到达地面的紫外辐射强度预报

紫外线指数一般用 0～ 1 5的数字来表示 ,通常规定 ,夜间的紫外线指数为 0 ,在热带高原地区 ,晴天无云时的紫外线指数为 1 5。世界气象组织规定了单位紫外线指数相当于 2 5 m W/m2 红斑加权剂量率。紫外线指数预报大致可分为统计预报方法和模式预报方法两种。统计预报方法主要依赖于高精密度、高准确性的紫外线实测资料和相关的气象要素观测 ;而模式预报方法则主要依赖于对平流层臭氧的预报和大气辐射传输模式的应用     

非常规气象要素在紫外线预报中的应用

利用吉林省业务运行的WRF模式,计算了与紫外线指数相关的气温、湿度、云量、风速等常规气象要素和地表向下的短波辐射通量、地面热通量、反照率等非常规气象要素,利用长春市紫外线观测资料,分析了紫外线辐射与常规和非常规气象要素的相关性。基于长春市紫外线观测实况,以常规气象要素、非常规气象要素、混合气象要素为因子,利用相同的统计建模方法,分别建立紫外线预报模型。结果表明:大气短波辐射等非常规气象要素与紫外线指数的相关性,明显高于气温、云量、比湿、风速等常规气象要素;应用非常规气象要素和混合气象要素的紫外线预报方程,显著优于常规气象要素;基于混合气象要素的紫外线预报方程,与基于非常规气象要素的预报方程比较,预报性能差异不大。此外,应用常规气象要素建立的分季节紫外线预报方程,其预报效果明显优于全年预报方程。应用非常规气象要素建立的分季节紫外线预报方程,与全年预报方程相比,预报效果差异不大。     

长春市紫外线指数预报服务方法研究

1引言紫外线指数是到达地面上的紫外线辐射量的一种表示方法,用0～15的数字来表示。通常规定,夜间的紫外线指数为0,在热带、高原地区,晴天无云时的紫外线指数为15。紫外线指数越大,表示在愈短的时间里紫外线对皮肤的伤害愈强。长春市于2000年开展了紫外线预报服务,但由于缺少紫外线实测资料,当时开发时利用的是太阳     

GRAPES紫外线（UV）数值预报

应用GRAPES（Global/Regional Assi milation PrEdiction System）模式中的Goddard短波辐射方案,创建了紫外线数值预报系统（GRAPES-UV）。介绍了Goddard短波辐射方案,给出了GRAPES-UV系统的运行和个例分析。研究结果表明,紫外线指数（UVI）除了与纬度、地形和日变化有关外,还与云的分布以及天气形势密切相关,GRAPES模式中云的微物理方案对UV预报有较大的影响,UVI在晴空和对流云降水地区的强烈反差是UVI的重要特征。在个例试验中应用了臭氧总量预报模式,通过T213模式为化学输送模式提供气象背景,利用卫星资料同化技术建立臭氧的初始场,预报大气臭氧总量。应用国际上通常采用的临界成功指数（CSI）对2007年夏季北京和上海UV预报进行统计检验。北京和上海24 h紫外线强度等级为强和很强的CSI分别为0.625和0.780,接近同样方法的美国检验结果0.677。该系统从2006年3月起在中国气象局大气成分观测与服务中心的业务系统中正常运行,并在大气成分中心网站上发布UVI和紫外线强度等级预报,并提醒公众采取合适的方法保护自身免受UV的过度辐射。     

紫外线实时监测及专业预报系统

介绍了一种自动化程度较高的紫外线实时监测及专业预报系统,该系统不仅可完成紫外线数据自动采休、接收、存储、转换,而且还实时给出了实测紫外线强度动态变化,并建立了紫外线预报模式,利用这一模式,可根据气象条件做出紫外线强度等级预报并对外发布当日或次日的紫外线强度等级预报指数。     

BP神经网络和支持向量机在紫外线预报中的应用

为了提高紫外线预报准确率,应用BP(Back Propagation Learning Algorithm)神经网络模型和支持向量机(Support Vector Machines,简称SVM)回归方法建立重庆市主城区紫外线辐射强度客观预报模型。统计相关分析结果显示,不同季节影响紫外线辐射强度的主要因素并不相同。对所有相关分析因子用逐步回归方法,按方差贡献大小筛选出预报因子,以每日紫外线平均辐射量为预报对象,分季节建立预报模型。比较用不同方法建立的预报模型发现,两种非线性模型(BP模型和SVM模型)的拟合能力优于线性逐步回归模型,但独立样本检验结果表明,3种模型的预报准确率基本相当。将3种方法所建预报模型应用T213数值预报资料进行业务试报,得到较好预报效果。     

东海热带气旋路径的统计释用综合预报模式

以往热带气旋路径的多种客观定量统计预报模式由于受当时预报信息条件限制,在构造预报模式时,引入的预报因子均为预报初始时刻或之前的热带气旋参数、环境场参数及导出因子.由于热带气旋是在气旋本身内力、地球自转及外部环境场作用力综合作用下进行移动,而这些因素在气旋移动过程中又发生相当大的变化.这些变化往往是复杂的非线性变化过程.应用初始时刻预报因子的统计预报方法由于不能处理大气变化的主要非线性性质,严重影响了其预报精度与技巧水平的提高.尤其是预报时效超过48小时后,缺乏大气动力学与热力学基础的统计预报模式的预报误差的积累往往使预报结果失去意义.此外在应用这些预报模式时,许多预报因子的取得依赖于人工读数,费时费力,难以纳入自动化预报系统.     

成都市紫外线监测预报评分系统的应用开发与分析

本文系统地介绍了成都市紫外线监测系统的应用,和根据<紫外线预报质量考核和管理办法暂行办法>和<关于城市紫外线预报业务有关问题的补充通知>中规定的方法,利用监测到的数据,开发了一套适合成都市的紫外线质量预报评分系统,并投入业务运行.     

成都市紫外线监测预报评分系统的应用开发与分析

本文系统地介绍了成都市紫外线监测系统的应用，和根据《紫外线预报质量考核和管理办法暂行办法》和《关于城市紫外线预报业务有关问题的补充通知》中规定的方法，利用监测到的数据，开发了一套适合成都市的紫外线质量预报评分系统，并投入业务运行。     

西安市紫外线辐射强度与气象因素的关系

为提高紫外线辐射强度的预报水平，统计了1998-2001年西安市的太阳总辐射量与总云量、低云量等因素的相关关系，用太阳总辐射强度近似表示紫外线的辐射强度，得到紫外线辐射强度与气象因素的关系，探索制作紫外线辐射强度的预报方法。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted