华南地块的地极移动曲线及其地质意义

结合最近获得的古地磁数据,作者重新计算编制了华南地块的地极移动曲线,进而讨论了华南和华北地块在早古生代的地理位置,二者最后拼合的时代,以及华南地块和欧亚大陆北部两条极移曲线之间的系统偏差等问题。     

东特提斯海洋中的一些离散块体

以古地磁数据可靠性的试用判据为标准,在取得秦岭古地磁结果基础上,选用我国以往的古地磁数据,综合分析后得出结论:海西一印支期,扬子、华北、塔里木三地块既不属劳亚古陆也不属冈瓦纳古陆,而是离散在两大古陆之间的东特提斯海洋中,位于当时低一中纬度带的一些块体。     

华北陆块、秦岭地块和扬子陆块构造演化的古地磁证据

通过对河北井陉和湖北宜昌、兴山的39个采样点、392个样品进行的古地磁测试,以及7个采样点、71个样品中的原生剩磁以及笔者前期研究结果,系统分析了三大块体的古地磁极位置、古地磁偏角以及古纬度自寒武纪以来的变化特征,并进行了古地理复原。研究表明,三块体为不同地质构造单元,寒武纪时,华北陆块、秦岭地块以及扬子陆块自北到南顺序排列于北纬2.9°、南纬5.5°以及南纬17.0°。秦岭地块北侧和南侧分别存在一古洋盆,此时华北陆块和扬子陆块相距约1400Km左右;三块体向北漂移的过程中伴随着旋转运动;三块体开始拼合的时间为晚二叠纪至早三叠纪之间,华北陆块和秦岭地块完全拼合的时间为早三叠纪至中三叠纪之间,三块体完全拼合的时间为中三叠纪至晚白垩纪之间;晚白垩纪以后,一体化的三块体继续向北漂移,并于第四纪到达现今地理位置。     

华北及其邻区块体转动模式和动力来源

块体的转动是地壳中重要的构造运动形式。根据地质、地球物理和地震活动性等资料，可将华北及其邻区划分为３个亚板块，华北亚板块可进一步细分为多个级块体，这些不同级别的块体或多或少都显示出一定的刚体特性。根据地质构造、地震和古地磁测量等资料，详细地论细地论述了不同级块体的转动问题，即华北及其邻区的黑龙江、华北和华南等３个近东西向亚板块自老第三纪以来相对于新疆地区顺时针转动了１．６°～３．５°；华北亚板块内     

华南是特提斯多岛洋体系的一部分

特提斯的多岛洋模式认为,冈瓦纳超大陆与欧亚超大陆的裂解块体群在其漂移过程中,漂移前方的洋盆萎缩、消亡,后方则由裂谷发展为新的洋盆,如此循序出现的洋盆就构成了古、中、新特提斯等不同阶段．裂解、漂移和消亡的多幕次过程,使特提斯与大西洋、太平洋等“干净”的大洋不同．它在其各个演化阶段,始终是个充满着裂解地块与裂谷、海道,微板块与小洋盆,岛弧与边缘海等不同裂离与聚合程度的海陆相间的多岛洋盆．华南是特提斯多岛洋体系的一部分．它由秦岭微板块、扬子板块（含下扬子地块、昌都－思茅地块、义敦地块、松潘－甘孜地块）、华夏板块、滇缅泰马板块（保山）、印支－南海板块（海南岛）组成,与华北板块间及相互间以商丹小洋盆、勉略小洋盆、华南小洋盆及古特提斯洋分开．对扬子板块与华夏板块的关系、秦岭小洋盆与扬子及华北板块的关系、扬子板块西侧的裂解地块及亲冈瓦纳的裂解块体分别作了较详尽的论述．根据这些块体的构造、沉积、古生物、古地磁绘制了它们的古海洋复原图．多岛洋体系板块运动具有软碰撞、多旋回和造山长期性的特点．其板块碰撞通过岛屿或块体增生的多幕次微型碰撞而实现．每一微型碰撞的速度为２个碰撞块体速度的差,而不是速度的和,两碰撞块体的质量总额又是很     

寒武纪秦岭古海洋演化

华北与扬子块体在中元古代拼合成中国古大陆，但自晚震旦世又分离成两大板块，各自有其发展历史，其间以商丹断裂为界，至晚三叠世完成最终对接、拼合、寒武纪时期华北南部陆缘区为活动大陆边缘，扬子北部陆缘区为被动大陆边缘，各自又分成若干隆凹相间的次级构造岩相带，晚寒武世从扬子北部陆缘区分离出中秦岭微板块，据岩相，古生物地理，并参考古地磁资料，再造了寒武纪古大陆及秦岭古海洋面貌。     

论东秦岭前寒武纪的构造演化特征

本文研究的范围主要涉及东秦岭的北部地区——北秦岭(即旧称“秦岭地轴”)。作者着重讨论了秦岭造山带的杂岩(秦岭杂岩、宽坪杂岩和陶湾杂岩)和太华杂岩的岩石组合、原岩建造、岩石化学、地球化学技其地质构造特征。提出秦岭杂岩是在中元古代时期因华南洋壳海域的岩石圈断块沿华北断块南缘向北俯冲引起断块区基底开裂,向南漂离而形成的块体。宽坪杂岩与陶湾杂岩是在秦岭杂岩块体向南漂离过程中形成的以洋壳为底的边缘海盆地的产物。经晋宁运动,边缘海闭合,形成早期的北秦岭造山带。     

东秦岭古生代生物古地理

秦岭褶皱带位于华北板块和扬子板块结合部位,其在河南省内的部分多划为东秦岭。东秦岭以商南-镇平缝合带分为东秦岭北部和东秦岭南部。东秦岭古生代生物古地理演变可以划分为6个阶段。在寒武纪至中奥陶世早期,东秦岭北部二郎坪海槽的寒武纪放射虫和早奥陶世牙形石与东秦岭南部淅川陆棚北部的寒武纪三叶虫、早奥陶世牙形石和头足类属华南生物省,而淅川陆棚南部的寒武纪三叶虫和早奥陶世牙形石属于华南生物省,兼有华北生物省分子。在中奥陶世晚期至奥陶纪末,二郎坪海槽的腹足类、头足类和珊瑚与淅川陆棚的牙形石、珊瑚、腕足类、头足类和三叶虫均属华北生物省。在早志留世,二郎坪海槽的珊瑚与淅川陆棚的笔石属华南生物省。在中志留世至早泥盆世,东秦岭未发现古生物化石,很可能为陆地,并与华北陆块联为一体。在中泥盆世至早石炭世,东秦岭北部柿树园海槽与东秦岭南部南湾海槽的孢子及淅川陆棚的晚泥盆世珊瑚、腕足类和古植物及早石炭世蜓属华南生物省。晚石炭世至二叠纪末,柿树园海槽的孢子见于华北生物省,东秦岭南部缺乏海相沉积。总之,在古生代,东秦岭经历了由华南生物省→华北生物省→华南生物省→华北陆→华南生物省→华北生物省6个阶段,组成3个演变旋回。东秦岭北部和南部生物古地理具有明显的演变方向的统一性和演变时间的相似性。     

苏鲁-大别造山带及其周围现代地壳应力场与构造运动区域特征

苏鲁-大别造山带是中国东部华北、华南地块之间的大地构造交界带.本文分析研究了我国东部的地震活动性,并根据1918～2005年间苏鲁-大别及其周围地区发生的1000余个地震的震源机制解,系统研究了应力场的区域特征以及华北、华南地壳应力场构造分区,探讨了其动力学来源以及构造运动特征.结果表明,中国东部大陆华北、华南地块地壳现代应力场和构造运动可以归结为太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间相对运动,以及大陆板内区域块体之间相互作用的结果.华北地区受到太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压的同时,受到从贝加尔湖经过大华北直到琉球海沟的广阔地域里存在着的统一的、方位为170°的引张应力场的控制.华北地区大地震的震源机制解均反映出震源应力场为ENE向挤压应力和NNW向张应力的共同作用.郯庐断裂带等华北地区的北北东走向的断裂带,表现为右旋走滑的现代构造运动特征.来自台湾纵谷的北西西向挤压应力控制了华南块体直至南北地震带南段东部地域的地壳应力场.本文研究结果表明,将中国东部大陆划分成华北、华南两部分的现代地壳应力场分界线,其西部大致与秦岭带相同,然而在大别及其以东地区则逐渐偏离大地构造带,到北纬30°后向东南偏转,在温州附近的北纬27°左右转为向东延伸,最终穿过东海直至琉球海沟.     

从古地磁研究看中国大陆形成与演化过程

古地磁学是进行大陆板块或微板块(地块)运动演化过程和古地理重建的最有效手段之一。近半个世纪以来,通过中外学者艰苦卓绝的努力,在中国大陆上积累了大量的古地磁数据,为中国大陆各主要块体的起源、构造演化和碰撞拼合过程等提供了定量约束。文中根据现代古地磁数据可靠性判别标准,对扬子、华北及塔里木地块显生宙古地磁数据进行了重新分析和筛选,结合拉萨和喜马拉雅地块的古地磁数据,对中国大陆的形成和演化提出了几点认识:(1)古生代中国大陆各主要块体基本位于赤道附近的低纬度地区;早古生代扬子、华北及塔里木地块与东冈瓦纳大陆关系密切;(2)中生代是中国大陆各主要块体发生碰撞和拼合的主要时期;(3)中国大陆主要块体间的碰撞和拼合具有局部首先碰撞、相互旋转、完全拼合、陆内挤压造山和伸展反弹的特点。     

Palaeozoic collision between the North and South China blocks,Triassic intracontinental tectonics,and the problem of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism

The Qinling–Dabie Belt represents the boundary between the North and South China blocks (NCB, SCB, respectively), where ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks are widespread. A structural study in eastern Qinling and zircon LA ICPMS dating of the migmatites that form the core of the Central Qinling Unit allows us to argue that continental collision occurred in the Silurian, before 400 Ma. In the Late Palaeozoic, from the Devonian to the Permian, the northern margin of SCB experienced a continental rifting. From the Late Permian to Middle Triassic, northward continental subduction of SCB is responsible for the development of a high-pressure metamorphism. The age of the UHP metamorphism remains unsettled yet. A two-time genesis, Early Palaeozoic and Early Triassic, is often preferred, but a single Palaeozoic age followed by a Triassic resetting cannot be ruled out.     

Tectonic evolution of a composite collision orogen: An overview on the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt in central China

The formation of collisional orogens is a prominent feature in convergent plate margins. It is generally a complex process involving multistage tectonism of compression and extension due to continental subduction and collision. The Paleozoic convergence between the South China Block (SCB) and the North China Block (NCB) is associated with a series of tectonic processes such as oceanic subduction, terrane accretion and continental collision, resulting in the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt. While the arc–continent collision orogeny is significant during the Paleozoic in the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an orogens of central China, the continent–continent collision orogeny is prominent during the early Mesozoic in the Dabie–Sulu orogens of east-central China. This article presents an overview of regional geology, geochronology and geochemistry for the composite orogenic belt. The Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an orogens exhibit the early Paleozoic HP–UHP metamorphism, the Carboniferous HP metamorphism and the Paleozoic arc-type magmatism, but the three tectonothermal events are absent in the Dabie–Sulu orogens. The Triassic UHP metamorphism is prominent in the Dabie–Sulu orogens, but it is absent in the Qinling–Tongbai orogens. The Hong'an orogen records both the HP and UHP metamorphism of Triassic age, and collided continental margins contain both the juvenile and ancient crustal rocks. So do in the Qinling and Tongbai orogens. In contrast, only ancient crustal rocks were involved in the UHP metamorphism in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt, without involvement of the juvenile arc crust. On the other hand, the deformed and low-grade metamorphosed accretionary wedge was developed on the passive continental margin during subduction in the late Permian to early Triassic along the northern margin of the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt, and it was developed on the passive oceanic margin during subduction in the early Paleozoic along the northern margin of the Qinling orogen.Three episodes of arc–continent collision are suggested to occur during the Paleozoic continental convergence between the SCB and NCB. The first episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the North Qinling unit beneath the Erlangping unit, resulting in UHP metamorphism at ca. 480–490 Ma and the accretion of the North Qinling unit to the NCB. The second episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Prototethyan oceanic crust beneath an Andes-type continental arc, leading to granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 420–430 Ma and the accretion of the Shangdan arc terrane to the NCB and reworking of the North Qinling, Erlangping and Kuanping units. The third episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Paleotethyan oceanic crust, resulting in the HP eclogite-facies metamorphism at ca. 310 Ma in the Hong'an orogen and low-P metamorphism in the Qinling–Tongbai orogens as well as crustal accretion to the NCB. The closure of backarc basins is also associated with the arc–continent collision processes, with the possible cause for granulite-facies metamorphism. The massive continental subduction of the SCB beneath the NCB took place in the Triassic with the final continent–continent collision and UHP metamorphism at ca. 225–240 Ma. Therefore, the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt records the development of plate tectonics from oceanic subduction and arc-type magmatism to arc–continent and continent–continent collision.     

Subduction and collision processes between the North China and South China blocks constrained by the geochronology and geochemistry of the Wuguan Complex in the Qinling orogen,China

ABSTRACT

The Qinling orogen is a key area for understanding the processes of subduction and collision between the South China Block (SCB) and North China Block (NCB). The Wuguan Complex, distributed along the southern margin of the Shangdan suture zone, can provide important constraints on the age of collision between NCB and SCB and the tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen in Late Paleozoic. Detrital zircons from meta-sedimentary rocks of the Wuguan Complex in the Danfeng-Shangnan area have an age spectrum with two main peaks at ~448 Ma and ~819 Ma, and two subordinate peaks at ~938 and ~1440 Ma, respectively, and are interpreted to have been derived from the North Qinling terrane (NQT). The petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the meta-sedimentary rocks indicate that they were deposited in a fore-arc basin along the southern margin of the NQT. The youngest detrital zircons yield a weighted mean age of 378 ± 3 Ma, indicating that the fore-arc deposition was continuing at least to this time, which implies that the Paleo-Qinling Ocean between the NCB and SCB was not finally closed until at least the late Devonian. In combination with regional data, we propose that sedimentary rocks of the Wuguan Complex might once have been a sequence of late Ordovician to late Devonian strata with intercalated mafic rocks, which has been dismembered by the later tectonic activity. It was metamorphosed during northward subduction of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean at ca. 320 Ma, and slowly cooled through ca. 350°C at ca. 247 Ma (muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age). It has recorded the detailed processes of subduction and collision between the NCB and SCB.     

Mesozoic intracontinental orogeny in the Qinling Mountains,central China

The Qinling Orogenic belt has been well documented that it was formed by multiple steps of convergence and subsequent collision between the North China and South China Blocks during Paleozoic and Late Triassic times. Following the collision in Late Triassic times, the whole range evolved into an intracontinental tectonic process. The geological, geophysical and geochronological data suggest that the intracontinental tectonic evolutionary history of the Qinling Orogenic Belt allow deduce three stages including strike-slip faulting during Early Jurrassic, N-S compressional deformation during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and orogenic collapse during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene. The strike-slip faulting and the infills in Early Jurassic along some major boundary faults show flower structures and pull-apart basins, related to the continued compression after Late Triassic collision between the South Qinling Belt and the South China Block along the Mianlue suture. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous large scale of N-S compression and overthrusting progressed outwards from inner of Qinling Orogen to the North China Block and South China Block, due to the renewed southward intracontinental subduction of the North China Block beneath the Qinling Orogenic Belt and continuously northward subduction of the South China Block, respectively. After the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous compression and denudation, the Qinling Orogenic Belt evolved into Late Cretaceous to Paleogene orogen collapse and depression, and formed many large fault basins along the major faults.     

华北、秦岭及扬子陆块的若干古地磁研究结果

本文对华北陆块、秦岭陆块以及扬子陆块内的70个采样点,474个标本进行了古地磁研究,利用16个采样点,112个标本中所获得的原生剩磁,重点分析了三陆块自寒武纪以来的古地磁极位置、古地磁偏角以及古纬度的变化特点。结果表明,三陆块为不同地质构造单元;寒武纪以来,华北陆块、秦岭陆块以及扬子陆块自北到南顺序排列;寒武纪时,秦岭陆块北侧和南侧分别存在一古洋盆,此时华北陆块和扬子陆块相距约1060km,三陆块向北漂移的过程中伴随着旋转运动,其中华北陆块和秦岭陆块以反时针旋转占优势,扬子陆块以顺时针旋转占优势;三陆块完全拼合时间在早三叠世至晚白垩世之间。     

华北地区晚中生代镁铁质岩浆作用及其地球动力学背景

华北陆块及周缘地区晚中生代镁铁质岩浆岩的元素-同位素地球化学特征显示岩石圈地幔的区域不均一性。华北内部为古老而富集的EM1型岩石圈地幔,主要岩性为弥散状金云母相橄榄岩;华北北缘的岩石圈地幔相对华北内部在化学成分上饱满,在微量元素特征上高度富集LILE、LREE和亏损Nb-Ta和U-Th,在同位素组成上相对高87Sr/86Sr(i)和εNd(t),为受到再循环古老陆壳组分改造的富集型地幔;华北陆块南缘的岩石圈地幔以高87Sr/86Sr(i)和低εNd(t)为特征,与深俯冲大陆地壳改造作用 (残留陆壳板片和熔体 -地幔反应等多种形式 )密切相关。发育在华北陆块及周缘地区的晚中生代镁铁质岩浆作用形成于岩石圈伸展 -减薄的统一动力学背景。考虑到晚中生代华北陆块受到了来自周缘陆块相互作用,如西南特提斯域构造演化、印支陆块和西伯利亚板块的侧向挤压作用和古太平洋板块迅速向北运动引起的走滑拉分作用的共同影响, 我们倾向认为这些板块边界作用引起的板内效应可能是导致华北岩石圈地幔晚中生代广泛熔融和岩石圈减薄的重要动力来源.     

郯庐断裂系研究的新进展─—兼论东亚北东向走滑断裂系统

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