淀河流输入为白洋淀重金属主要来源;环境地球化学综合评价结果为清洁无污染等级分布面积144.54 km²,占表层沉积物分布总面积的96.68%;各重金属污染程度由重到轻排序为Cd＞Cu＞Hg＞Pb＞Zn＞Ni＞Cr＞As,Cd元素污染程度等级以中度和偏中度为主,Cu元素以轻度和清洁为主,其他元素以清洁无污染为主;重金属潜在生态风险以轻度和中度为主,河流入淀口所在淀区重金属潜在生态风险高于其他淀区,潜在生态风险由高到低排序为南刘庄＞烧车淀＞小白洋淀＞王家寨＞藻苲淀＞捞王淀＞池鱼淀＞泛鱼淀。【结论】白洋淀表层沉积物环境质量总体较好,南刘庄等局部淀区存在重金属污染潜在生态风险,以Cd元素污染最为突出。创新点：采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法等多种方法,系统评价白洋淀湿地表层沉积物重金属污染程度和生态风险;重金属地球化学特征分析与主成分分析法相结合,揭示表层沉积物重金属污染主要来源为河流输入。     

武汉市墨水湖沉积物重金属污染特征与防治对策

武汉市墨水湖重金属污染严重,其污染特征在我国城市湖泊中具代表性。在对墨水湖不同湖区沉积物中重金属污染物空间分布特征进行分析的基础上,应用地积累指数法探讨不同重金属元素含量随深度变化的规律和原因,并对墨水湖沉积物中重金属的污染程度进行评价表明:墨水湖沉积物中重金属元素锌和汞污染最为严重,污染程度由高到低依次为:Zn>Hg>Cu>C r>Pb>A s;从整个湖区来看,分布有排污口的周边湖区污染严重,湖心污染程度较低;沉积物中主要重金属元素含量随深度增加而降低,其变化规律主要受污染状况的影响,沉积物颗粒粒径的变化和早期成岩作用的影响不大。为了改善墨水湖水质条件和重金属污染严重的现状,必须在截污、疏浚和引水工程等基本治理措施保护下,重建和恢复沉水植物系统,才能从根本上改善湖泊水质。     

太湖大浦湖区近百年来湖泊记录的环境信息

通过对太湖TJ-2钻孔的137Cs、粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及化学元素等多指标综合分析,探讨了太湖大浦湖区近百年来的环境演变特征。研究结果表明,20世纪50年代以前,沉积物中大部分金属元素如Al、Mn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn与粘土含量具很好的相关性,相关系数在0.74～0.82之间。此阶段湖泊生产力不高,水环境较好,沉积物以较低的营养元素含量为特征。50—90年代,是太湖向现代湖泊环境转化的显著时期,湖区生产力大幅提高,人为活动对湖泊系统严重干扰,湖区迅速达到富营养化。在沉积物中表现为Fe/Mn值下降,有机碳、总氮、总磷与重金属元素急剧上升,且重金属元素变化明显不同于沉积物粒度及Al元素变化曲线。90年代以后,湖区一直持续着富营养化状态,富营养趋势渐缓,沉积物中粘土含量上升、营养元素稍降及重金属指标变化不明显的趋势很好地体现了这一特征。TJ-2钻孔显示的环境信息与湖泊实际环境监测结果基本一致。     

Historical pollution variability from abandoned mine sites,Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area,New South Wales,Australia

Core and surface sediments from the Tonalli River, a tributary of the artificial lake, Lake Burragorang, in the Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales, Australia, were studied to evaluate the spatio-temporal distribution of pollutants from the Yerranderie silver-lead-zinc mine site, abandoned in the late 1920s. A sediment core was collected in the mouth of the Tonalli River, at its junction with Lake Burragorang, and surface sediment samples were collected in the Tonalli River and its tributaries. The concentrations of Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg and Ag in the sediments were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES techniques. Temporal variability of metal concentrations was established through ²¹⁰Pb dating of the core sediments and compared with published historical records, rainfall records and bushfire data. Metal concentrations in core sediments showed an overall increase around the year 1950 as well as increases coincident with heavy rainfall. Spatially, metal concentrations were up to 400 times the guideline limit around mine sites but decreased rapidly with distance downstream of the mines.     

Climate and environmental changes over the past 150 years inferred from the sediments of Chaiwopu Lake, central Tianshan Mountains, northwest China

We used a 55-cm sediment core from shallow Chaiwopu Lake in the central Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, northwest China, to investigate climate and environmental changes in this arid region over the past ~150 years. The core was dated using ¹³⁷Cs. We compared temporal changes in several sediment variables with recent meteorological and tree-ring records. Organic matter had a positive correlation with the Palmer Drought Severity Index in the central Tianshan Mountains, and the δ¹³C of organic matter had a positive correlation with regional temperature. We applied constrained incremental sum-of-squares cluster analysis to element concentrations in the core and identified three distinct zones: (1) 55–46 cm, ~1860–1910, (2) 46–26 cm, ~1910–1952, and (3) 26–0 cm, 1952–present. Between 1880 and 1910 AD, following the Little Ice Age (LIA), the sediment environment was relatively stable, climate was cold and dry, and the lake water displayed high salinity, in contrast to conditions during the LIA. During the LIA, westerlies carried more water vapor into Central Asia when the North Atlantic Oscillation was in a negative phase, and encountered the enhanced Siberia High, which probably led to increased precipitation. In the period 1910–1950 AD, the lake was shallow and the regional climate was unstable, with high temperatures and humidity. In the last ~15–20 years, human activities caused an increase in sediment magnetic susceptibility, and heavy metal and total phosphorus concentrations in the sediment were substantially enriched. Mean annual temperature displays a warming trend over the past 50 years, and the lowest temperature was observed in the 1950s. There has been an increase in annual total precipitation since the 1990s. The combined influences of climate and human activity on the lake environment during this period were faithfully recorded in sediments of Chaiwopu Lake. This study provides a scientific basis for environmental management and protection.     

太湖沉积物微量元素特征和变化：自然与人类活动的影响

通过对太湖沉积物微量元素的测定，分析了沉积物的元素含量特征及变化趋势，指出了重金属元素的分布特点。沉积物和岩石微量元素的上地壳标准化值显示，它们的曲线存在明显的区别，反映了物质在风化和沉积过程中不同的性质差异。重金属在太湖北部地区较高，在南部地区较低，特别是As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni。对照背景值，探讨了重金属元素的富集程度，并运用地累积指数评估了沉积物的污染程度。根据1987年和2000年的数据，计算了重金属的累积速率。最后，讨论了自然作用和人类活动对微量元素的影响。     

Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region,China

Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals of waters and sediments in the ten shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region were determined to identify their composition and spatial distribution, and to assess the extent of their environmentally detrimental effects by comparison with water and sediment quality guidelines. Results indicated that As and Pb were the main pollutants in lake waters and Mn and Hg the potential ones, while As, Cu and Pb were the main pollutants in lake sediments. Their spatial distribution indicated that Daye Lake was seriously polluted by metals, which was corroborated by cluster analysis. Higher concentrations of trace elements have been found in lakes downstream of the Yangtze River delta, and higher concentrations of metals have been recorded in sediments of upstream lakes, suggesting that metals in water were more sensitive to anthropogenic activities and that metals in sediment were mainly controlled by minerals. Correlation analyses demonstrated that there were stronger associations among metals in lake sediments than those in lake waters, and their good relationships suggested the common sources. Further research on the subject will help develop water quality management with the aim of restoring shallow lakes in the Yangtze River.